ii - nienie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t11tim161.pdfiii gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf;...
TRANSCRIPT
fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (rhjhuz juk;)
El;gf;fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; 11
(2016Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;FupaJ)
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
=yq;fh
www.nie.lk
ii
El;gf;fiyfs;
juk; 11
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
Kjw; gjpg;G - 2015
© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ISBN
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
=yq;fh
,izak; www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; [email protected]
gjpg ;G
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
iii
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw; fl;lk;2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfismgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd;tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk; rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2016Mk; Mz;bypUe;Jjuk; 7> 11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ij milAk;nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l NgWfisAk;Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhf tpUj;jpnra;;Js;sJ.
,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd;gb fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhdxUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy; midj;Jghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r ;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.NkYk;>mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapy; mitxOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; $wpaJ $wy; kw;Wk; ghlcs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opTepiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yTk; khztu; NeakhdJk;eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; fpilahdxUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk; fw;gpf;fTk;nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhfMrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;topfhl;ly;fs;Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; Nkd;NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk; tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhdtifapy; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; jucs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpuj;ijtoq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rikia tpLj;J>tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt>Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fisAk; nghUj;jkhd tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy;Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj; jskhw;wk;nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tJk;Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;J ntspNaWk; khztu;fs;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk;Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;Gvd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhFk;.
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;e;J khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L Kd;nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mz;ika Afj;jpy; ,k;khw;wq;fshdJ kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gl;lJ. fw;wy; Kiwfisg;
Nghd;W njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfspd; ghtid kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;
fle;j ,U jrhg;jq;fspYk; $bastpyhd kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fika Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; 2015 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;tp
kWrPuikg;gpw;fhf vz;zpylq;fhj nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.
g+Nfhska uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf rpwe;j Kiwapy; mwpe;J cs;ehl;Lj;
Njitf;fika ,ay;ghf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jp khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghltpjhdj;ij jpl;lkpl;L ghlrhiy Kiwikapd;
Kftu;fshfr; Nrit GupAk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk; ,t;thrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;bia xg;gilg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.
,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhridia cq;fSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd; Nehf;fk;
mjd; %yk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wj; juKbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
,t;thwhd Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nranyhOq;fpd;NghJ cq;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F ve;jtpj re;NjfKk;
,y;iy. mNjNghd;W ,jd; Jiznfhz;L eilKiw uPjpahd tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
kpfTk; tpUj;jp nfhz;l gpuNtrj;jpD}lhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F cq;fSf;F
KOikahd Rje;juKz;L.
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; ife;E}ypy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp kpfr; rpwe;j
Mf;f uPjpahd khzt r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;fp ,yq;ifia nghUshjhu> r%f uPjpapy;
Kw;nfhz;L nry;tjw;F nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtPu;fs; vd ehd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpNwd;.
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;> tsthsu;fs;
vd;Nghu;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapdhYk; mu;g;gzpg;gpdhYk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;tpj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,f;fUkj;ij kpf cau;e;jjhff; fUjp mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
nraw;gl;l cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
v
fiyj;jpl;lf;FO
kjpAiug;G : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
topfhl;ly; : vk;.vt;.v];.gP [atu;jd
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghl ,izg;ghf;fk;: jpUkjp [P.Nf. fkNf
cjtp tpupTiuahsu;
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vOj;jhsu; FO (cs;sf
[P.Nf. fkNf cjtp tpupTiuahsu;
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ntspaf
lg;spa+.V Rkpj;uh nkdpNf ,isg;ghwpa Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
B.vk; ,e;jpuyjh Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;
N`hkhfk
v];.vk;.v]; G];gFkhup Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;
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V.vd; tre;jp gPup]; Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;
= [atu;jdGu
vy;. rp cgkhypfh Mrpupau;> nkh/gp/ kfhkhd;a tpj;ah tpj;jpahyak;
jpUkjp Nf. moNf];tup Mrpupau;;> rhe;j Nkup jkpo; tpj;jpahyak;;> al;bahe;Njhl;il
jpUkjp vr;. N[. fgpyhdp;> Mrpupau;;> gpyp/= uhFy kfh tpj;jpahyak;> nj`ptis
gpupahzp gpNukuj;d Mrpupau;> Nkkh/n`h/rpwp gpauj;d k.k.tpj;jpahyak;> ghJf;f
nkhopngau;g ;G:
jpU. vk;. vr;. vk;. ahf;$j; gpujhd nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;Tepiy)> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. j.kjptjdd; Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> gpypae;jy fy;tp tyak;
jpUkjp Nf. moNf];tup Mrpupau;;> rhe;j Nkup jkpo; tpj;jpahyak;;> al;bahe;Njhl;il
vk;.Mu;.vk;. eth]; Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> njd;khfhz fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;> fhyp
nkhopr; nrt;tpjhf;fk;: jpUkjp. k. kiykfs;
Mrpupah;> n`NuJLt K];ypk; tpj;jpahyak;> ghze;Jiw
fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk;: V.Nf.vk;. K];dp> k`pe;j uh[gf;r fy;Y}up> khj;jiw
vk;. Mu;. vk; gh`pk;> ntypfk K];ypk; Muk;g ghlrhiy.
vi
Mrpupa topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwf;Fr; nry;y Kd;du; ghlj;Jf;F Maj;jkhjy; kw;Wk;
tFg;giwapy; ghlj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpatw;iw toq;Fk;
tifapy; juk; 10f;Fupa El;gf;fiyfs; vDk; ghlj;Jf;fhd ,e;j Mrpupa topfhl;b
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jw;fika ghlj;ij Muk;gpf;f Kd;du; jahu;nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba fw;ww;
rhjdq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; gw;wpa Kd;tpsf;fj;Jld; Maj;jkhfpg;
ghlj;ij tFg;giwapy; fw;gpf;f ,e;E}y; cjTnkd ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
vt;thnwdpDk;> ,jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fs; MrpupaUf;F topfhl;lyhf
mikANkad;wp ,jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fis mt;thNw gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vDk;
nghUs;glhJ. Mf;fj;jpwd; nfhz;l Mrpupau;fs; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
tplaq;fis> Gj;jhf;f topKiwfSld; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpg;gjpy; ve;jtpj jilAk; fpilahJ.
MrpupauJ Mf;fj;jpwd;> mDgtk;> khztuJ kl;lk;> ghlrhiyapYs;s tsq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ghlj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtNj kpfg; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. ,jw;fhd
Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;Fs;sJ.
vii
nghUslf;fk;
gf;f vz;
• gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii
• gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv
• fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v
• Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy; vi
• nghUslf;fk;. vii
1.0 mwpKfk; viii
2.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs; ix
3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; x-xi
4.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; xii
5.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; xiii
6.0 jtizg; guPl;irfs; xiv
7.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; xv-xx
• fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;; 01-40
• nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; gl;bay;. 41
viii
1.0 mwpKfk;
kf;fspd; mwpTQhdj;jpdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; fpuhkpaf;
fiyfs; rhu;e;jjhf cUthfpa El;gf; fiy vDk; ,e;jg; ghlk; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;
njhopDl;gg; ghlj;Jiwapy; mlq;Fk; ghlq;fspy; xd;whf cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
"`e;nj];]" Kiwikapd;fPo; epakf; fy;tp Kiwikf;F mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;l
ifj;njhopw;Jiw rhu;e;j xU ghlkhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,g;ghlk; gy;NtW fy;tp
kWrPuikg;Gf;fspd;fPo; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L jw;NghJ rkfhy Njitfis
cs;slf;fpajhf El;gf; fiy vDk; ngaUld; gupzhkk;ngw;W ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpj;Jiwapy;
njhopDl;gg; ghlkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
El;gf;f;fiyfs; vDk; ,e;jg; ghlj;jpy; gy;NtW ghlf;$Wfs; cs;slq;fpAs;sd.
njhopy;El;gj;Jld; ,ize;J tsu;r;rp fz;l nerTf; ifj;njhopy;> kl;ghz;lf; ifj;njhopy;
Mfpatw;Wld; ,ize;j Nfhl;ghLfs; gpujhdkhf ,g;ghlj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vdNt> nrad;Kiw mDgtq;fs; rhu;e;jjhf ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F
re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tbtikg;G nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ cup;athW jstbtq;fis tiutjw;Nfw;w tifapy;
nghwpKiwtiujy; njhlu;ghd rpy ghltplaq;fSk; ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
NkYk;> rkfhyj;Njitahff; fUjg;gLk; myq;fhuf; ifg;gzpj; Jiw rhu;e;j
ghlg;gug;Gfshd Gilit mr;rply;> gj;jpf; tu;zkply;> ijay; Kiwfs;> moFehlh
myq;fhu ijay; Ntiyfs; (Ribbon Embroidary) gy;NtW jdpj;jdp myq;fhu Kiwfs;>
fljhrp; tupirr; RUf;F kbg;G (Quilling) Kiwfs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfSk;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jtpu kl;ghz;l myq;fupg;G Kiwfshf etPd kw;Wk;
kuGuPjpahd Kiwfisf; ifahz;L ghu;g;gjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fsJ
Mf;fj;jpwd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;b mtu;fis Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; ghy; topg;gLj;Jtjw;F
Vw;wthW ghl cs;slf;fk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
rpe;jid jpwd;fis Jhz;Ltjd; %yk; ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; gFj;jhuhAe;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;jp gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzy;> jPu;khdnkLj;jy; Nghd;w rpe;jidj; jpwd;fis
tsu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fSk; jhuhskhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khw;wq;fs;
nra;a KiwNa tif$wy;> nghWg;Gf;$wy;> Xa;TNeuj;ijg; gad;jUk; tpjj;jpy; fopj;jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd tha;g;GfSk; ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,it jtpu r%fj;jpwd;fshf gpwu; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> nrtpkLj;jy;>
gu];guk; fUj;Jg; gupkhwiy Nkw;nfhs;sy;> FOthfr; nraw;gly;> NtiyAyfpy;
mbnaLj;J itg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpahz;ikj;jpwd;fis tsu;j;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd rpwe;j
trjpfis El;gf;fiy ghltpjhdj;jpd; %yk; toq;fp tFg;giwf;F nghUj;jkhd
ghlj;jp;l;lj;jpid jahupf;f Mtd nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. cau;fy;tp ngWk; Ntisapy; $l
ve;jnthU tpla cs;slf;fj;Jf;F ClhfTk; tpidj;jpwDilajhf gad;gLj;jj;jf;f
El;gKiwfSk; ,q;F mlf;fg;gl;L;s;sd.
,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ khztuJ Mf;fj;jpwd; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk; tifapy;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ MrpupauJ nghWg;ghFk;. fy;tpiag;
G+u;j;jp nra;J NtiyAyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; khztu;fs; Jzpr;ry;kpf;ftu;fshfTk;>
mwpthw;wYilatuhfTk; ,Uf;f tifnra;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
ix
2.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd
Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;
jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis
epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;Gf;fspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l
tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa
fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
I. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G>
Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;
%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;
%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij
Vw;gLj;jYk;.
II. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
III. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>
xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
IV. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
V. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;fr; rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>
Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VI. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh~pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd
fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;
VII. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;
jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd
epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VIII. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ru;tNjr
rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba
kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
x
3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa
,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
I. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.
vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa
thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;jUk;
tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;
gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahf
msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;. tpguq;fs;>
mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;>
tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j
tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT)
gad;gLj;jy;
II. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd
kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj;
njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.
III. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd - r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;
mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;>
gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;>
nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;>
nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk;
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;>
fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T Mfpatw;Wld;
xi
nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;
fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk;
njho pDl ;gq ;fisAk ; gad ;gLj ;Jk ; j pwd ;fSk ; ,q ;F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit
kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;>
Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg;
nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;
tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;
jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
IV. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;.
khztu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;
Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.
V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;.
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy;
xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;
tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;
VI. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;.
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug;
nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;
,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;
VII. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;.
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu;
RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;KiwA+lhf>
khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;
ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)
xii
4.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
,yq;ifapd; fpuhkpaf; fiyfs; gw;wpf; fw;gjd; %yk; ngUikkpF rupj;jpuk;
kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd tho;f;ifg; ghq;F njhlu;ghd kfj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;.
kuGuPjpahd fiy El;g mwpit ikakhff; nfhz;L Mf;fj;jpwd; rpe;jidia
Vw;gLj;jy;.
Nfj;jpu fzpj tiujiyg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fSf;fhd rupahd tbtq;fis
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
rkfhyj; Njitf;Nfw;g myq;fhu Mf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s topg;gLj;jy;.
El;gf;fiyg; ghlj; Nju;r;rpfs; %ykhf NtiyAyif ntw;wpnfhz;L> vjpu;fhy
Kaw;rpahsuhf tifnra;jy;.
xiii
5.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
ghlrhiyapy; fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; ghl milit mwpe;Jnfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
mtu;fsplj;Nj fhzg;gLk; eypTfs;. typTfs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L mjw;fhd
gpd;D}l;liy toq;Fjy; Mfpadtw;Wf;F fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; mtrpakhFk;.
fzp;g;gPl;il ,ilapilNa elhj;j KbtJld; mjD}lhf khztuJ rhjid kl;lj;ij
mjpfupj;J mtu;fis Nju;r;;rp kl;lj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yhk;. xU jtizapy; gy jlitfs;
fzpg;g Pl ;il Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. fzpg;g Pl ;bd; ;NghJ khztUf;F nghJthdJk;
epahakhdJkhd Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd nghJthd epajpfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpyhd fzpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; mwpKfQ;nra;agg;l;Ls;sJ.
juk; 10> 11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;nfd xt;nthU jtizAk; fzpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L
khztuJ rhjid kl;lk; njupag;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj;
jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; gy;NtW fzpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJld;
,tw;Ws; njhopDl;gg; ghlq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPl;L Kiwfisj; njupTnra;tJ
ed;W. NjitNaw;gbd; Nju;r;rpfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;w fzpg;Pl;L Kiwfis cUthf;fp
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.
