SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI – 110007 (INDIA)

www.shriraminstitute.org

Potentials of Bio-resources for Sustainable Growth

DR. R.K. KHANDAL DIRECTOR

Contents

Healthcare

Materials

Environment & Energy

• Challenges

• Pillars

• Definition• Concerns

• Key Drivers

•Attributes

• Pool

• Interdependence

•Requirements, Opportunities & Challenges

Growth Pattern of World Population

Increasing pressure on all the resources Need to focus on renewables for sustainability

Sustainability : Concerns

Concerns about social, environmental & economical consequences of the above factors

Unintended though to begin with, activities helping above mentioned factors will have to be restricted

Rapid population growth Economic growth Depletion of natural resources Increasing pollution levels Increasing greenhouse gases & carbon emissions Ecological imbalance Global warming and climate change

Bio-resources vis-à-vis Mankind

Exploitation of resources has been the inherent tendency of mankind

Tendency to acquire, possess and exploit are the negative outcome

So called growth and tendency to keep growing are the major areas of concern for sustainability

Anthropogenic activities Inputs Consequences

Civilization Industrialization Urbanization Mechanization Automation

Resources Materials Energy Technology Know-how

Pollution Eco-destruction Resources depletion Waste generation Life quality

deterioration

Discoveries of Oil fields during the last Century

All non-renewable energy sources would reach their peak production capacity in the present century

Whether renewable technologies will be capable of completely making up for the decline of fossil fuels is a ?

Fossil Fuel : Annual Production

Average of Fossil Fuels during Past, Present & Future

What is Sustainability ?Method, Systems and Materials to ensure:

No resource depletion

No harm to natural cycle

SUSTAINABILITY

Survival & Well Being

Present generation

Future generation

Integration of human patterns with nature ensuring continuity with unique & innovative approaches is the key to sustainability

Sustainability : Definition

Sustainability means:

Assurance of continuity in term of life cycles:

Operations with no risk to existence and for all-inclusive growth

Sustainability is to do:Necessarily with the resource generation for day-to-

day and for all future operationsNot necessarily with profits through exploitation

Definition must be understood and imbibed All-inclusive growth & sustenance of natural cycles

are the key criteria of sustainability

Challenges for Sustainability:Simple to Define Difficult to Achieve Challenges

Non-sustainable Sustainable Challenges

Synthetic Renewable Alternatives

Consumption Replenishment Sustainable resources

Chemical Route Bio-route Green Technologies

Waste Waste Utilization

Reject, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Re-form, Re-create

Avoid short cuts

Think Collective

Take global view

Share Experiences

Sustainability : Pillars

Inputs from bio-resources are the base of pillars of sustainability A paradigm shift from fossil fuel-based economy to bio-economy Sustainability with economic growth through “BIORESOURCES”

En

erg

y

Fo

od

Hea

lth

care

Mat

eria

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En

v. &

Eco

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SUSTAINABILITY

Bio-resources

Bio-resources : Pool

Non-living bio-resources are depletable Living bio-resources are renewable For sustainability

Bio-resources

Equilibrium between withdrawl & replenishment for non-living

Emphasis on renewable in case of living bio-resources

Living Non-living

Plants

Animals Birds

Others Micro-organisms

Insects & pests

Aquatic & terrestrial

AgricultureForests

Landscape

Solid Liquid Gas

Complex

Organic

Inorganic

Bio-resources : Interdependence

Existence of one type of bio-resource is always dependent upon the other at macro as well as micro level

Existence of each one of them is essential for sustenance of life on earth

Animal Kingdom

Plant Kingdom

Micro-organisms

Flora & Fauna

Bio-resources : Attributes

Utilization of bio-resources Green technologies Reduce energy consumption pollution Recycling & Reuse is possible

Renewable

Sustainable

In sync with the natural cycle

Energy balance (C footprint)

Unending Production cycle (lifecycle)

