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Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 1
Airport Capacity
II- Airport Capacity.
II-1 DefinitionsSystem capacity: Ability efficiently process the transported units.
Aircrafts Passengers
Baggage cargoPublic access facilitation
•Runway Capacity
•Taxiway Capacity
•Gate Capacity
•Terminal Building Capacity
•Car parking Capacity
Balanced Design
b- Factors affecting R/W Capacity
1. Environmental Factors:
• Visibility: In poor visibility, longer separation & R/W occupancy time also under marginal crosswinds R/W will not be used.
VFR vs. IFR Ceiling <= 1000 ft &OR Visibility <= 3 miles
• Runway Surface Condition: In wet/slippery R/W: longer deceleration & R/W occupancy time. In case of snow, the R/W should be closed.
• Winds: Strong Cross/tail Winds.
• Noise Abatement Requirements: Use could be restricted for some R/Ws during
certain periods of the day.
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 2
2. ATC Factors:
• Regulations for min VL, HL & lateral separation (Operation Safety)• Arrival – Arrival
• Arrival – Departure
• Departure – Arrival
• Departure – Departure
2~5 nautical mile depending on ACFT size (2 Arrivals)
2 nautical mile between Departure and following Arrival T3.1
Example:
Landing speed= 165 mph
Min Separation= 3 nmi = 3*6076=18228 ft = 18228/(165*5280/3600) = 75 sec.
R/W Occupancy time = 25 sec.
• Sequencing ( FIFO, Speed-Class, Size,….)
60~120 sec. depending on ACFT Size.
3. Demand Characteristics:
• AC Size, Speed, Maneuverability, Braking Distance, and Pilot Technique
• Vortex
• Approach Speed
• Fast Approach -150 knot for Heavy ACFT-100 knot for Small ACFT
• Slow Approach
• Landing time
• R/W Occupancy Time
• Landing time(Touchdown Speed)
• Touch-and-go operations (landing then T/O without complete stop)
= 2 operations one AC doing touch & go, can produce 16 mov./hr
-i.e. 1 T/O, 14 T&G, 1L
-Seldom under IFR Conditions
• % Arrivals (% Arrival + % Departure = 100%)
• AC mix A,B,C,D Mix Index= %C+3%DT3-2
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 3
4. Design Factors
• R/Ws number, Spacing, Length, Orientation & Configuration1. Single2. Parallel3. Open ”V”4. Intersecting
F3-1
• T/Ws number, Locations and Exit Design
• Ramp Entrances
• Runway Use Strategy (Mixed mode vs. Segregated)TO & landing TO or Landing
Runway Configuration
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 4
C- Capacity and Delay
Peake
d Sch
dl
Modera
tlySch
dl
Uniform Schdl
Avg. AC Delay (min)
Demand / Capacity Ratio
AcceptableDelay Level(1~4 min)
Avg. Delay/AC
Demand (op/hr)
Ulti
mat
e C
apac
ity
Practical Capacity (op/hr)
* Operation at Ultimate capacity Increase Delay Reduce Airport Competitively (Low LOS)
* Demand should not be more than practical capacity for so long (e.g. 30hrs/yr)
VFRIFR
Avg. Delay/AC
Peak Demand(op/hr)
d- Capacity Determination
1. Preliminary R/W Capacity- for Planning Purposes- for Comparing Airports- Airport Appraisal - Comparing Passenger Demand with capacity (evaluation)
See Table 3.3 (Config., MI, VFR/IFR) Hourly & Annual capacity (considering delay)
ASV
Check demand < ASV
(otherwise too much delay & low LOS)
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 5
Preliminary
Runway
Capacity
- % Arrivals = % Departure
- Enough T/W Capacity
- Touch & Go 0~5%
Preliminary
Runway
Capacity
- % Arrivals = % Departure
- Enough T/W Capacity
- Touch & Go 0~5%
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 6
d- Capacity Determination
2. Ultimate Capacity (Airport Capacity Handbook, FAA 62 Charts –Doesn't consider delay)
C=Cb * E * T
-for Operation Control (ATC)-for Evaluation of Operation Techniques
capacity Basic Capacity
Exit adj.
factor
Touch &go adj. factor
3. Queuing Theory and Space-Time Concept
Ultimate
Capacity
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 7
Ultimate
Capacity
Ultimate
Capacity
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 8
Apron Gate Services (Typical Ground Equipment Service Layout)
Apron Gate Services
Airport Engineering Lectures 2010-2011
Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 9
Apron Gate Services (Gate Occupancy Time)
II-3 Apron Gate Capacity
For all aircraft class i than can use
only gate type k or bigger
airport.for capacity Gate
k. typegateby limitedcapacity Gatemix.aircraft in i classaircraft of %
i. classaircraft for timeoccupancy gate Avg.k. typegatefor factor n utilizatio Gate
bigger.or k typeof gates ofNumber :
2)(min
.60..
=
==
===
×==
×⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡≥
≥
∑
g
gK
i
gi
K
K
ggKg
gKi
igiKK
C
Cm
TN
Where
CCCand
CmTN
DemandTimeGateSupplyTimeGate
µ
µ t
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Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 10
II-4 Taxiway Capacity
II-5 Terminal Building Considerations
• Runway configuration & TB location See fig 3.6
• Shortest taxiing distance (both L & T/O)
• Gate taxiing & TB concepts See fig 4.12
• a-Linear b-Pier (Finger)
• c-Satellite d-Transporter
• e-Combination of concepts.
• Usually runway capacity is more critical.
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Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 11
Runway configuration & TB location
Gate Types
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Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 12
Gate Types