,jd;NghJ Mrpupau; epahakhfTk; nghWg;ghfTk; ele;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
,jd;NghJ khztUf;F Gs;spfs; njupag;gLj;jg;gl;L FiwghLfis ePf;f Vw;w
MNyhridfSk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; khztu;fsJ milT kl;lj;ij mjpfupf;f
KbAk;.
xiv
6.0 jtizg; guPl;irfs;
fy;tpaikr;rpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l 'ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lk;(juk;
6-13)" vDk; mwpTWj;jw; ifNal;by; Fwpg;gpl;lthW juk; 10>11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fspw;F
jtiz ,Wjpg; guPl;irfs; elhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;NghJ vOj;Jg; guPl;irf;F 50 Gs;spfSk; nrad;Kiwg; guPl;irf;F 50
Gs;spfSkhf 100 Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vOj;Jg; guPl;irapd; gj;jpuk; i ,y; 20
gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fs; toq;fg;gl;L 20 Gs;spfSk; gj;jpuk; ii ,y; %d;W tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspf;fr; nra;J 30 Gs;spfSk;; toq;fg;gLk;. gj;jpuk; ii ,d; Kjyhk; tpdh
fl;lhakhdjhFk;. ,e;j tpdh Fwpg;gpl;l jtizapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fzpg;gPl;ilj;
jOtpajhf mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
juk; 11 ,d; ,Wjpapy; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; nghJg;
guPl;ir %yk; khztu;fs; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtu;. ,J tpdhg;gj;jpuk; i, ii Mfpa
gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. gj;jpuk; i ,y; 40 gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fs; tpdtg;gl;L mjw;F 40
Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;. gj;jpuk; ii ,y; 7 tpdhf;fs;Nfl;fg;gLk;. mjpy; Kjyhk; tpdh
fl;lhakhdjhFk;. ,jw;fhd Gs;spfs; 20MFk;. gj;jpuk; ii ,w;F Kjyhk; tpdh cl;gl
Ie;J tpdhf;fSf;Ftpilaspf;fg;gl;L 60 Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk;. KO tpdhj;jhSf;Fkhd
nkhj;jg; Gs;sp 100 MFk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw
XV
ghlNtisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
1.0 Nfj ;j p u fz pjtbtq;fisg; gad;-gLj;jp tbtikg;-Gf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
1.1 c U i s f i s f ;nfhz;L Mf;fq;fs;nra;thu;
1.2 xOq;fhd gy;Nfhzp-fisg; gad;gLj;jpMf;fq;fis nra;thu;.
1.3 ePs;tisa tbtq;-fisg; gad;gLj;jpMf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
cUisfisg; gad;gLj;jp Jzpg;nghk;ikfis mikj;jy;
nrt;tf tbtq;;fs; Ie;ij ntl;bf;nfhs;sy;
ijj;jy; gQ;R epug;Gjy; cUtikj;jy;
xOq;fhd Iq;Nfhzpfs;. xOq;fhd mWNfhzpfs;. Gilitj; Jz;Lfshyhd Iq;
Nfhzpfis> my;yJ mWNfhzpfis ,izj;Jj; ijj;jy;\
gQ;R epug;gp ge;ij cUthf;Fjy;
ePs;tisaq;fs; mikj;jy; ePs;tisa tbtq;fis nu[pNghk;
jl;by; ntl;Ljy;. ntl;bDs; Gilitj; Jz;Lfisj;
jpzpj ;J mofpa fhl ;r pfisntspg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
04
05
06
cUisapd; tpupaiy tiuthu; nrt;tfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
Mf;fq;fis nra;thu;.
cupa Kiwfisf; ifahz;Lgy;Nfhzpfis mikg;ghu;.
xOq ;fhd Gilitiaf ;nfhz;L Njitahd tbtq;-fisg; gad;gLj;jp ge;J
cUthf;Fthu;. ntl;bnaLj;j tbtq;fis
Nrfupj;Jj; ijj;J gQ;R epug;gpge;njhd;iw Mf;;Fthu;.
gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;-gLj ;j p e Ps ;tisaq ;fs ;mikg;ghu;.
nu[pNghk; jl;by; ePs;tisatbtq;fs; ntl;Lthu;.
fhl ; r p nts p g ; gLkhWe p w j ; Jz p j ; Jz ; Lfisj ;jpzpg;ghu;.
ePs;tisa jpzpg ;Gr ; Rt-uyq;fhuq;fs; Mf;Fthu;.
El;gf;fiyfs; - ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;;
juk; - 11
XVI
ghlNtisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
2.1 ntg;g xl;L Kiw-iag ; gad ;gLj ;j pGilitfis myq-;fupg;ghu;.
2.2 jpiur; rl;lf mr;rply;Kiwapy; Gilit-fis myq;fupg;hu;.
2.3 Gj pa Kiwfisg ;gad;gLj;jp Gilitfspy; myq;fupg;igNkw;nfhs;thu;.
2.4 Kbr ; r p ly ; Kiw>gj;jpf; Kiw %yk;G i l i t f i smyq;fupg;ghu;.
jOtiz ciw jahupj;jy; ntg;g xl;L fljhrpfis Jzp
mOj;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;xl;lr; nra;J Mf;fq;fs; jahupj;jy;.
jiyaizAiwf;F mr;Rg; gjpj;jy; rl;lfj;ijj; jahupj;jy; jpiuiag; nghUj;Jjy; jpiuapd;kPJ fhl;LUf;fis
,Ljy; rhaf; $o;; jahupj;jy; mr;rply;;
gpw;Rj;j Kiwfisf; ifahs;jy;
Nriy Ke;jhidf;F myq;fhukply;(kzp;fs;>kpDq;Fk; nghl;Lfs;(Sequin) fw;fs;> tiy my;yJNtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp)
iff ;Fl ;il /fj piu ciwjahupj;jy;
nkOFf;fyit jahupj;jy; Gdy;> \d;bd; Nghd;w
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;j pNfhyq;fSf;F nkOF G+Rjy;
Fwpj;j rha tiffisg; gad;gLj;jpNfhyq;fis ntspg ;gLj ;j pf ;nfhs;sy;.
ntg;g xl;L Kiwia tptupg;ghu;. ntg ; g xl ;L Kiwiag ;
gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
mr ; r plYf ;Fj ; Njitahdrl;lfj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.
ry;yupj;Jzpia (Xfd;b) gad;-gLj;jp rl;lfj;jpy; jpiuiag;nghUj;Jthu;;.
jpiuapd;kPJ tbtikg;igmikg;ghu;.
rhaf;$iog; gad;gLj;jp jpiuapy;mr;rpLthu;.
gpw;Rj;j Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jprhaj;ij epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.
myq;fupg;Gf;Fj; NjitahdnghUl;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.
etPd Gjpa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpNriyj; jiyg;ig myq;fupg;ghu;.
Kbr;rpl;L gj;jpf; myq;fhukpliytpsf;Fthu;.
cupa rhaq;fs;> cgfuzq;-fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs;nra;thu;.
02
04
04
03
2.0 gy;NtW Kiw-fisg; gad;gLj;jpG i l i t f i smyq;fupg;ghu;.
XVII
ghlNtisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
3.0Gilit cw;gj;jpr;nrad;Kiwf;Fj;N j i t a h djfty;fis Ma;e;-jwpe;jthW Mf;fr;nrad ;Kiwa py ;<LgLthu;.
3.1 E}y;fSf;F ,yf;fkpLthu;
3.2 nerT rhu;e;j Mf;fq;fSf;fhd nrytpdj;ijf; fzf;fpLthu;.
3.3 nerTj; jwptiffis,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3.4 cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;sg;gLk;cgfuzj; njhFjpiatptupg;ghu;.
3.5 nerTf; Nfhyq;fis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3.6 vspa nerTg; nghwp-
iag; gad;gLj;jp
Nkir tpupg;Gfs; nerT
nra;thu;.
E}y; tiffs; ,yf;fkply; Kiwfs;
ghT E}y;fspd; msit fz;lwp-jy;
FWf;F / Cil E}y ;fspd ;msitf; fzpj;jwpjy;.
nerTj; jwp tiffs; nerTj; jwpapd; gFjpfSk; Jizr;
rhjdq;fSk;
E}y; Rw;Wk; cgfuzj; njhFjp ghNthly; cgfuzj; njhFjp
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyj;ij
tiuGgLj;Jjy;
E}y; Rw;Wjy;
ghTjy;
nghwpapy; ,ly;;
nerT nra;jy;
02
02
02
02
02
08
E}y ;fis tifg ; gLj ;Jk ;Kiwfis ,dq;fz;L ,yf;fkpLthu;.
ghTf;Fj; Njitahd E}y;msitf; fzpg;ghu;.
Nkw;gb ghTf;Fj; NjitahdCil E}y; msitf; fzpg;ghu;.
nerTj ; jw ptiffisAk ;mtw;wpd; Jizr;rhjdq;fis-Ak; ngaupLthu;
E}y; Rw;Wk; cgfuzq;fisg;ngaupLthu;.
ghNthly; cgfuzq;fisg;ngaupLthu;.
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyj;ijtiuGg;gLj;Jthu;.
cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp E}y;
Rw;Wthu;.
cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp E}y;
ghTthu;.
E}iy jwpapyikj;J nerT
nra;thu;.
XVIII
ghlNtisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
4.1 fl;bnOg;gy; Kiwapy;
fspkz; ghz;lq;fis
cUthf;Fthu;.
4.2 fspkz; ghz;lq;fis
kPs cUthf;Ftjw;-
fhd mr;Rf;fisj;
jahupg;ghu;.
4.3 RLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;-jg;gLk; #is tif-fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
4.4 fspkz; ghz;lq;fSf;F myq;fhukpLk;Kiwfis ,dq;fz;-L ifahz;L ghu;g;-ghu;.
fspkz; ghz;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;
Kiwfs;
tidNthd; rpy;ypidg; gad;gLj;jp
fspkz; ghz;lq;fis cUthf;fy;
mr;Rf;fisj; jahupj;jy;
vspa mr;Rf;fs;
rpf;fyhd mr;Rf;fs;
#is tiffs;; #isj; Jizr;rhjdq;fs; jfdg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;
fs pkz ; ghz ;lq ;fSf ;Fmyq;fhukpLk; Kiwfs;
fs pkz ; ghz ;lq ;fSf ;Fmyq;fhukpLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
Rl ;l fspkz; ghz;lj ;Jf ;Fmyq;fhukply;
ghz; fyit Nrhs khTf;fyit nfhyh[; fljhrpf; $o; kzy; nlNfhgh[; Nfhyq;fs; tu;zk; g+Rjy;
04
04
02
06
tidNthd; rpy;ypidg; gad;-
gLj;jp fspkz; ghz;lq;fis
cUthf;Fthu;.
fspkz; ghz;lq;fis kPs
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mr;Rf;fs;
jahupg;ghu;.
mr ;Rf ;fisg ; gad ;gLj ;j p
ghz;lq;fs; nra;thu;.
#is tiffisg; ngaup;Lthu;.
#is Jizr;rhjdq;fis
tptupg;ghu;.
#is tiffSf ;nfdg ;gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vupnghUs;tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.
ghuk ; g u pa kw ;Wk ; et Pd
myq ;fh u Kiwfisg ;
ngaupLthu;
Rl;l fspkz;ghz;lq;fSf;F
gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp
myq;fhukpLthu;.
4.0 fs pia ,dq ; -
fz;L Mf;fq;fs;
nra;thu;.
XIX
ghlNtisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
5.1 tpohnthd;Wf;fhf G+m y q ; f h u q ; f s ;Mf;Fthu;.
5.2 gy;NtW Clfq;fisg;gad;gLj;jp nraw;ifMguzq;fis epUkhzpg;ghu;.
6.1 ntl;Lg; Gilitj;Jz;Lfshy; Mf;fk;nra;thu;.
g+f;nfhj;J Nkir myq;fupg;G gpurq;f Nkilf;fhd myq;fupg;G kq;fy tpsf;F myq;fupg;G g+ khiyfs;
fOj;jzpfyd;fs; if mzpfyd;fs; Nriyr; nrUF Crp
(kzpfs;> ghz; fyit> NrhskhT)
gdpf;; fub (Teddy bear) nghk;ik
khjpupAU jahupj;jy; gQ;R epug;Gjy;; Kbg;G
06
06
06
g +f ; fshyhd myq ;fhu
Mf;fq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
nghUj;jkhdthW g+f;fspyhyhdMf;fnkhd;iw Mf;Fthu;.
mzpfyd;fisj; jahu pf ;fnghUj;jkhd Clfq;fisg;ngaupLthu;.
gy ; NtW Clfq ;fisg ;gad;gLj;jp mzpfyd;fisj;jahupg;ghu; (eldj;Jf;F mtrpa-khdit Nghd;wit)
nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg;ng hUs ; cw ; gj ; j p f ;Fg ;nghUj;jkhd Jzptiffisg;nghUj ;jkhd e pwq ;fs py ;njupTnra;J nfhs;thu;.
nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg;-nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhf> rupahdmsTfspd;gb khjpupAUitj;jahupj;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
t pisahl ;Lg ; nghUs ;cw ; gj ; j p f ;f hf ntt ;NtWi j a y ; K i w f i s g ;gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Gilitj; Jz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jpnry ;yg ; g puhzp cUf;fs ;Mf;Fthu;.
5.0 myq;fhuMf;fq;fspy;<LgLthu;.
6.0 n kd ;ikahdt pisahl ;Lg ;n g h k ; i k fs ;Mf;Fthu;.