Balances Climate

Integral part of system that supports life

Carbon-sink

Preserves the ecology

Environment-friendly

Bio-resources : Key Drivers

All natural processes are cyclic All cyclic processes are irreversible All irreversible processes are spontaneous All spontaneous processes are sustainable Preservation of natural cycles through complete

equilibrium as well as balance amongst the key drivers is a must for sustainability

Solar System

Water System

Climate

Existence

Survival

Sustenance

Bio-resources: Requirements & Challenges

Agro

Green buildings

Modifying materials

Energy efficientGreen substitutesWealth generation

Better functionalityCost-effectiveness

Environment & Ecology

Food

EnergySolar

Hydro

Global warmingBio-waste

Heat,light,electricityFuelFuel & Electricity

Novel materials

Parameters Challenges

Self- reliance Security & Safety

Bio-resources would be the key !

Materials

NeutraceuticalsFunctional foods

Healthcare PreventiveCurative

Energy : Potential of Bio-resources

Yesterday Today Tomorrow

Water Wind

Coal Oil Natural gas Electricity

Sun Wind Bio-fuels Biomass Nuclear (Safety &

disposal concerns)

70% of all work: Manually

Majority of 30%: Domesticated animals

Major energy sources: Oil (35%), Coal (23%), Natural gas (21%), Biomass & waste (10%) and Hydro & geothermal (4%)

Development of technologies for exploitation of all kinds of fossil fuels

Development of technologies for use of renewable energy sources

Renewable

Non-renewable

Depletion of resources

Sustainability without economic growth

Sustainability with economic growth

RenewableBio-resources

Manual power Animal muscle power Wood Sun

Water Wind

Energy from Bio-resources

Solar Energy

Electrical (Photovoltaics) Thermal

Ele

ctri

c E

ner

gy

Th

erm

al E

ner

gy

Thermo Chemical Process

Ch

emic

al E

ner

gy

Mec

han

ical

En

erg

y

Photon

Solar Thermal; Most exploited : Material & Design specific Solar Chemical; Evolving : Material specific

Electrochemical

Need exists for development of materials capable of converting solar energy to chemical energy i.e. photochemical conversion

For degradation of undesired

molecules

Create new species /

molecules

Solar Energy

Transform one form to another

Bio or chemical degradation

Association Linkages Conversions

Reversible Irreversible

Photochemical Conversion

Development of materials active under solar energy; various spectral regions & their intrinsic properties

Photoactive materials would enable tapping solar energy

Solar Energy vis-a-vis Bio-resources

Solar Selectivity : Materials Response

Frequency (Hz)

Visible

Infrare

d

Ultraviole

t

X-ra

ys

Co

smic ra

ys

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Ga

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Microw

ave

High Potential for harnessing the solar energy

Processes involved Inner

electronic transition

Outer electronic transition

Molecular Vibrations

Molecular rotations vibrations

Electron spin resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance

Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the via media for harnessing solar energy.

Solar sensitive materials undergo region specific transition Solar energy conversion

Challenge is to maneuver band gap;sensitive to visible light

6.3 eV 3.15 eV 1.58 eV

U.V

200 nm 400 nm 800 nm

Visible

TiO2

ZnOCdS

WO3

Band gap Energy

EMS()

TiO2 = 3.20 eV

ZnO = 3.35 eV

WO3 = 2.80 eV

CdS = 2.42 eV

Semiconductors are the most ideal and preferred materials

Energy from Bio-resources

Light will be captured by the Ruthenium, electrons will move from the donor(D) to acceptor(A), electrons will be taken from the water by the donor, just as in nature and will be used to make hydrogen

DONOR

Photon

ACCEPTOR

Coupled Supercomplexes for Water Splitting

Energy from Bio-resources

This system is a analogue to Dye-senstized solar cell

Sunlight

Origin of the Word ‘Green’

Green is one which is sustainable, like plants!

