igidr-ifpri - adaptation strategies and policies for climate smart agriculture n p singh, niasm
DESCRIPTION
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on ‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi. The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.TRANSCRIPT
Challenges and Opportunities of GM crops
IGIDR-IFPRI Conference24-7-2014
Nagendra SinghICAR
Challenges and Opportunity of GM Crops
Outline
1. What are GM crops
2. Why Do We Need GM crops
3. Present Status of GM Crops
4. Major Programs under NARS
5. Products under Evaluation
6. The Road Ahead-Challenges
What is GM Crop Technology
Traditional Plant Breeding
Selection of superior types from variation available within that species
Limited Scope
Genes can be transferred across the species barrier
Limitless potential
Transgenic (GM) Technology
X
What is GM Crop Technology
Transgenic TechnologyPrecise
Desired
gene
Commercial variety New variety
Transformation
=
(only desired gene is transferred)
Traditional BreedingLinkage drag
Donor variety Commercial variety New variety
Desired
Gene
X=
(many genes are transferred)
Crossing
Rate of Gain in Ag. Productivity is Declining
Developing countries
World Developed countries
0
1
2
3
Pe
rce
nta
ge in
cre
ase
pe
r ye
ar
1967–1982
1982–1994
1995–2020
Why Do We Need GM?
Why Do We Need GM?
Why Do We Need GM Crops?• Productivity enhancement
• Nutritional and processing quality• Safer food-from chemical to genetic
• Designer foods• Fiber crops• Timber
• Bio-energy• Bio-fertilizer• Bio-pesticide
Global Adoption of GM Crops
India is now 2nd in global cotton production
• First GM crop released
in 2002 by Mahyco
• 11 million ha in 2011-12
• Several hundred hybrids
• 100% Yield gain
• 50% reduction in
pesticide use
• >200% increase in profit
Status of Bt-Cotton in India
India is now 2nd global cotton producer
Phases in Transgenic Development & Commercialization
Gene
Discovery
Genetic
TransformationTransgenic
Development
Evaluation
of TransgenicsMolecular
Breeding
Comme-
rcialization
• Genes
• Promoters
• Constructs
• Nuclear
• Plastid
• Events
• Genotypes
• Biosafety
• Agronomy
• Field trials
• MAS
• Variety
development
• Farmers
• Consumers
Gene
Discovery
Genetic
TransformationTransgenic
Development
Evaluation
of TransgenicsMolecular
Breeding
Comme-
rcialization
Gene
Discovery
Genetic
TransformationTransgenic
Development
Evaluation
of TransgenicsMolecular
Breeding
Comme-
rcialization
• Genes
• Promoters
• Constructs
• Nuclear
• Plastid
• Events
• Genotypes
• Biosafety
• Agronomy
• Field trials
• MAS
• Variety
development
• Farmers
• Consumers
GM Crops Time line
From Gene to GM Seeds at Farmer’s field0 10 year
Transgenics
Rice Sorghum Maize• Pod Borer Pigeon pea Chick pea• Boll worm Cotton• Fruit borer Tomato Brinjal• Aphid Brassica
. Capsule borerCastor. Insect/pestsGroundnut
Drought andsalinity stressBrassicaTomatoRiceSorghumChickpeaGroundnutPotato
Delayed ripeningTomato
Fungal resistanceRiceBanana
Virus resistanceCottonSoybeanTomatoPotatoBananaPapayaCassava
Insect/pests
Major Programs under NARSICAR- NPTC Project
RCGM contained open field trial (2006-07, 2007-08)
Bt-cotton variety Anjali carrying Bt cry 1Ac, cry 1 Aa3 genes (LRK– 516 in 2006-07)
RCGM Contained Open Field Trial (2006-07, 2007-08)
Desi cotton (G. arboreum), Cultivar RG-8-Bt carrying Bt cry 1Ac, cry 1Aa3 genes
RCGM Contained Open Field Trial of Transgenic Mustard (2005-06)
Wild Type Transgenic
Wild Type Transgenic
Osmotin gene under stress inducible promoter
Tomato variety ‘Kashi Vishesh’, incorporating DREB1A gene (right side) show enhanced drought tolerance as compared to non-GM control plants (left side). (Courtesy Dr. Major Singh, IIVR Varanasi)
Drought tolerant tomato