;
XX
ghlNtisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
7.1 fljhr p g ; g +f ; fs ;jahupg;ghu;.
8.1 g+q ;fh myq;fhuf;$Wfs; jahupg;ghu;.
fljhrpg; g+f;fisj; jahupj;JnkOFg; g+r;rply;(gutpd; nkOF)
tpyq;F cUtq;fis mikj;jy; kdpj cUtq;fis mikj;jy;
(gupRr;rhe;J/rPnke;J/fljhrpf; $o;/fsp)
04
06
fljhrpg; g+f;fisj; jahupj;JePz;l fhyk; Ngzj;jf;f Kiw
fisf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
g+q ;fh myq;fhuj ;Jf ;Fg ;nghUj;jkhd jpl;lq;fs; tiuthu;.
ntt ;NtW Clfq ;fisg ;gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ me;je ;jClfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthWfyitfisj; jahupg;ghu;.
7.0 fljhrp Clfj;jp-idg; gad;gLj;jpmyq;fhu Mf;-fq;fs; nra;thu;.
8.0 g+q;fh myq;fhuMf ; f q ; fiscUthf;Fthu;.
1
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 1 : Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tbtikg;Gf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1: cUisfisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : cUisfisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
nrt;tfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Jzpahyhd nghk;ik jahupg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
cUisapd; tpupaiy tiue;J mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; Jzpahyhd nghk;ik
xd;iwj; jahupg;gNj vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
Kbg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l Jzpg;nghk;ik kw;Wk; cUistbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
cUthf;fg;gl;l Mf;fq;fs; rpytw;iw Kd;itj;J mtw;iw khztu; mtjhdpf;fr;
nra;jy;.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLf.
cUisapd; Kg;gupkhzj; Njhw;wk;
cUisapd; Kd;dpiyj;Njhw;wk;> gf;fj;Njhw;wk;> fpilj;Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iwf;
fhl;b mtw;iw tiue;J nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
cUisapd; khjpupia xNu jsj;jpy; tiujy;
mjpYs;s nrt;tf> tl;l tbtq;fis ,dq;fhzy;
cupa mstpilapidg; ngWk; nghUl;L nghUj;jkhd Nfj;jpu fzpj
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
epUkhzpg;ig cUthf;Fk;NghJ tpupaiyj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fhl;Lf.
Mf;fj;jpd; ghfq;fspy; xl;Ltjw;fhd tpLntspia vQ;rtpl;L khjpupAUit
ntl;bf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rupahd msTj;jpl;lj;Jf;fika nrt;tf tbtj; Jz;Lfis ntl;bf; nfhs;s topfhl;Lf.
ntl;ba ghfq;fis cupathW ijj;Jf;nfhs;s khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
ijf;fg;gl;l ghfq;fSf;F gQ;ir ,l;L epug;gp ghfq;fisg; nghUj;jpf;nfhs;s
cjtpnra;f.
ijf;fg;gl;l nghk;ikapd; jiyia jahu;nra;a khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
ijj;J Kbf;fg;gl;l nghk;ikf;F Mil myq;fhuq;fisg; nghUj;jkhf Nkw;nfhs;sr;
nra;f.
,JNghd;w NtWtifahd cUtq;fisAk; jahupf;f KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
cUis - Cylinder
tpupay; - Development
khjpupAU - Block
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
cUis rpy> Kg;gupkhz cUtq;fisf; fhl;Lk; glk;
cUis tpupay;fs; rpy
Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;gLkhW jahupf;fg;gl;l nghk;ikfs; rpy
2
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
khjpupAU ntl;bf;nfhs;sf; fljhrp / gpup];ly; ml;il
mbkl;lk;> ngd;rpy;> rpwpa fj;jp (Cutter Knife)
E}y;> ijay; Crp> gQ;R
gytif tu;z myq;fhuj; Jzpfs;> nghj;jhd;> upgd;> ehz; (Cord)> fWg;G> fgpy
epw fk;gspE}y; (Wool)
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
cUisapd; Njhw;wj;ij (mstPLfis) tpsf;Fjy;
cUisapd; gFjpfis xNu jsj;jpy; tpupayhf tiujy;
Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fis ,dq;fz;L ngauply;
cUisapd; gFjpfisg; nghUj;jp gQ;R epug;gp kdpj cUtj;ij ntspf;nfhzUjy;
mt;TUtj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf jiyia tbtikj;jy;
nghUj;jkhd Milazpfisj; ijj;J myq;fupj;jy;
ntt;NtW tifg;gl;l nghk;ikfis cUthf;Fjy;
gy;tifik mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Mf;fr;rpe;jidapy; <LgLjy;
3
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 1 : Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tbtikj;jypy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2: xOq;fhd gy;Nfhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs; : cupa Kiwfisf;ifahz;L gy;Nfhzpfis mikg;ghu;.
Gilitiag; gad;gLj;jp Njitahd tbtq;fis ntl;bf;
nfhs;thu;.
ntl;bnaLj;j tbtq;fisr; Nru;j;Jj; ijj;J> gQ;R epug;gp
ge;njhd;W Mf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
gy;Nfhzpfis> Iq;Nfhzp js cUf;fisAk; mWNfhzp cUf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
Jzpia Clfkhff; nfhz;L jahupj;j rpy ge;Jfis khztu;f;F toq;fp
mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Iq;Nfhzpfs;> mWNfhzpfs; mikj;jy;
gf;f ePsk; jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ Iq;Nfhzp / mWNfhzpfis mikg;gjw;Fupa
tpNrlkhd KiwfisAk; nghJthd KiwfisAk; ifahz;L tbtikg;Gr;
nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLtjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
tl;lnkhd;wpDs; Iq;Nfhzp> mWNfhzp mikf;Fk; nghJKiwfisAk; tpNrl
KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jp> tbtikg;gpy; <LgLtjw;F khztu;fFr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mt;thW mikj;j Iq;Nfhzpfs; / mWNfhzpfSf;F ijay; tpLntsp Nru;j;J
khjpupAUf;fis (Block) jahupf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
mk;khjpupAUf;fisf; nfhz;L Jzpg;gFjpfis ntl;bnaLj;J mg;gFjpfis
xd;Wlndhd;whf ,izj;J khjpupAUitj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.
khjpu pAUtpd; JizAld; Jzpg;gFjpfis ntl;bnaLj;J mtw;iw
xd;Wlndhd;whf ,izj;J> xU jpwty; (Opening) khj;jpuk; cs;s epiyapid
ijj;Jf;nfhs;f.
,dp ge;jpd; jputypd; / thapd; Clhf cs;s> gQ;R / jpzpnghUs; (Padding)
,l;L epug;gp thia %bj;ijj;Jf;nfhs;f.
,k;Kiwiaf; ifahz;L ntt;NtW tif mq;fq;fs; nra;ayhk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
Iq;Nfhzp - Pentagon
mWNfhzp - Hexagon
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
Iq;Nfhzp> mWNfhzp jstbtq;fs; tiuag;gl;l ml;ilfs;
Nfj;jpufzpj cgfuzj; njhFjp
khjpupAUitj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fljhrp / gpup];ly; ml;il
rPj;ijj; Jzp> jdp epwj;Jzp
E}y;> Crp> gQ;R / jpzpnghUs;
fj;jupf;Nfhy;> ngd;rpy;
4
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
xOq;fhd gy;Nfhzp> xOq;fhd mWNfhzpfspd; ,ay;Gfis tptupj;jy;
Xu; Mf;fj;Jf;fhf Iq;Nfhzp / mWNfhzpfisj; jahupj;J ijay; tpLntspAld;
khjpupAUf;fis Mf;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
Mf;fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW epwj;Jzp gad;gLj;jy;
Iq;Nfhzp> mWNfhzp jstbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ge;ij Mf;Fjy;
5
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 1 : Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tbtikj;jypy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3: ePs;tisa tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs; : gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePs;tisaq;fs; mikg;ghu;.
nu[pNghk; jl;by; ePs; tisa tbtq;fs; ntl;Ljy;
tbtq;fs; ntl;ba ,lq;fspy; Jz;Lfisj; jpzpj;J Rtu;
myq;fhuq;fs; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
ePs;tisa tbtj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gl;l Rtuyq;fhuq;fis khztuplk; nfhLj;J mtw;iw
mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
ePs; tisak; tiutjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW Kiwfis mwpKfQ;
nra;f.
tpy; Kiw xU ika tl;l Kiw
tl;l Kiw nrt;tf Kiw
ePs; tisak; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.
ePs;tisankhd;wpd; gFjpfis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
Ngup mr;R
rPwp mr;R
Ftpak;
ePs; tisag; gFjpfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ghijapy; (Path) cs;s xU Gs;spapypUe;J epiyf;Fj;jhd mirahg; Gs;sp
tiuapyhd nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uk; mg;ghy; Gwj;Nj mikj;Js;s xU Gs;sp tiuapyhd
J}uj;ij tpl FiwthdJ. AB > BF MFk;.
ePs; tisaj;jpd; ghijapy; cs;s xU Gs;spia Ftpaj;Jld; ,uz;L NfhLfshy;
,izg;gjhy;> mt;tpU NfhLfspuz;bdJk; $l;Lj;njhif Ngup mr;Rf;Fr; rkkhdJ.
BF1 + BF
2 = CD Ngup mr;R
tiuag;gl;Ls;s xU ePs;tisaj;jpd; Ftpaj;ijf; fhzy;
,jw;fhf Ngup mr;rpd; rupghjpj;J}uj;Jf;F ftuhaj;ijf; nfhz;L nrd;W rPwp mr;rpd;
ahNjDk; Xu; me;jj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L> Ngup mr;rpd; ,U GwKk; ,ilntl;Ltjd;
%yk; Ftpag;Gs;spfisf; fz;lwpa cjtp GupAq;fs;.
,ilntl;L tpy; KiwapYk; xU ika tl;l KiwapYk; ePs;tisaj;ij mikf;f
cjtp Gupf.
tiue;j ePs;tisa tbtj;ij nu[pNghk; jfLkPJ ntl;b> mjd; kPJ tbtikg;Gf;
fhl;rpia milahskpl;L> $upa fj;jp myfpdhy; KOjhf CLUtpr; nry;yhjthW
ntl;bmg;gFjp kiwAkhW nghUj;jkhd epwj;Jzpg;gFjpfis ntl;bj;> ntl;bd;
topNa jpzpj;J Rtuyq;fhuj;ij mikf;f topfhl;Lf.
,t;thwhf NtW tpjq;fisAk; NtW Clfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; nra;a
topg;gLj;Jf.
6
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
Ngup mr;R - Major axis
rPwp mr;R - Minor axis
Ftpak; - Focus
ePs;tisak; - Ellipse
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
gFjpfSf;Fg; ngauplg;gl;l ePs;tisankhd;wpd; glk;
Nfj;jpufzpj cgfuzj; njhFjp
Xu; mq;Fyj;Jf;F (1”) Nky; jbg;Gila nu[pNghk; jfL
tpy;Yf;fj;jp / ths; myF / jp#j;jhs; (cupjhs;)> fhgd; jhs;
ngd;rpy; mopwg;gu;
ePs;tisaTUtq;fisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l Rtuyq;fhuk;
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
tbtikj;jw; nrad;Kiwapy; rupahf <LgLjy;
ePs;tisaj;ijr; rupahf mikj;jy;
nu[pNghk; jhspy; ePs;tisa tbtj;ijr; rupahf ntl;Ljy;
Rtuyq;fhuj;Jf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd fhl;LUnthd;wpid (Design) milahskply;
ntl;bnaLj;j Jzpg;gFjpfis ntl;ba fhl;LU kPJ itj;J Jzp Xuq;fis nu[pNghk;
jfl;bd; ntl;ba gFjpfspd; topNa jpzpj;jy;
Mf;fj;jpd; KOepiwT
7
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 2 : gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Gilitfis myq;fupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1: ntg;g xl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpg; Gilitfis myq;fupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ntg;g xl;L Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.
ntg;g xl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
tpNrl myq;fhu Kiwahf ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ntg;g xl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
jOtiz (Cushion) ciwnahd;iw Mf;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Gilit myq;fhu
KiwfSld; ,ize;j GJKiwnahd;nwd tpsf;FtJld; ntg;g xl;L Kiwapy;
nra;ag;gl;l Mf;fq;fis khztu;fSf;fpilapy; gfpu;e;jspj;J mtjhdpg;gjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fp ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;fTk;.
fPo;fhZk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; ghlj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
ntg;g xl;L Kiwf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpNrlkhd ,uz;L tiff; fljhrpfs;
cs;sdntd;gijAk; mit gUj;jpj; JzpAk; gl;Lg; Gilitf;Fkhf (Silk)
ntt;Ntwhfg; gad;gLj;j KbAnkd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.