Natural resources

CO2

INPUT OUTPUT

Energy

Food

Biodiversity

Shelter

O2

Bio-resources : Development of Novel Materials

All types of materials can be derived from bio-resources Modification of natural materials to obtain novel materials

has been a challenge Biological processes can replace the chemical processes

to provide novel materials

Bio-resources

Oils & Fats CompositesProteins Carbohydrates Others

Amino-Acids

SacharidesPolysacharides

Different matrices

Basic compounds

Tri-glycerides

Bio-resources : Development of Novel Materials

Alcohols to >C=O Dehydrogenation of functional alkanes to alkenes Hydrolysis of glycosides,esters, anhydrides & amides Cis-trans isomerization or complex transformation of D-

glucose to D-fructose Decarboxylation For bond forming e.g. condensation BASIS FOR GREEN CHEMISTRY

Enzymatic Catalysis

Oxyreductases LyasesHydrolases Isomerases Ligases

DehydrogenasesOxidasesPeroxidases

AmylasesLactase

Materials

Materials developed so far are derived mostly from the non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, ores, etc.

Materials of future would have to be derived from bio-resources in order to achieve sustainability

Polymer comp-ounds

Synthetic

Recyclable

Non-recyclable

Thermo-plastic

Short life

cycle

Polymer compo-sites

Depletable

PlantsAnimalsMicrobes

Natural

RenewableDegradable

Non-degradable

Non-renewable

Replenishable

MetalMineralsBiomass

Thermo-set

Long life

cycle

Healthcare : Types

Primary Immunity Development

Fighting against Disease

Tertiary Includes surgical interventions

Basic

Cure

Quaternary

Secondary

Specialized Treatments

Health care is to do with ensuring a disease free health; when possibility of any disease is eliminated, it is the true health care

Prevention is always better than cure

Healthcare : Methods or SystemsAYUSH Modern

Correlate the pathological data with clinical symptoms and treat to eliminate the cause of disease

Based on the philosophy that the human health is determined by the balance of body fluids (3) produced by fundamental elements (5)

Design medicines with immediate impact & relief

Focus to build internal capability to fight disease

Based mostly on synthetic compounds

Based on nutraceuticals & medicinal plants

Always has certain side effectsNo or rare side effects

How can the basic, preventive, long lasting & definite-cure system be an alternative system!

In fact the modern system should be the alternative one

Conservation Cultivation

Research & Development

• Complete plant is not destroyed. Hence, establish medicinal gardens & farms for sustainable supply of plant materials

• Availability of quality plant materials Systematic & concerted approach for research on bioactive components for:Usefulness, safety & efficiency of actives

Pharmacological activityQuality evaluation

Development of new medicines Use of alternate sources

Area Challenges

Patents

• To protect the processes involved in the development of herbal medicines as well as novel uses of products.

AYUSH Medicinal Systems : Challenges

Process technology

Quality Assurance

• For industrial production • Selecting suitable technology for

more effective, stable, reproducible, controlled dosage forms• Quality control of raw materials, finished products, processes for actives & impurities

Human Resource Dev. & Facilities

• Trained personnel and the state-of-the-art equipment

Policies & Legislation

• Devise set systems & regulatory procedures similar to those for the allopathic medicinal system

AYUSH Medicinal Systems : Challenges

Worldwide Acceptance

Opportunities

It has been accepted that the herbal preparation can cure even the otherwise incurable diseases in a sustainable manner

Plenty of it exists in country with a back up of medical practitioners and education base

Treatments being practiced for various ailments & for all age- groups

Knowledge Base

Experience

Opportunities

Both in developing as well as developed countries, there exists a ready market for herbal medicines, may be, for different reasons!

Keenness to opt herbal against synthetic ones, given choice !

Market Potentials

Raw Materials Availability

Efficiency Known for no side effects if used with proper care.

There is no need to ban any of the herbal medicines

Major herbal plants are grown in different parts of the country.

Thank You