ii. how do societies exploit their water resources? a. hydraulic infrastructure – wells (pumping...
TRANSCRIPT
II. How do societies exploit their water resources?
A. Hydraulic infrastructure–Wells (pumping underground water)– Dams (storing water)– Canals (transporting water)– Dikes (for holding water back)– Run-off ditches (for draining water)
Consumption of agricultural water by type of irrigation 2006
Water Use System Average consumption M3/ha
Spraying 4576
Drip Irrigation 3811
Gravitational (e.g. canals) 6161
Irrigating all surfaces 4950
Population connected to modern used water treatment plants
In 1992 31% of the population
In 2005 92% of the population
Water Production through desalinization of seawater
In 1990 0.1 hm3/day
In 2009 3.4 hm3/day
Major Water Projects
• Larger and larger dams – enable irrigation– Provide electricity– Control water flow to avoid flash floods
• Itaipu dam between Brazil & Paraguay• Dams on the Tigrus and Euphrates rivers
– Water transfer• Allows water to be transported for agriculture and tourism
(Spain)• Provides water for large urban centers located hundreds of
kms from the water source (The Colorado River)
Newer Water Technology
• Pumping water from fossil layers• Desalinization plants• Used water treatment plants
B. Development of water resources modeled by societies and their environment
• Water resource management has shaped areas and populations– Infrastructure– collective access/management– E.g. rice fields• SE Asia, rice fields demand collective effort to manage
water
Rice Fields: spaces and populations dependent on water
Controlling Hydraulic Techniques
Inundated Rice paddies
Extensive Labor Force
Growing Food Availability
High Population Density
• Oasis Example– Located near water sources (underground)– Places of high population density in arid regions– E.g. Saharan Desert
Huertas
• Vast zones of irrigated greenhouses• Prevalent in Andalousia and other areas of the
Mediterranean
Consequences of Major Water Works
• Can lead to – complete transformation of landscape– Upsetting populations
• Examples– Major dams form reservoir lakes flooding
large areas (3 gorges dam, China)– Forced displacement of populations– Massive draining of water supplies (e.g.
irrigation) and water transfer can cause lakes & rivers to dry up (Colorado River, Aral Sea)
Beijing
Tianjin
Eastern Route1,155km long diversion
Central routes1267 km diversion. May have to use some water from 3 Gorges reservoir to help
Western Routes
Work starts 2010, at
high altitude,
very difficult
500kms at 3-5000m above sea
level
Demand from industrial centres, high population density and intensive agriculture. Low rainfall and over abstracted
groundwater: physical scarcity•Industrial growth along routeways will exacerbate existing pollution problems•Changes in water balances: reduced water in Yangtze means less dilution and more pollution• Displaced people especially from Dang Jiang Kou dam ......
Yellow River
Yangtze River
South China Sea
CHINAShanghai
0 mls 250
Mega Tech Fixes: China’s South–North water transfer
Originally planned 1952, started 2002, due to finish 2050. Chief player: Government sponsored ‘South to North Water Transfer Project Company, with each province having a local water company. Involves huge civil engineering works, 3 major canals, pipelines, tunnels, pumping stations
One of the largest water transfers globally.Aim: to divert 45bn m3/year from the water surplus river basins of the S and E to the water deficit areas of the North, especially Beijing and Tianjin
Video: China’s Parched North Water crisis (see map on next slide)
What has led to some of China’s water scarcity problems?
Examples of existing schemes Proposed schemes
InternationalLesotho to South Africa: Lesotho Highlands Water Project Turkey to Israel by tanker
National:Snowy Mountains-AustraliaMelamchi Nepal Tagus-Mercia Spain
InternationalTurkey to Israel undersea pipelinesAustrian Alps to Spain + Greece by pipeline
National: South-North transfer- ChinaEbro -SpainOb to the Aral Sea NAWAPA Alaska to California
Major Water Transfer Schemes
The Colorado River: A Case Study
• Video: The Colorado: a river in peril? 0’52
• Video: Colorado River: America’s Most Endangered River 2013
Human influences on water supply and scarcity
• Humans affect the hydrological cycle at many points of flows and storage:
In developing countries, 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply.
Source:World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)
Water Security: a definition
“The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.”
WATER SECURITYCore elements necessary to achieving and maintaining
water security:• Protection of livelihoods, human rights, and cultural and recreational values;• Preservation and protection of ecosystems in water allocation and management systems in
order to maintain their ability to deliver and sustain the functioning of essential ecosystem services;
• Water supplies for socio-economic development and activities (such as energy, transport, industry, tourism);
• Collection and treatment of used water to protect human life and the environment from pollution;
• Collaborative approaches to transboundary water resources management within and between countries to promote freshwater sustainability and cooperation;
• The ability to cope with uncertainties and risks of water-related hazards, such as floods, droughts and pollution, among others;
• Good governance and accountability, and the due consideration of the interests of all stakeholders through appropriate and effective legal regimes; transparent, participatory and accountable institutions; properly planned, operated and maintained infrastructure; and capacity development.
The risks of water insecurity• What are the potential implications of an increasingly
‘water insecure’ world?
Water supply problems
Increasing water shortages may be
more important than energy shortages-
because there is no alternative!
Water conflictsWhere demand exceeds supply and no effective management operates,
then there will be conflicts between the various
players involved
Water geopoliticsThe conflicts between nation
states, despite the international agreement called the Helsinki Rules designed to create more equitable use of water
extending across boundaries
Water transfersOf this precious resource by either diverting the actual
river, or using canals . Long carried out at a small scale but
increasingly over larger distances, and even
transboundary
Drought
• Somali exodus linked to drought:– In 2011 alone, some 184,000 Somalis fled to
neighboring countries, with water and food insecurity linked to drought in the Horn of Africa being one of the major driving factors
• VIDEO: Great Chinese Drought continuing– What are some of the causes and
consequences of the drought problems in Northern China mentioned in the report?
Source: UNHCR, 2011
Synopticity-Water-Energy• Energy and Water: Solving Both Crises Together:• Water and energy are the two most fundamental ingredients of
modern civilization• We consume massive quantities of water to generate energy, and
we consume massive quantities of energy to deliver clean water• Peak Oil is topical. Peak Water or ‘Blue Gold’ is less
thought about. There are tensions between the two:
• An issue in energy rich states ,which are semi arid/arid: to sell cheap oil or keep to power desalinisation plants
• Water is needed to generate energy. Energy is needed to deliver water. Both resources are limiting the other—and both may be running short. Is there a way out?
water restrictions are
hampering solutions for generating
more energy
energy problems, particularly rising
prices, are curtailing efforts to supply
more clean water.
A Delicate Balance
Water
FoodEnergy
Energy is needed to clean and transport
water
Water is needed to generate energy
Water is needed to grow food
Food transports (virtual) water
Energy is needed to
produce food
Food can be used to produce energy