khztu;fSf;F gUj;jpj; Jzpahy; Mf;fk; nra;tJ ,yFthdnjd;gjhy;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gUj;jpj; Jzpfspy; Muk;g tbtikg;Gf;fis my;yJ jdp epwkhd
gplitfspd; %yk; nghUj;jkhd tbtikg;Gf;fis ntl;b vLf;Fk; Kiwia
tpsf;Fjy;
ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;l tbtikg;Gf;fis kpd; mOj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jp ntg;g xl;L
fljhrpAld; ,izf;fg;gLk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;
Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;l jstbtq;fis ,izg;gjw;F kpd;
mOj;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw
jOtiz ciwnahd ;w pw ;fhfg ; nghUj ;jkhd myq ;fhunkhd ;iwj ;
njupTnra;Ak;Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;
,izf;fg;gl;l myq;fhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf GwTUt tpspk;G (Out
liner) rhaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw
,e;j myq;fhu Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Rtu; myq;fhuk; Nriyj;jiyg;G> gazg;ig>
Nkir tpupg;G Nghd;w myq;fhuq;fis nra;ayhk; vd tpsf;Fjy;
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
ntg;g xl;Lf; fljhrp - Heat’n bond papers
GwTUt rhak; - Outline paint tubes
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
mr;rpl;l gUj;jpg; Gilit / gy;NtW epw jdptu;z gUj;jpg; Gilit
fhupf;fd; Jzp (Grey cloth)
ntg;g xl;Lf; fljhrp (rptg;G Rl;b) (Red Label)
8
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
fj;jupf;Nfhy;
Gw TUt tpspk;Gr;rhak; - nghUj;jkhd epwq;fspy;
Jzp mOj;jp
mizaplg;gl;l Nkir my;yJ Jzp mOj;jpg; gyif
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
fhl;LUitj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F mr;rpl;l Gilit tifiaAk; jdp epwg;
GilitfisAk; gad;gLj;j KbAnkdTk;
fhl;LU njupTnra;Ak;NghJ mjd; msT (Size) gw;wpf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;
ntg;g xl;L Kiwia xU xl;L (Sticker) Kiw vdf; Fwpg;gply;.
fhl;LUTf;Fg; NghJkhd msTf;F ntg;g xl;Lf; fljhrpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;
fhl;LUTf;Fg; NghJkhd msTf;F ntg;gxl;Lf; fljhrpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;
fhl;LUit epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F GwTUt rhaj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;
Mf;fG+u;tkhd rpe;jid %yk; myq;fhu Mf;fq;fs; cUthFk;
9
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 2 : gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Gilitfis myq;fupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2: jpiur; rl;lf mr;rply; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Gilitfis
myq;fupg;hu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : mr;rplYf;Fj; Njitahd rl;lfj;ijj; (frame) jahupg;ghu;.
ry;yupj;Jzpiag; (Xfd;b -organdie) gad;gLj;jp rl;lfj;jpy; jpiuiag;
nghUj;Jthu;;.
jpiuapd;kPJ tbtikg;ig mikg;ghu;.
rhaf;$iog; gad;gLj;jp mr;rpLthu;.
gpw;Rj;j Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp rhaj;ij epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Gilit Jzp mr;rply; Jiwapy; kpfTk; gpugy;ak; tha;e;j Kiwahd jpiur; rl;l
mr;rply; (Screen Printing) Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp jOtiz ciwnahd;iw
myq;fupg;gNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
jpiur;rl;l mr;rply; Kiwapy; myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;l jOtiz ciw> B Nru;l;
(T-Shirt) Nghd;w Mf;fq;fis khztu; Kd;dpiyapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mtjhdpf;fr;
mtu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fp ghlj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpf;fTk;.
fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahb ghlj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;
jpiur;rl;lf mr;rply; KiwapNy myq;fhuj;ij cl;gLj;jp xOq;F nra;ag;gl;l
jpiuj; Jzpia gyifr; rl;lj;Jld; ,izj;J cs;Ns rhaj;jpypl;l ,wg;gu;
Jilg;gj;jpdhy; (Squeegee rubber) rhaj;ijj; Nja;g;gjdhy; jpiuapYs;s myq;fhuk;
Jzpapd; Nky;jsj;jpy; (jOtizf;fhf xOq;F nra;ag;gl;l) gpupthFk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
jpiur; rl;lj;jpw;fhf kNdhfdp> rkz;liy Nghd;w ghukw;w Nfhzy;KWfy; Vw;glhj
kutif gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wq;fs;.
mr;rplYf;Fj; Njitahd jpiur;rl;lj;ijj; jahu;nra;Ak; Kiw
rl;lfj;jpd; jpiur; rPiyf;fhf ry;yupj;Jzp Nghd;w nkd;ikahd JisfisAila
Jzp tifnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;
ry;yupj; Jzpiag; gad;gLj;jp rl;lfj;jpy; jpiuia nghUj;Jk; Kiw
jpiuapd;kPJ fhl;LUnthd;iw Mf;Fjy;
mr;rplg;glNtz;ba myq;fhug; gFjp jtpu;e;j kw;iwa gFjpfSf;F muf;Fr;rhak;
(Lacquer) my;yJ thu;dp\; (Varnish) G+rp kiwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhaf; fyit nrwpTilajhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;
rhaf; $iog; gad;gLj;jp mr;rpLk; Kiw
gpw;Rj;j Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp jOtiz ciw> BNru;l;> gy;NtW Jzpj; Jz;Lfs;>
Rtnuhl;b (Poster) fz;ftu; ml;ilfs;> miog;gpjo;> Gj;jfntspg;Gw ml;il gy;NtW
nghjpaply;> Jzp ciw Nghd;w Gilit rhu;e;j jahupg;GfspYk; fljhrp> gyif>
gpsh];bf;> Njhy;> jfL Nghd;w nghUl;fspYk; mr;rpl KbAk;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
,wg;gu;j; Jilg;gj;ij - Squeegee (khw;wPl;L cgfuzkhf wg;gu; ghjzpapd; mbj;Jz;L)
10
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Jzpr; rhak; - Fabric Paint
mr;rply; jsk; - Pad (miz ,l;l Nkir NghJkhdJ)
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
gyifr;rl;lfk; (30cm x 30cm)
ry;yupj; Jzp (xfd;b) 1/2 m
thu;dp\; 50ml
muf;Fg; G+r;R (Lacquer) 50ml
<ahzp (Tintacks) 25g
J}upif (1/2 mq;Fy)
fhgd; jhs;
A4 fljhrp
gUj;jpg; Gilit 1/2 kPw;wu;
ngg;upf; rhak; (Fabric paint) / gpf;kz;l; rhak; (Pigment paint)
,wg;gu; Jilg;gk; (Sqeegee)
Jzpg; gir
mr;Rj; jsk;
Jzp mOj;jp
Rj;jpay;
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
jpiur;rl;l mr;rplypw;fhfj; Njitahd Jizg; ghfq;fs; gy cs;sd.
jpiur;rl;l mr;rply;Kiwf;F Jzpfs; myq;fhuk; nra;tjpy; tpUj;jpaile;Js;s
tpiuthd myq;fhu KiwahFk;.
jpiur;rl;lj;ij cupa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
mr;rply; nray;Kiwf;F Kd; ed;whfj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.
Njitf;F Vw;wthW nghUj;jkhd myq;fhuj;ijj; njupTnra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;
11
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 2 : gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Gilitfis myq;fupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3: Gjpa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Gilitfspy; myq;fupg;ig
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : myq;fupg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.
Gjpa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Nriyj; jiyg;ig myq;fupg;ghu;
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
gy;NtW myq;fhu myq;fupg;G Kiw gw;wp tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;Nehf;Fld;
Nriyj; jiyg;ig myq;fupg;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
khztu;fSf;F myq;fupf;fg;gl;l Nriyj; jiyg;Gfs; rpytw;iw mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf
khztu;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk;.
fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; ghlj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
etPd myq;fhu myq;fupg;G Kiwfspy; rhak; gad;gLj;jhky; Mf;fk; nra;a
KbAnkdTk; kpDq;Fk; nghl;Lf;fs;(Sequin) kzpfs; fz;zhbf; fw;fs;> fz;zhbf;
Foha;> nraw;if E}y; tiffs; Nghd;w Clfq;fs; mNdfkhfg; gad;gLj;j KbAnkd
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf..
jhk; myq;fupf;f vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; tbtj;ij fhgd; jhisg; gad;gLj;jp Nriyj;
jiyg;gpd; kPJ gpujpgz;zTk;.
gpujpgz;zg;gl;l tbtj;jpd;kPJ Jzpg; gir G+rp> njupTnra;J nfhz;l Clfj;ij
xd;whf xl;bf;nfhs;tjw;F top nra;aTk;.
tbtikg;gpw;F ,ilNa Njitahd ,lq;fSf;F myq;fhu ijay; Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;j KbAnkd vLj;Jf; fhl;lTk;.
myq;fhu Jzp myq;fupg;G Kiw tFg;giwapy; ,yFthf nra;af;$ba myq;fhu
Kiw vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;lTk;.
Nriy tif> jOtid ciw> Nkir tpupg;G> Rtu; myq;fhuk; Nghd;w Mf;fq;fis
myq;fupf;f nra;a KbAnkdf; fhl;bf; tpsf;Ff.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
Nriyj; jiyg;G - Head piece
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
myq;fupf;fg;gl;l Nriyj; jiyg;Gfs; rpy
Nriyj; jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Jzptif
kpDq;Fk; nghUl;fs;> kzpfs;> fz;zhbf;fw; Jz;Lfs;> nraw;if E}y; tif>
fz;zhbf; Foha;
Jzp gir (Jzp xl;Lg;gir)
fhgd; jhs;
ngd;rpy;
Crp
mizapl;l Nkir
12
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
jw;fhy re;ijapy; mtjhdpj;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;L ntt;NtW myq;fupg;G Kiwfis
tptupj;jy;
fhgd; jhspd; JizAld; fhl;LUit Nriyj; jiyg;gpy; gpupjpgz;Zk; tpjk;
gpujp gz;zg;gl;l fhl;LU kPJ Jzpg; giriag; G+rp njupTnra;ag;gl;l Clfj;ij
xl;Ljy; (kpDq;Fk; nghl;Lf;fs;> kzpfs;> fz;zhbf; fw;fs;>fz;zhbf; Foha;>
nraw;if E}y;tif> Nghd;wtw;Ws; xUtif my;yJ rpytif)
Mf;fr; rpe;jid %yk; myq;fhu Mf;fq;fs; nra;Ak; jpwd;
13
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Gilitfis myq;fupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4: Kbr;rply;Kiw gw;wpf;Kiw %yk; Gilitfis myq;fupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : Kbr;rpl;L gj;jpf; myq;fhukpliy tpsf;Fthu;.
cupa rhaq;fs; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
rhaj;ijAk; tpNrl cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp gj;jpf; KiwapYk;> Kbr;rply;
KiwapYk; Jzptiffs; myq;fhuk; nra;Ak; Kiw gw;w mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; iff;Fl;il> jOtiz ciw vd;gd nra;a
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakply; kw;Wk; gw;wpf; Kiwapy; nra;ag;gl;l Mf;fq;fis khztu;fSf;F
iff;Ff; nfhLj;J mtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakply;;> gw;wpf; nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Jzptiffisg; ngaupl;L
mtw;iw Kw;Rj;jk; nra;Ak; Kiwia tpsf;fTk;.
Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakpliy jahu;nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba nghUl;fisg; ngaupLtjw;F
cjtpnra;aTk;.
Kbr;rpLk; Kiwf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba El;gKiwfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; cjtp
nra;tJld; Kbr;Rf;fis ,Ltjw;Fk; cjtTk;.
rhag; ghj;jpuq;fs; jahupf;f cjtTk;.
Kbr;rpl;L rhakplg;gl;l Jzpj;Jz;il mfw;wp rpy tpehbfs; ,sq;fhw;wpy; cyu
itf;FkhW MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
Kbr;rpl;L rhakpliy mtpo;j;J Jzpj;Jz;by; gpw;Rj;j Kiw ,Ltjw;F MNyhrid
toq;fTk;
gw;wpf; nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fhl;LUit Jzpj;Jz;bd;kPJ gpujpgz;ZkhW
MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
gw;wpf; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nkOFf; fyitiaj; jahu;nra;tjw;F cjtp
nra;aTk;.
myq;fhuj;jpd;kPJ J}upif> rd;bd; my;yJ Gdy; Nghd;w cgfuzq;fspd; cjtpAld;
nkOifg; G+Rtjw;F cjtpnra;f.
%d;w ghj;jpuq;fspy; gw;wpf; rhak; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
nkOfpl;l Jzpj;Jz;il 1, 2 kw;Wk; 3 gw;wpf; ghj;jpuq;fspy; cs;Ns mkpo;j;jp xU
Fwpj;j msT Neuk; itj;J ntspNa vLf;FkhW MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
Jzpj;Jz;by; gw;wpf; tu;zq;fs; rpytw;iw ,Ltjw;fhf ,sk; epw tu;zj;jpypUe;J
fLk; epw tu;zk; tiu tu;zkpLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd tpsf;Ff.
tu;zkpl;l Jzpfis ntspNa vLj;J ,sk;fhw;wpy; rpwpJ Neuk; itj;J RLePu;
ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; ,l;L mq;F nkOif mfw;w cjtTk;
mtw;iw Fspu; ePupy; fOtp> ,sq;fhw;wpy; cyu;j;jp> gpw;Rj;jk; nra;tjw;F MNyhrid
toq;fTk;.
Ranjhopy; xd;whf ,t; Kbr;rply; / gw;wpf; Kiw Mf;fj;jpy; <Lgl KbAnkdf;
$wTk; .
14
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
,tw;Wf;F ntspehl;ltu;fspNa mjpf Nfs;tp cs;snjd fhl;bf; nfhLf;fTk;.
Xa;T Neuj;ij gaDs;sjhfg; gad;gLj;j gw;wpf; Mf;fq;fs; nra;tJ rpwe;jnjdf;
Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakply;; Kiw - Tie and Dye Method
gw;wpf; Kiw - Method of Batik
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakply;; / gw;wpf; Kiw ,l;l Nriy> Rtu; myq;fhuk;> rhuk;> iff;Fl;il>
fjpiu ciw Nghd;w cjhuzq;fs;
gUj;jpj; Jzp
vupfhuk; (Caustic soda)
BNghy;
cg;G
neg;Njhy; mbg;gil (Base)
neg;Njhy; rhak;
Nlu;f;fp nul; vz;nza; (Turkey Red Oil)
ePu;
ghj;jpuk; 3
ngugpd; nkOF> Njd;nkOF> Fq;fpypak;
J}upif> rd;;bd;> Gdy;
rpwpa gpsh];bf; ghj;jpuq;fs; - 2
kz;nzz;nza; mLg;G
Kbr;rpLtjw;F fy; / Mzp Riu / khgps;; / KWf;F E}y; (Twine) / ehzak; /
ijay; Crp
Jzp mOj;jp
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
tpNrlkhd nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakply; /
gw;wpf; myq;fhunkhd;iwj; Jzpapd; kPJ ,Lk; Kiwia tpgupj;jy;
Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakply; / gw;wpf; Kiw %yk; Jzp tiffs; myq;fhuk; nra;jy;.
Kbr;rpl;Lr;rhakply; Kiwf;F gy;NtW nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW
myq;fhuq;fis (fhl;LU) ,l KbAnkd;gij tptupj;jy;.
15
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 3 : Gilit cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis
Ma;e;jwpe;jthW Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1: E}y;fSf;F ,yf;f kpLthu;
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; : E}y;fis tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis ,dq;fz;L ,yf;fkpLthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Gilit cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; E}y;fSf;fhd ,yf;fq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gLk;
Kiwfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJld; re;ijg;ngWkjp gw;wp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Njbg;ngw;w E}y; ge;J> E}y; RUs;> E}y; fsp vd;gtw;iw toq;fp> mtjhdpf;fr;
nra;tjd;%yk; ghlj;jpw;Fs; Eiof.
Gilit nea;ag;gLk;NghJ ghT E}y;> Cil E}y; njhFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
jd;ik gw;wp tpdTtNjhL rpwpa Gilitj; Jz;L xd;wpd; ghT E}y;> Cil
E}y;fis gpupj;J Ntwhf;fpf; fhl;Lf.
xU fpNyhfpuhk; gUj;jpg; gQ;rpdhy; 1000 kPl;lu; ePsE}y; Kd;dpiyahf jahupf;fg;
E}y; fspfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g Ehypd; ,yf;fk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; tpjj;jpid
tpsf;Ff.
jdp xU ,io E}iy KWf;Ftjd; %yk; <upio E}y;> %tpio E}y;> gy;yio E}y;
Mfpad cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s KiwiaAk; xU E}iyg; gpupj;J MuhaTk;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
Jzp nerTf;fiy cw;gj;jpr; nryitf; fzpg;gjw;F E}y; ,yf;fq;fs; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij nrad;KiwapD}lhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sr; nra;f.
E}y; ,yf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g E}ypd; ePsk;> E}ypd; epiw vd;gd mikAk; vd;gtw;iw
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
E}y; ,yf;fkpLtjw;fhd Neu; Kiw (Direct system)> Neupy; Kiw (Indirect system)
Mfpa ,U Kiwfs; cs;sd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
Neupy; Kiwapy; E}y; ,yf;fkpLk; FwpaPl;LKiwfshf Mq;fpyKiw (English sys-
tem)> nkl;upf;FKiw (Metric system) Mfpa ,U Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf;
$Wf.
Ehw;Fk; E}y;fspd;; ,yf;fk; ”nlf;]”; vd;w KiwapYk; ehu; E}y; ,yf;fk; ”njdpau”;
Kiw> ”nj]pnjf;]”; Kiw Mfpa ,UtifapYk; ,lg;gLtJld; ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy;
nlf;]; KiwNa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.
Gilit Jz;L xd;iw toq;fp cil E}y;> ghT E}y;fspd; ePsj;ij ,dq;fhzr;
nra;f.
,yf;fq;fis ,l;l E}w;;ge;J> E}w;;fsp> E}y;rpl;il vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp> E}Yf;F
cupa ,yf;fj;ij ,dq;fhz tha;g;G toq;Fjy;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
E}y; ,yf;fkply; - Numbering of thread
njf;]; - Tecks
nj]pnjf;]; - Desitecks
njdpau; - Denier
16
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
,yf;fkpl;l Ehy; ge;Jfs; / Ehw;fspd; rpy.
ntt;NtW msTila Ehy; tiffs; rpy
EDf;Ff;fhl;b / iftpy;iy
Cil Ehy;> ghT Ehy;fis ,yFthf gpupj;njLf;fj;jf;f Jzpj;Jz;L.
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
E}y; ,yf;fkpLk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;
Cil E}y;> ghT E}y; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,yf;fkpLk; Kiwia ,dq;fhzy;.
EDf;Ff;fhl;b / iftpy;iyiag; gad;gLj;jp;> Cil Ehy;fs;;> ghT Ehy;fspd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy;.
Glit cw;gj;jpapy; nryitf; fzpg;gpLk;NghJ E}y; ,yf;fkpliyg; gad;gLj;Jk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
17
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 3 : Gilit cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis
Ma;e;jwpe;jthW Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2: nerT rhu;e;j Mf;fq;fSf;fhd nrytpdj;ijf; fzf;fpLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ghTf;Fj; Njitahd ghT E}y; msitf; fzpg;ghu;.
me;eg; ghTf;F Njitahd Cil Ehy; msitf; fzpg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Jzp nea;Ak;NghJ ePsthf;fpy; nry;Yk; E}y;fSf;$lhf FWf;F E}iyr; nrYj;jp
nea;ag;gLtijAk;> mtw;Wf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; ghTE}y;> FWf;F E}y; msitf;
fzpg;gpLtjw;fhd mDgtj;ij toq;FtJk; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLj;jg;gLtJk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
1 cm (nrd;wp kPw;wu;) mfyKila 30 cm ePsKila gUj;jpj; Jzpj;Jz;il
mtjhdpf;fr; nra;tJld; JzpapYs;s CilE}y;> ghT E}y;fisg; gpupj;J Ntwhf;fp
mtjhdpf;Fk;gb nra;J ghlj;jpy; Eiof.
nkl;wpf; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp ghTf;Fj; Njitahd ePs;E}y;fspd; msitf; fzpg;gjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
nkl;wpf; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ghTf;Fj; Njitahd FWf;F E}y;fspd; msitf;
fzpg;gpLtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
nkl;wpf; KiwiaAk;> Mq;fpy KiwiaAk; gad;gLj;jp ghTf;Fj; Njitahd ePs
E}y;fs;> FWf;F E}y;fspd; msitf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhd gapw;rpfis toq;Ff.
mt;thwhd Kiwfspy; me;je;j re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fupa #j;jpuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gf.
ghTf;Fj; Njitahd E}y; fspfspd; msitf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhd #j;jpuq;fSf;F
Vw;g fzpjg; gapw;rpfis toq;Ff.
gapw;rpfspy; <LgLj;Jf.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
ghT - Warp
ghT E}y; - Warp yarn
Cil E}y; - Weft yarn
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
ghT E}y;> Cil E}y;fis vd;gtw;iw ,yFthf Ntwhf;ff;$ba tifapyhd 30
cm ePs Jzpj; Jz;L
msTNfhy;
fj;jpupf;Nfhy;
#j;jpuq;fis cs;slf;fpa njspthd tpsf;fg;glk;.
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
xU ghtpYs;s ghT E}y;> Cil E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;iffis fzpj;jy.;
cupa #j;jpuj;jpy; mtw;iw gpujpaPL nra;jy;.
jug;gl;l juTfspd;gb nryitr; rupahff; fzpg;gply;
ghTf;Fj; Njitahd E}y;fspd; epiw> ePsk;> fspfspd; vz;zpf;if vd;gtw;wpd;
msitf; fzpg;gpLk; jpwidg; ngwy;.
18
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 3 : Gilit cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis
Ma;e;jwpe;jthW Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3: nerTj; jwptiffis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; : nerTj; jwptiffisAk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Jizr;rhjdq;fisAk;
ngaupLthu;
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Gilit nea;Ak; ,ae;jpu tiffis mwpe;Jnfhs;tJld; gwf;Fk; ehlhj;jwpnahd;iw
(Fly Shuttle Loom)tiue;J mjd; gFjpfSf;Fg; ngaupLtNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tiy gpd;dY}lhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l gy;NtW nerT ,ae;jpuq;fspd; xspg;glq;fisf;
nfhz;l D.V.D fhl;rpia ghu;f;f re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fp my;yJ ,ae;jpuq;fspd;
xspg;glq;fisf; fhl;Ltjd;%yk; ,ae;jpu tiffis ,dq;fhl;Lf.
Nkir ,ae;jpuk;> vspa ,ae;jpuk;> gwf;Fk; ehlh jwp;> tYj;jwp vd;gtw;iwj; Jzp
nea;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w rpy ifj;jwpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
tpsf;fTk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jwpfspd; nraw;ghL gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
nghwpj; Jizg;ghfq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfisAk; tpsf;Ff.
ghupa njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLk; kpd;rf;jpapdhy; ,aq;Ffpd;w kpd;jwpfs; mtw;wpd;
Jizg;ghfq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fkspf;Ff.
gwf;F ehlh jwpia tiue;J gFjpfSf;Fg; ngaupLtjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.
ifj;jwp nerTj; njhopw;rhiynahd;iwg; ghu;itapLkhW khztu;fSf;F mwpT+l;lTk;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
ifj;jwp; - Hand loom machine
kpd; jwp - Power loom machine
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
gwf;F ehlh jwp
nerTj; njhopy; ifj;jwp tiffspd; tiuglq;fs;
D.V.D fhl;rp (ifj;jwp tiuglq;fs; cl;gl)
ngupjhf;fp tiue;J gwf;Fehlhf; ifj;jwpapd; Jizg;ghfq;fSf;F ngauplg;gl;l
tiuglk;.
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
Gilit nea;jypd;NghJ gy;NtW jwptifg; gad;ghl;by; cs;s rpwg;gk;rq;fis
tpgupj;jy;.
jwpg; gFjpfisAk; Jizg;ghfq;fisAk; ngauply;
Jizg; ghfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;
ghupa njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd; jwpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tptupj;jy;.
19
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 3 : Gilit cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis
Ma;e;jwpe;jthW Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4: cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;sg;gLk; cgfuzj; njhFjpia
tptupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; : E}y; Rw;Wk; cgfuzjijg; ngaupLthu;.
ghNthly; cgfuzq;fis ngaupLthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Jzpfis nea;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w E}y; Rw;Wk; cgfuzj; njhFjpfis
,dq;fz;L E}w;Rw;Wjy;> ghNthLjy; njhlu;ghd mDgtk; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ ,jpy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
E}w; Rw;Wk; kw;wk; cgfuzj; njhFjpfis khztu;fSf;F fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
D.V.D fhl;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mjd; nraw;ghLfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij
toq;fTk;.
E}y; Rw;WUisAk;> epiyahbiaAk; rupahf itj;J mjd; nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;J
fhl;lTk;.
Jbf;fl;il> jhu; Fr;Rfspd; tiffis tbtj;jpw;F Vw;g mwpKfQ; nra;J mt;tbtk;
mt;thW miktjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; tpsf;fTk;.
E}y; fspia epiyahbapy; nghUj;jp E}y; rpf;FwhjthW Nky; ,ioiaAk; fPo;
,ioiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
Rw;wp Kbf;fg;gl;l Jbf;fl;ilapd; tbtKk; Rw;wp Kbe;j jhu;Fr;rpd; tbtKk;
vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; $wTk;.
Rw;Wk; cgfuzj; njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;jp E}y; Rw;Wk; nray;Kiwapy; <LgLtjw;F
khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
E}y; Rw;wpa Jbf;fl;ilfis Fow;glypy; mLf;Ftijr; nra;Jfhl;Lf.
Cil E}y;fisg; gpzpr;rl;lj;jpd; Clhf ,Ue;J Xu; myFf;F (nrt;tfj;Jf;F)
Njitahd E}y;fisr; Nru;j;J Kbr;rpLjiyr; nra;Jfhl;Lf.
Kbr;rpl;l E}y; myif ghNthL ,lj;jpy; Rw;Wk; tpjj;ijr; nra;Kiwapy; fw;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mt;thwhfj; Jzpapd; mfyk; G+u;j;jpahFk; tiuapy; E}y; myFfis (nrt;tfq;fis)
ghNthL ,lj;jpy; Rw;Wtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
E}y; Rw;Wtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzj; njhFjpapd; tupg;glq;fis tiutjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk; .
ghupa mstpyhd Jzp cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fis tupg;glq;fs;
%yk; tpsf;fTk;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
E}y; Rw;WUis / E}w;FQ; rpy;Y / ,uhl;bdk; - Winding
epiyahbAk; jhq;fpAk; - Swift
Jbf;fl;il - Bobbin
20
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
jhu;Fr;rp - Pirn
#ow;gly; - Creel.
; gpzpr;rl;lk; - Hack
ghNthL Flk; - Warping drum
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
E}y; Rw;WUis> epiyahb> epiyahb jhq;fp> Jbf;fl;il> jhu;Fr;rp> mkUk; thq;F.
#ow;gly;> gpzppr;rl;lk;> ghNthLFlk;.
E}y; Rw;Wk; nraw;ghL mlq;fpa DVD fhl;rp / glq;fs; / xspg;glq;fs;
E}w; fsp> E}w; $k;G
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
Rw;Wk; cgfuzj;njhFjpia ,dq;fz;L rupahF mikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
Jbf;fl;iliaAk; jhu;Fr;irAk; rupahd tbtj;jpy; Rw;Wjy;.
ghNthLk; cgfuzj; njhFjpia rupahfg; gad;gLj;jy;.
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cgfuzj;njhFjpfspd; Jizg;ghfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfis tpsf;fkhf
tpgupf;fTk;.
21
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 3 : Gilit cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis
Ma;e;jwpe;jthW Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.5: nerTf; Nfhyq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; : rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyj;ij tiuGgLj;Jthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyq;fis tiff;F Vw;g tiuGj;jhspy; tiue;J fljhrpf;
fPyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vy;yh tifahd rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyq;fisAk;
tiue;J ml;ltiznahd;iwj; (Chart)jahupf;f toptif nra;tNj ,jpy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf;Nfhyj;jpdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l khjpupfis mtjhdpg;gjw;F
khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf;Nfhyj;jpy; MWtiffs; cs;sd vd;gij njspTgLj;jTk;
(rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT> $u; rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT> KwpTr; rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT> itur;
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT> RUs; rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT> miyr; rupTf; Nfhl;L nerT)
myq;fhur; rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyj;jpy; ,uz;L tiffs; cs;sd vd;gij
tpsf;fTk;. (nfhST nerT (Huck a back weave) Njd; $l;L nerT (Honey comb
weave)
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xd;Wf;F ,iztjdhy; Nru;;e;j rupTf;Nfhl;L
nerTf;Nfhyk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtij khjpupahff; fhl;b Kd;itf;fTk;.
NtW VjhtJ rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf;Nfhyk; ,uz;L my;yJ gy xd;W Nru;tjdhy;
myq;fhur; rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; Kiwia tpsf;fTk;.
A4 tu;zf; fljhrpj; jhisg; gad;gLj;jp> khztu; FOf;fs; xt;nthU rupTf;Nfhl;L
nerTf;Nfhyj;jpd; tiffisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F cjtpnra;aTk;.
vy;yh rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyj;jpd; tiffisAk; xd;WNru;j;J
ml;ltiz (Chart) jahupg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
nerTf; Nfhyq;fs; - Weaving desings
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
rupTf; Nfhl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs; ,ilg;gl;l rpy khjpupfs;.
rupTf; Nfhl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs; ,ilg;gl;l rpy rpwpa Ngiofs;.
A4 tu;zf;fljhrp
igz;lu; gir
msTNfhy;
fj;jupf;Nfhy;
gu;];ly; ml;il
ngd;rpy;
22
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;.
rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf; Nfhyj;jpd; NfhL nry;Yk; Kiwfisg; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
Nru;e;j rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT> myq;fhu rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT> vspa rupTf;Nfhl;L nerT
kw;Wk; Vida rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf;Nfhyq;fspd; fyg;G %yk; cUthFk; Kiwia
mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
Nfhyj;jpw;F Vw;g fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l nerTf;Nfhyq;fis ,dq;fz;L ngauply;
nray;Kiwahf rupTf;Nfhl;L nerTf;Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
23
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 3 : Gilit cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis
Ma;e;jwpe;jthW Mf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.6: vspa nerTg; nghwpiag; gad;gLj;jp Nkir tpupg;Gf;fs; (Table mat)nerT nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 08
fw;ww; NgWfs; : cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp E}y;; Rw;Wthu;.
cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; ghTfs;.
E}iy jwpapyikj;J nerT nra;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
E}y; Rw;Wjy;> E}y; ghTjy;> jwpapyikj;jy; %yk; Nkir fhg;Gj;Jz;L nea;tNj
,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Njitahd cgfuzq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
ghT E}w; FQ;R / Jbf;fl;il / jhu;f;Foy;gly; (Bobbin Creel)
E}w;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpNrlkhd Kbr;Rf;fs; cs;snjd mtw;iwr; nra;J
fhl;ly; %yk; Kd;itf;Ff.
xU nrd;wp kPw;wUf;F Njitahd ghT E}w;fspd; msit Rw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F
MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
Nfhyj;jpw;F Vw;g ghT E}w;rhiyr; Rw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd tpsq;fitf;fTk;.
ghT E}w; Fr;rp rl;lj;Jf;Fk;/ jhu;f;Fow; ngl;bf;Fk; (Bobbin box) gpzpr;rl;lj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; 150 nrd;wp kPw;wu; J}uk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpzpr; rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp E}w; rpl;ilfis xOq;F Kiwahf rpf;FwhJ ghT
jz;by; Rw;Wyhk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
E}nyhd;W mWe;jTld; gpzpr;rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mjid clNd mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
gpzpr; rl;lj;jpdhy;; ,Oj;jjd; gpd;G rPu;nra;ag;gLk; vd;gijr; nra;J fhl;b tpsf;fTk;.
gpzpr;rl;lk; Clhf gpizaikj;j E}y; rpl;;ilfis (myF) cupathW ngWtjw;F
ghNthL Flj;jpy; Rw;wpf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd tpsf;fp nraw;ghl;il nra;J fhl;lTk;.
gpzpr;rl;lj;Jf;Fk;; ghNthL Flj;jpw;F kpilapyhd J}uk; gw;wp tpsf;fTk;
ghNthL Flj;jpd; Rw;wsT ngUk;ghYk; %d;W ahu; MFk; vd;gij mwptjw;fhf
mjid mse;J ghu;g;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
ghT E}iy mfyj;jpw;F Vw;g ghNthL Flj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mikAkhW rkepiyg;gLj;J
-tJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
jahu;nra;J nfhz;l ghTE}iy ghTj;Jz;by; Rw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; nra;aTk;.
ghTj;jz;Lf;F Rw;wpf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghT E}iy nghwpapyikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
tpOJfspdhYk; rPg;Gf;fspdhYk; E}w;fis ,Oj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.
ghTE}ypiy Mil Rw;Wj; jz;bf;F nghUj;JtijAk; Nfhyj;jpw;F Vw;g kPjp>
FWf;F Nfhy;fs; (CLnry;Nfhy;)> Nghd;wtw;iw Kbr;rpLk;; Kiwiar; nra;J
fhl;lTk;.
nea;aj; njhlq;fp> Jzp nea;ag;gLk; Kiwf;F mika Nfhyj;ij ,dq;fhz;gjw;F
re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
24
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
E}y; ghNthLjy; - Warping
jz;by; Ehy; Rw;Wjy; - Beaming
jwpapyikj;jy;; - Looming
nerT nra;jy; - Weaving
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
Rw;Wk; cgfuzj; njhFjp
ghTk;; cgfuzj; njhFjp
nerT jwpAk;; mjw;Fupa Jizg;ghfq;fs;
ghT E}y;> Cil E}y; (Njitahd tu;zq;fspy;)
E}y; ,Of;Fk; Crp
gpizaikg;Gf;fhd fapW gpizaik Nfhy;fs;
nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rpy
gUj;jpapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l fapW
45 nrd;wp kPw;wu; mb ePskhd 3 nrd;wp kPw;wu; tpl;lKila cUis tbt jbfs; -
02
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
E}y; Rw;Wjy;> ghNthL;> jwpapyikj;jy;;> nerT nra;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfisr;
rupahf tpgupj;jy;.
ghTE}iy ghNthLtJ njhlf;fk; Gilitia nerT nra;jy; tiu nrad;Kiwahfr;
nra;J fhl;Ljy;.
Jizg; ghfq;fis cupa Kiwapy ;rupahfg; nghUj;Jjy;
25
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 4 : fspia ,dq;fz;L Mf;fq;fs;; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1: fl;bnaOg;gy; Kiwapy; fspkz; ghz;lq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : tidNthd; rpy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp fspkz; ghz;lq;fis
cUthf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
gjg;gl;lj;jg;gl;l fspkz;izg; gad;gLj;jp tidjw; rpy;ypd; cjtpAld; cUis
tbtg; (rpypz;lu;) G+j;jhop (Vase) tbtikg;gjd;%yk; fl;bnaOg;gy; Kiw gw;wpa
mDgtj;ij toq;FtNj vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
fl;bnaOg;gy;Kiw %yk; Mf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs; rpytw;iw Kd;itj;J
khztiumtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
kz;ghz;lq;fis tbtikf;Fk;NghJ tidjw;rpy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;Fjiy
fl;bnaOg;gy;Kiw vd mwpKfQ; nra;f.
fl;bnaOg;gy;Kiw %yk; tl;l cUis tbthd kl;ghz;lq;fis khj;jpuNk
tbtikf;f KbAk; vd;gij khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.
cau;juj;jpyhd kl;ghz;lq;fis tbtikg;gjw;fhf ed;F gjkhf;fg;gl;l fspkz;
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd tpsf;fkspf;Ff.
fl;bnaOg;gw; nrad;Kiw gy gbKiwfspy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd tpsf;Ff.
mtw;Wf;fika fl;bnaOg;gypid Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.
1. gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l fspkz; jpuisia tidNthd; rpy;ypd; Nky; itj;jy;
2. fspkz; jpuisia ikag;gLj;jy;
3. ,ioaikg;igg; ngwy;
4. fspkz; jpuisiaj; jpwj;jy;
5. ghz;lj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;
6. fspkz; ghz;lj;ijf; cUtikj;Jf; fl;bnaOg;gy;
7. tha;g;gFjpia ntl;Ljy;.
8. kl;ghz;lj;jpd; tha;g; gFjpia cUg;gLj;jy;;
9. kl;ghz;lj;ij tidNthd;; rpy;ypypUe;J ngau;j;jy;.
10.kl;ghz;lj;ij tidNthd;; rpy;ypypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jy;.
tidNthd; rpy;iyr; ifahs;tjw;fhff; iffis ed;F gof;fpf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;
vd tpsf;fp Ntiyapy; <Lglr; nra;f.
fl;bnaOg;gy; gbKiwfis xOq;fhfg; gpd;gw;wp rupahfg; kl;ghz;lnkhd;iw
fl;bnaOg;g re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
tidNthd;; rpy;Y - Potter’s Wheel
fl;bnaOg;gy; - Wheel work
26
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l fspkz;
if tidNthd;; rpy;Y / kpjp tidNthd;; rpy;Y
ePu;g;ghj;jpuk;
Gilitj;Jz;L
flw;gQ;Rj; Jz;L (Sponge)
typikahd E}y; / nky;ypa fk;gpj; Jz;L.
30cm x 30cm x 1cm msTila gyifj;Jz;L.
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
tidNthd;rpy;iy ,af;Fk; jpwd;
fl;bnaOg;gy; gbKiwfs; %yk; kl;ghz;lj;ij epUkhzpj;jy;
rPuhd jbg;gpy; kl;ghz;lj;jpd; Rtiuf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
kl;ghz;lj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ij ruptu cWjpg;gLj;jp mikj;jy;
tidNthd;; rpy;ypypUe;J kl;ghz;lj;ijg; ngau;j;J mg;Gwg;gLj;Jk; tpjk;
27
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 4 : fspia ,dq;fz;L Mf;fq;fs; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2: fspkz; ghz;lq;fis kPs cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mr;Rfisj;
jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgW : fspkz; ghz;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mr;Rfs; jahupg;ghu;.
jahupj;j mr;Rf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghz;lq;fs; nra;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
mr;Rfisg; gad;gLj;jp xj;j jd;ikAs;s ghtidg; nghUl;fis mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; jahupf;fyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff> thug;Gfy; fyit fspkz; jfL
vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ghtidg; nghUl;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd jpwid
toq;Ftjw;fhf> mr;Rf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J nra;Kiw nraw;ghLfspy; <Lglr;
re;ju;g;gkspg;gNj ,q;F vjpughu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
gy;NtW tbt mr;Rf;fs; rpytw;iw fhl;rpg;GLj;Jf.
mr;Rf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fg;gl;l ghtidg; nghUl;fs; rpytw;iwAk; Kd;itj;J
khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
mr;irj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd khjpup mr;R xd;W ,Ug;gjd; mtrpaj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
mr;Rf;fis tifg;gLj;jy; gw;wp khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
mr;Rf;fis (vspikahd mr;R> rpf;fyhd mr;R / kuj;jhyhd mr;R> cNyhf mr;R>
fspkz; mr;R> gupRr;rhe;J mr;R Nghd;wit)
thu;g;G KiwfSf;F mika mr;Rfspd; tifg;gLj;jy; gw;wp tpsf;fkspf;Ff.
1. FopT thu;g;G mr;R / nghs;shd thu;g;G mr;R
2. jpz;k thu;g;G mr;R
kl;ghz;lf; ifj;njhopypy; mr;Rfisj; jahupg;gjw;F nghJthf gupRr;rhe;Nj
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd tpsf;Ff.
mr;Rfisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; xOq;FKiw njhlu;ghff; ftdk;
nrYj;jNtz;Lk; vdf; fye;JiuahLf.
1. mr;RfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU khjpupiaj; njupe;njLj;jy;
2. Rw;WNtyp mikj;jy;
3. mr;ir ,yFthf Ntwhf;Ftjw;fhd G+r;rpidg; G+Rjy; (rtu;f;fhuk;> fpwPR> vz;nza;)
4. gupRr;rhe;Jf; fyitiaj; jahupj;jy;
5. khjpupiatpl> gupRr;rhe;Jf; fyitia 4 cm caukhf mikAkhW Cw;Wjy;
6. fyit ,Wf;fkile;J mr;R cUthtjw;F 20 - 25 epkplq;fs; tiu itj;jpUj;jy;
7. mr;ir ntspNa vLj;jy;
8. mr;rpidg; G+uzg;gLj;jy;
nghUj;jkhd khjpupnahd;wpidf; nfhz;L vspikahd mr;R xd;iwj; jahupf;f
topfhl;Lf.
mr;irg; gad;gLj;jp nghs;shd thu;g;G> jpz;k thu;g;G Mfpa Kiwfspy; ahNjDk;
ghtidg; nghUis Mf;Ftjw;F tha;g;ig toq;Ff.
28
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
nghs;shd thu;g;G - Hollow Casting
jpz;kTU thu;g;G - Solid Casting
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
gupRr;rhe;J> gjg;gLj;jpa fsp> rtu;f;fhuf; fiury; / fpwPR
fhl;Nghu;l;> ,wg;gu; ehlh> cNyhfkupAk; ths; (Hack saw blade)
gpshj;jpf;Fg; ghj;jpuq;fs;> gyifj; Jz;L
nra;Jfhl;lYf;fhf ghtidg;nghUs; xd;W
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
mr;Rf;fisj; jahupj;jYf;fhd khjpupAUitg; nghUj;jkhdthW jahupj;jy;
mr;R jahupf;Fk; gbKiwfisr; rupahd xOq;fpy; nra;jy;
mr;Rf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ghtidg; nghUisj; jahupf;fg; nghUj;jkhd
Kiwnahd;iwj; njupe;njLj;J ghtidg; nghUis Mf;Fjy;
29
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 4 : fspia ,dq;fz;L Mf;fq;fis nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3: RLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #is tiffis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; : #is tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.
#isj; Jizr; rhjdq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
me;je;jr; #is tiff;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vupnghUs; tifiag;
ngaupLthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
kz;ghz;lq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;wepiyf;F cl;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Rl;nlLj;jy;
mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vd;gijAk; mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #is tiffs;> #isapd;
Jizr;rhjdq;fs;> #isf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vupnghUs; tiffs; vd;gtw;iw
khztu;fs; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJk; glk; tiue;J ngaupLtJNk vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
Rlhj ghj;jpuq;fs; rpytw;iwAk;> Rl;l ghj;jpuq;fs; rpytw;iwAk; khztu;
mtjhdpg;gjw;F Kd;itj;jy;
kl;ghz;lq;fisr; RLk;NghJ fspkz;zpy; cs;s ,urhaduPjpahfr; Nru;e;Js;s
ePUk; ,aw;ifahf fspkz;zpy; mlq;fpAs;s ePUk; mfw;wg;gLnkd tpsf;Ff.
kl;ghz;lq;fisr; RLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #is tiffis ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
RLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #is tiffspDs; eilngWk; nrad;Kiwfis
mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; nra;f.
RLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #isfspd; njhopw;ghLfis mtw;wpd; tupg;glq;fSld;
jdpj;jdpNa khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
#isfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vupnghUs; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
kl;ghz;lq;fis #isapy; mLf;Fjy; Kjw;nfhz;L kl;ghz;lq;fisr; Rl;L vLf;Fk;
tiuahd nrad;Kiwfisg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
Rlg;gLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #isapd; Jizr;rhjdq;fis ,dq;fhzr;nra;J
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfisg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
#is - Kiln
#isapd; Jizr; rhjdk; - Kiln items
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
#is tiffs;> kw;Wk; #isapd; Jizr;rhjdq;fspd; fl;Gy rhjdq;fs; (glq;fs;>
xspg;glq;fs;)
#isapd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; ,Wtl;L (DVD)
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
kl;ghz;lq;fisr; RLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #is tiffisg; ngaupLjy;
#isapd; tupg;glj;ij tiue;J gFjpfSf;Fg; ngau; Fwpj;jy;
kl;ghz;lq;fisr; Rl;nlLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwfs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fkspj;jy;
#isapd; Jizr;rhjdq;fisg; ngaupLjy;
30
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 4 : fspia ,dq;fz;L Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4: fspkz; ghz;lq;fSf;F myq;fhukpLk; Kiwfis ,dq;fz;L
ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; etPd myq;fupg;G Kiwfisg; ngaupLthu;
Rl;l fspkz;ghz;lq;fSf;F gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp
myq;fhukpLthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
gy;NtW myq;fhu Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp kl;ghz;lq;fis myq;fhuk; nra;jy;
gw;wp mDgtq;fis toq;FtNj vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp myq;fupg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs; rpytw;iw
khztu;f;F toq;fp mtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
nkU$l;lg;gl;l (Glazed) kl;ghz;lq;fSf;Fk;> gr;irahfr; Rl;l (Buiscut firing)
kl;ghz;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
kl;ghz;l myq;fupg;Gf;fhd kpfr;rpwe;j Kiw nkU$l;lyhFk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F
tpsf;Ff.
Ez;Jisnfhz;l kl;ghz;lq;fs; nkU$l;ba gpd;dNu ,Wf;fkhd Ez;Jisaw;w
ghz;lq;fshf khw;wk;ngWk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kl;ghz;lq;fis myq;fhuk; nra;a KbAk;
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
kl;ghz;l myq;fhuj;jpd;NghJ myq;fhu Kiwf;F Vw;w nghUj;jkhd
kl;ghz;lq;fisj; njupTnra;a cjTf.
cau;juj;jpyhd myq;fhu epUkhzq;fSf;F tu;zg; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; rpwe;j
Kbg;Gk; mtrpak; vd;gij khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
kl;ghz;l myq;fupg;G - Pottery dacoration
nkU$l;ly; - Glazing
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
Rlg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs; rpy
muj;jhs;
tu;zr;rhak;
gir
ifahSk; myq;fupg;G Kiwf;Nfw;g> Njitahd NtWnghUl;fs;
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
myq;fupg;Gr;; nra;Ak; Kiwf;F Vw;g nghUj;jkhf kl;ghz;lj;ijj; njupTnra;jy;
myq;fhuj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tu;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
cau; juj;jpyhd Mf;fj;ij epUkhzpj;jy;
31
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 5 : myq;fhu Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1: tpohnthd;Wf;fhd g+ myq;fhuq;fs; Mf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs; : g+f;fshyhd myq;fhu Mf;fq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
nghUj;jkhdthW g+f;fspdhyhd Mf;fnkhd;iw Mf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
,aw;ifahd> nraw;ifahd kyu;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gy;NtW itgtgq;fSf;Nfw;g
kyu;r;nrz;Lfs;> Nkir myq;fupg;Gfs;> gpurq;f Nkil> kq;fytpsf;F> G+khiyfs;
Mfpa Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLtjw;F re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;FtNj vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
mt;thwhd myq;fhu Mf;fq;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;> mjw;fhf
nraw;ifahd> ,aw;ifahd kyu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fg;gl;l kyu;r;nrz;Lfs;>
Nkir myq;fhuq;fs;> gpurq;f Nkil myq;fhuq;fs;> kq;fstpsf;Ff;fhd myq;fhuk;>
G+khiyfs; Mfpa fhl;rpfs; cs;slf;fpa tPbNahf; fhl;rpfis> (DVD) / xspg;glq;fis
ghu;itaplr; nra;jy;
kyu; myq;fhuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngauplr; nra;f.
gy;NtW kyu; myq;fhuq;fspw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba rpwg;ghd kyu; tiffisg;
ngauplr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
kyu;xOq;fikg;Gf;nfd Njitahd nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fisg; ngaupl cjTf.
,aw;if> nraw;if kyu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; ed;ik> jPikfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;jr; nra;f.
,aw;if> kyu;fis ePz;lfhyk; NgZk; Kiwfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
kyu;r; nrz;LfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kyu;xOq;fikg;G Kiwfis ,dq;fhz
cjtpnra;f.
kyu; xOq;fikg;gpd;NghJ Njitahd Jizg;gFjpfis ,izf;Fk; Kiwfis
Kd;itf;Ff. (G+nkhl;Lfs;> kyu;fs;> ,iyfs;> G+q;nfhj;Jf;fs;> Nfruq;fs; Nghd;wd)
kzkfspd; Njhopf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU kyu;r; nrz;L jahupf;f cjtpnra;f.
G+Q;nrz;il xUq;FNru;f;Fk; tpjj;ijr; nra;Jfhl;Lf.
Nkir myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf kyu; myq;fhuj;ij xOq;Fnra;Ak; Kiwia Kd;itf;Ff.
jpUkz itgtnkhd;wpd;NghJ Nkir myq;fhuj;jpy; <LgLtjw;F topfhl;Lf.
itgtj;jpw;fhf kq;fs tpsf;fpid myq;fhuk; nra;Ak; Kiwfis Kd;itf;Ff.
jpUkz itgtnkhd;wpd;NghJ kq;fstpsf;F myq;fhuk; xd;iw Mf;Ftjw;F
topfhl;Lf.
tpNrl mjpjp xUtiu tuNtw;Fk; nghUl;Lg; G+khiy xd;iw epUkhzpf;Fk; Kiwia
Kd;itf;Ff.
nghUj;jkhd G+khiynahd;W jahupf;f khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
kyu; myq;fupg;Gfs; - Flower Decorations
32
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
kyu; myq;fhuq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; tPbNah ,Wtl;Lfs; (DVD)
G+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;l kyu; xOq;F myq;fupg;Gf;fs; rpy
fk;gp 18g
gir ehlh - Gum tape
nky;ypa fk;gp
gQ;R
iff;FwL
Njkh G+ (myup) myupg; G+f;fs;> nkhl;Lf;fs;
gd;d ,iy (Fern leaf)
gidNahiy> fpj;Js; Xiy
rtu;f;fhuf; fiury;
cyu;e;j ];nghQ;r; Jz;L (flw;gQ;R)
%q;fpw; rpW $ilfs; / gpug;gq; rpW$il
gy;NtW myq;fupg;Gg; nghUl;fs; (nky;ypa kuf; Fr;rpfs;;)
fj;jupf;Nfhy;
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
gy;NtW itgtq;fspd;NghJ kyu; myq;fupg;Gf;fs; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpid tpsf;Fjy;
mofpa kyu; myq;fupg;Gf;fSf;fhfg; gadg;Lj;Jtjw;Nfw;w ntt;NtW Clfq;fs;
gw;wpa msT
re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; kyu; myq;fhuq;fis epUkhzpj;jy;
juj;Jf;F mikthdjhf ,Uj;jy;
33
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 5 : myq;fhu Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2: gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp nraw;if Mguzq;fis
epUkhzpg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs; : mzpfyd;fisj; jahupf;f nghUj;jkhd Clfq;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mzpfyd;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
(eldj;Jf;F mtrpakhdit Nghd;wit)
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fOj;J Mguzq;fs;> if Mguzq;fs;> Nriy
nrUF Crp (Brooch) Nghd;w nraw;ifahd Mgfuzq;fis tbtikg;gNj
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
gy;NtW Clfq;fspdhyhf;fg;gl;l Mguzq;fs; gytw;iw khztu;fs; mtjhdpg;gjw;F
re;ju;g;gk; toq;fpg; ghlj;jpw;Fs; Eiof.
nraw;if Mguzq;fis mzpe;J nry;yf;$ba nghUj;jkhd itgtq;fs; njhlu;ghf
khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
gy;NtW tpjkhd nraw;if Mguzq;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; ngUk; tuNtw;igg; ngw;Ws;sik
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
kzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Nfj;jpu fzpj tbtq;fspy; rk kzpfis Nfhu;f;Fk; Kiwfis
Kd;itf;Ff.
mt;thwhd Kiwapd; %yk; fOj;jzp xd;iw tbtikg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
kzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp fOj;jzp jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd NtW nghUl;fis
,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
fOj;jzp xd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F cjtp nra;f.
ghz; kh> Nrhskh vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fyit jahupg;gjw;F cjtp nra;f.
ghz; kh> Nrhskh kh vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp tisay;> Nriy Crp jahupg;gjw;F
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
if tisay; / rhup Crp Nghd;wtw;iw Mf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd NtW nghUl;fs;
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;ifahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Mguzq;fis ePz;lfhyk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhff;
ifahsg;gLk; Kiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;.
tu;zq;fisAk; Nfhyq;fisAk; nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jkJ
Njitf;Nfw;g Mguzq;fisj; jahupf;f KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;if Mguzq;fis mzptJ jkJ jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gf;Fr; rhjfkhdJ
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
mzpfyd;fs; - jewellery
34
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
jahupj;J Kbf;fg;gl;l nraw;if Mguzq;fs; rpy
xU ehs; gpe;jpa (gioa) ghz; / Nrhskh
igd;lu; gir
neg;jypd; cUz;ilfs;
epwg;nghUl;fs;
kzpfs; (ntt;NtW epwq;fspy;)
Crp
ieNyhd; E}y;
nfhSf;fpfs;> G+l;Lfs;
fhg;G+rp
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
mzpfyd;fisj; jahupf;Fk; gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; ngaupl;L tpsf;Fjy;
gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F Vw;g Gjpa Mf;fq;fisj; jahupf;f KbAk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
ntt;NtW Clfq;fisf;nfhz;L Mguzq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g mzpfyd;fs; NtWgLtJ njhlu;ghf tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;
ePz;lfhyg; ghtid kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;
35
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 6 : nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg; nghk;ik Mf;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1: ntl;Lg; Gilitj; Jz;Lfshy; Mf;fk; nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs; : nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fis epu;khzpg;gjw;fhf
nghUj;jkhd Jzptifiag; nghUj;jkhd tu;zj;jpy;
njupTnra;thu;.
nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fis epu;khzpf;Fk;NghJ
rupahd khjpupAUit jahu;nra;J nfhs;thu;.
tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ gytpj ijay;
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Gilitj;Jz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp nry;yg;gpuhzp cUf;fs;
Mf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
fopTj; Jzpj; Jz;Lfspy; nghUj;jkhf tu;zq;fisg; nghUj;jpaikj;J nry;yg;gpuhzp
cUtq;fisj; jahupj;jy; njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fis toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
jahupj;J Kbg;G nra;ag;gl;l nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs; rpytw;iwf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mit jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiwfis tpdTjy;.
njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpuhzp cUtq;fSf;fhf NtWNtwhf khjpupAUtpd; gFjpfis
ijay; tpL ntspAld; jahupf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
gpuhzpfspd; ntt;NtWgl;l Njhw;wq;fSf;F mika> nghUj;jkhd Jzp tiffis>
nghUj;jkhd tu;zj;jpy; njupT nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
Jzpapd; khjpupAUit (Block) itj;J ntl;LkhW MNyhrid toq;Fjy;
ntl;bf;nfhz;l khjpupAUg; gFjpfs; ,uz;il xd;whf itj;J Xuj;ijj; ijf;Fk;NghJ
epug;G Clfj;ijj; jpzpg;gjw;fhfr; rpwpa gFjpia ijf;fhky; itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
MNyhrid toq;Fjy;
ijf;fg;gl;l mikg;igg; Gul;b Clfj;ij (gQ;R) epug;gp ijj;Jf;nfhs;s topfhl;ly;
ijj;J Kbf;fg;gl;l gpuhzp cUtpd; gFjpfis cUtk; mofhf ntspg;gLkhW
nghUj;jkhf ,izj;J xuq;fis ijg;gjw;F topfhl;ly;
gpuhzp cUtj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd fz;fs;> %f;F> tha; vd;gtw;Wld; NtW
myq;fhuq;fis xl;Ljy; my;yJ ijj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd MNyhrid toq;Fjy;
ftu;r;rpahd mofpa etPd cau;jukhd tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;F rpwe;j
nghUshjhu tuNtw;Gf; fhzg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs; - Soft toys
khjpupAUf;fs; - Blocks
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
ijj;J Kbf;fg;gl;l nkd;ikahd tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs; rpy
fhl;Nghl;> fhgd; fljhrp> jp#j;jhs;
ngd;rpy;> E}y;> ijay; Crp> epug;Gk; Clfk; (gQ;R)
36
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
fj;jupf;Nfhy;> msT Nfhy;
nghj;jhd;> nraw;iff; fz;fs;> %f;F; tha; ,Nwe;ij (Lace)> upgd;> mofpa ehz;
tif (Cord)
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
gpuhzp cUtj;jpw;F Vw;w khjpupAUtpd; (Block) gFjpfis ijay;tpLntsp ,Uf;FkhW
ntl;bj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
khjpupAUitg; gad;gLj;jp> ntl;bnaLj;j Jzpj;Jz;Lfisr; rupahf itj;Jj; ijj;jy;
Nru;j;Jj; ijj;j gFjpfspy; rupahd tbtk; ntspg;gLkhW epug;Gk; Clfj;ijj;
jpzpj;jy;.
epug;gg;gl;l gpuhzp cUt gFjpfisg; nghUj;jkhd ijay; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
,izj;jy;
,Wjp G+uzj;Jtk;
37
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 7 : fljhrp Clfj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp myq;fhu Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1: fljhrpg; g+f;fs; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : fljhrpg; g+f;fisj; jahupj;J ePz;l fhyk; Ngzj;jf;f Kiwfisf;
ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
fljhrpiag; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fg;gl;l G+f;fis ePz;lfhyj;Jf;F ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
gutpd; nkOifg; gad;gLj;jy; gw;wpAk; mt;thwhd G+f;fs; jahupf;Fk; Kiwiaf;
ifahSjy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gNj vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
nkOF G+rg;gl;l fljhrp kyu;f;nfhj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nkOF G+rg;glhj fljhrp kyu;fs; rpytw;iwAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.
nkOF G+rg;gl;l> nkOF G+rg;glhj kyu;f;nfhj;Jf;fSf;fpilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fis
mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fsJ mtjhdpg;Gf;fis Vida khztu;fSld; tFg;gpy; fye;Jiuahly;
kyu;fs; jahupg;gjw;fhd khjpupAUf;fis tiue;J nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
Njitahd tu;zq;fspy; kyu; ,jo;fis ntl;bf;nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;
fk;gp> Nfruq;fs; (kfue;jk;) Nghd;wtw;iw kyu; ,jo;fSld; ,izj;J kyiuj;
jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ijr; nra;J fhl;Lf.
nkOFg; ghj;jpuj;ijj; jahu;nra;jYf;F cjtp nra;f
ghJfhg;G Kiwfisf; ifahSjy; mtrpak; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
jahupf;fg;gl;l kyu;fis nkOFg; ghj;jpuj;jpDs; mkpo;j;jpg; gpd;du; Rj;jkhd jz;zPupy;
mkpo;j;Jjy; gw;wp tpsf;fkspf;Ff.
jahupf;fg;gl;l kyu;fs;> ,iyfs;> jz;L vd;gtw;iw ,izj;J kyu;f; nfhj;J
xd;iwj; jahupf;f topfhl;Lf.
epu;khzr; rpwg;Gkpf;f KbTg;nghUis Kd;itf;f topfhl;Lf.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
fljhrp Mf;fq;fs; - Paper decoration
gugpd; nkOF - Paraffin wax
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
nkOF G+rp myq;fupf;fg;gl;l kyu; nfhj;Jfs;
A4 tu;zf; fljhrpfs;
jbj;j fljhrpfs;
fj;jupf;Nfhy;> ngd;rpy;> kyu; ,jo;fis cUg;gLj;Jk; cgfuzk;
jbj;j fk;gp (18 GSM) epakf; fk;gp msT 18 fk;gp (18 GSM)
igz;lu; gir (Binder gum)
gir ehlh (Gum tape)
nraw;if kyu;f; Nfruq;fs; (kfue;jk;)
gugpd; nkOF
38
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
rpwpa ghj;jpuq;fs; 2 (nkOF cUf;Ftjw;F)
mLg;G
ePu;g;ghj;jpuk;
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
Mf;fj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd tu;zf;fljhrpfis ,dq;fhzy;
khjpupAUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp G+tpjo;fs; jahupj;jy;
ghJfhg;ghd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp nkOif cUf;Fjy;
kyu;fisj; jahupj;J Kd;itj;jy;
39
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
Nju;r;rp 8 : g+q;fh myq;fhu Mf;fq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1: g+q;fh myq;fhuf; $Wfs; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs; : g+q;fh myq;fhuj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lq;fis tiuthu;.
g+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
g+q;fh myq;fhuj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd Mf;fq;fs;
nra;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
G+q;fh myq;fhuj;jpw;F cfe;jthW jpl;lkply;> G+q;fhf; $Wfs; gy;NtW Clfq;fshy;
epu;khzpj;jy; $Wfisj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfj;jpw;F mika
fyitfisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtNjhL> jpul;lg;gl;l $Wfisr;
rupahd ,lj;jpy; itj;jy; kw;Wk; G+q;fh myq;fupg;G rk;ge;jkhd gpuNahf
mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;F ,lkspg;gNj ,jd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
gy;NtW Clfq;fspdhy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l G+q;fh myq;fhu tPbNah (DVD) fhl;rpfis
/ xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;g;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;
G+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf; $Wfs;> G+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf; fhl;rpfisf; nfhz;l glq;fs;>
fhl;rpg;glq;fs; vd;gtw;iw tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
G+q;fh myq;fhuj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfq;fs;> nrad;Kiwfs; gw;wp
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf. (Kd;dwpit tpdtpawpjy;)
G+q;fh myq;fhuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs; fUtpfs; gw;wp khztu;fsplk;
tpdTf.
epu;khzpg;Gf;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ,aw;ifahd> fw;gidahf GJ tbtikg;Gf;fSf;fhd
jpl;lg;glq;fs; tiujy; rk;ge;jkhd mwpTiu toq;fy;.
fsp> $o;> gupRr;rhe;J> rPke;J Mfpa Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp epu;khzq;fs;
Mf;Ftjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
epu;khzj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfs;> Mrpupau; nra;Jfhl;ly;> El;g Kiwfs;>
mit rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis toq;Ff.
G+q;fh myq;fhuj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epwq;fs; G+RtJld;> ghJfhg;G G+r;Rtiffis
cgNahfpg;gjhy;> ePz;l fhyg; ghtidf;Nfw;w cau;jukhd Mf;fj;ijj; jahupf;fyhk;>
mtw;Wf;fhd Nfs;tp cau;thdJ vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;
nra;J Kbj;j Mf;fq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;fTk;.
Mf;fG+u;tkhd Nahridfis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
G+q;fh myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf> ,aw;ifahd> fw;gidahd> GJtbtikg;Gfisj;
jpl;lkpl;L epu;khzpg;gjd; %yk; me;je;j> epu;khz cupikahsd; tpUg;Gf;F Vw;g
mtw;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;fyhk;.
nraw;uPjpapy; G+q;fh myq;fupg;gpd;NghJ khztu;fspd; Mf;fj;jpwd; tsu;;r;rpailAk;.
,t;thwhd epu;khzq;fisf; fhz;gjhy; kdkfpo;r;rp fpilg;gNjhL Xa;itg; gaDs;s
Kiwapy; fopg;gjw;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;.
40
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
NfhUgtupd; tpUg;Gf;F Vw;g Mf;fq;fSf;Fupa nryitj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Ra njhopyhfTk; nra;aKbAk;.
gpujhd nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
G+q;fh (jiu) myq;fupg;G - Landscaping
jpl;lkply; - Planning
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;:
gy;NtWgl;l Clfq;fspdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l G+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf; $Wfs;
G+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf; fhl;rpfis cs;slf;fpa tPbNah (DVD) / xspg;glq;fs;> glq;fs;
fk;gp> fljhrp> kuj;J}s;> rPke;J fsp> gupRr;rhe;J> gpj;jis cgfuzq;fs;> bik
jhs;> ngd;rpy;> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> Rj;jpay;> Mzp> epwk;> G+r;Rik>
kz;nzz;nza; mLg;G
Ngrpd;fs; rpy (Basin)
NrhRg;gd; (Saucepan)
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;;fs;
G+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf;fhd gy;NtW KiwfSf;Fupa jpl;lg;glq;fs; tiujy;
fiyak;rq;fs; nfhz;l G+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf;fis epu;khzpj;jy;
epu;khzj;jpd;NghJ fk;gptiyj; rl;lfj;ijr; rupahd Kiwapy; jahupj;jy;
G+q;fh myq;fhupg;Gf;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
KO epiwT
41
El;gf; fiyfs;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk;-11
nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; gl;bay; - juk; -11
1.1 nrt;tfq;fisf; nfhz;L nghk;ik nra;J cilazptpj;J moFgLj;Jjy;
1.2 mWNfhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tu;zq;fisg; nghUj;jpaikj;J Jzpg;ge;J nra;jy;
1.3 fopj;njhJf;Fk; Jzpj;Jz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePs;tisa tbtf; fhw;Wilg;gk; nra;jy;
2.1 ntg;g xl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpj; NjePu; Nkir (Teapoy - Nja; Nkir) ciwf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd Mf;fnkhd;W nra;jy;
2.2 jw;fhypfj; jpiur; rl;lfnkhd;W jahupj;J mjidg; gad;gLj;jp> jiyaiz ciw /
ehw;fhyp ciw mr;rply;
2.3 Gjpa Kiwfspd;gb> kzpfs; (Pebbles)> kpDq;Fk; nghl;Lf;fs; (Sequin)> ehz; (Cord)>
tiy (Net)> fw;fs;> rhak; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,wTf;if / ghthil / ehw;fhyp
ciw nra;jy;
2.4 iff;Fl;il / jiyaiz ciwfis gw;wpf; Kiwapy; myq;fupj;jy;
3.1 E}y;fspd; ,yf;fq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;
3.2 ghtpy; ,Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; E}y;fspd; epiwiaf; fhzy;> E}w;fspfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhzy;> tpiyiaf; fzpj;jy;
3.3 nerTj; jwp tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; Jizf;$WfisAk; ,dq;fhzy;
3.4 E}y; Rw;Wk; cgfuzj; njhFjpiag; ngaupl;L mt;ntht;Nthu; cgfuzj;jpdhYk;
nra;ag;gLk; nrad;Kiwfisr; RUf;fkhf tptupj;jy;
E}y; ghTk; cgfuzj;njhFjpiag; ngaupl;L mt;ntht;Nthu; cgfuzj;jpdhYk;
nra;ag;gLk; njhopy;fis tptupj;jy;
3.5 nerTf; Nfhyq;fis tiughf;Fjy;
3.6 E}y; Rw;WtJ njhlf;fk; E}w;ghnthd;wpidj; jwpapyikj;jy; tiuapy; ,lk;ngWk;
nrad;Kiwia tptupj;jy;
4.1.1 tidNthd; rpy;ypy; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
4.2.1 jdpg;ghjp mr;R my;yJ ,U ghjp mr;R jahupj;jy;
4.2.2 jpz;k thu;g;G Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ghtidg; nghUnshd;W Mf;Fjy;
4.3 #isfspd; glk; tiue;J mtw;wpd; njhopy;fis tptupj;jy;
4.4.1 ghz; fyitia / Nrhskhf;fyitiag; gad;gLj;jp fsp kl;ghz;lnkhd;wpid
myq;fupj;jy;
4.4.2 nfhyh[; / $o; / kzy; / nlf;Nfhgh[; Nfhyq;fs; / G+r;Rg; G+Rjy; %yk;
fspkl;ghz;lnkhd;wpid myq;fupj;jy;
4.5.1 itgnkhd;Wf;fhf G+r;nrz;L / Nkir myq;fupg;Gj; jahupj;jy;
5.2 ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; (kzp> ghz;fsp> Nrhskh) gad;gLj;jp fOj;jzpfs; / Nriyr;
nrUF Crpfs; (Brooch) jahupj;jy;.
6. Jz;Lj; Jzpiag; gad;gLj;jp gdpf;fub (Teddy bear)> nghk;ikfs; jahupj;jy;.
7. fljhrpapdhy; kyu;fs; nra;J nkOfpy; mkpo;j;jp kyu; myq;fupg;nghd;W jahupj;jy;.
8. G+q;fh myq;fupg;Gf;fhf tpyq;F cUtq;fs; / kdpj cUtq;fs; / ghyk; Nghd;wtw;wpid
Mf;Fjy;