b c
ed
control Transgenic
trs8
trs18trs19
trs 14
trs6trs15
a
Symptoms caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense race 1 after challenging of
transformed banana plants and untransformed plants. (a) External symptoms of
transformed banana plants
b. vascular discoloration of transgenic plants along with control treated with
Fusarium spores. b) Control plant treated with Fusarium spores. c- e) Transgenic
banana showing resistance to Fusarium wilt (Plant c to e represent -19,14 and 6)
Banana Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum cubense)
-Sukhada Mohandas, IIHR Bangalore
Bt-BRINJAL VARIETIES with Cry 1Ac geneIIVR, UAS-D, TNAU
Transgenics Developed outside the NPTC Project
BRL II TrialPublic-private Partnership With Mahyco
ABSP II
Transgenic Golden Rice for Amelioration of Vitamin A Deficiency in Rice Eaters
30% of the Indian population is malnourished>50 % are anemic , mostly women and children
Golden RiceStability shown in GH at IRRI and field tests in the USA
Provitamin A levels 5X the original materials
Backcrossing/selection into indica rice varieties in progress
Expected release in India (2011-13)
Freedom to release needs attention
Cocordrie GR (Syngenta) Golden Rice indica background
ferritin 35S g7barGluB-1nos
Sst I Bam HI Hind III
ferritin Glo-Pnos
Sst I Bam HI Kpn I
ferritin Pro-Pnos
Sst I Bam HI Kpn I
Krishnan et al. Current Science, 2003
de-Vasconcelos et al. Plant Science 2003
High Iron and Zinc Rice
Control Transgenic
Quality Protein PotatoSeed Albumin from Amaranthus hypochondriachus
(Balanced amino acid composition)
Have added a high quality protein in Potato
RNAi for blast tolerance in rice – some of the selected putative tolerant entries (T4) in the blast screening nursery
Transgenic product development by Indian private sector
75 days after transplanting
Observation for white earheads due to YSB
Bt Rice
Herbicide tolerant cotton - Phenotypic observations at 14 days after spray
Non-Spray
Manual Weeding
1.4% Glyphosate Spray
Non transgenic line Transgenic Events
Herbicide Tolerant
Events
Herbicide Susceptible
Event
Noweeding
1. Food and Feed safety
2. Development of Super weeds
3. Loss of Soli fertility
4. Loss of genetic diversity
5. Dominance of MNCs
6. Unnatural (Moral and ethics)
Opposition to GM
Opposition to GM: Moral and Ethical Issues
Are we playing God?
Natural Stable Population: Death Rate = Birth Rate
The Population Explosion: Death Rate << Birth Rate
Choice: Aging population vs Growing population?
Role of Technology: Crucial to sustaining a growing population before it starts aging
Interspecific gene transfer:How unique are they?
Graphical representation of homology of predicted rice genes
with expressed genes in 20 other species
Action Plan
1. Bio-safety Evaluation and Regulatory Mechanism
BRAI, Role of ICAR; Bio-safety testing labs, Institute for Biosafety Bio-security, Enforce regulation, Efficient regulation, Research on resistance management; Central and state regulations, Cis-genics and INtragenics
2. Pre- and Post-release Monitoring and Evaluation of GM Crops
Mechanism for M&E in BRAI/GEAC, Accountability and violation, Impact of Bt-cotton in India
3. Accessibility of Approved GM Seeds to the Farmers
NSC, SSC, MRP, Subsidy, Seed Bill with farmer’s rights
4. Research and Development including PPP
Mission mode GM development in public sector and PPP,
Professional Bio-safety evaluation, IPR issues, Cis-genics, Orphan crops
5. Education and Public Awareness
Remove ignorance apprehension, Scientist -public integration,
Mass media electronic and print, KVK, FLD
The Road Ahead1. The NARS public institutions and Indian private sector
have shown the capability of developing useful transgenicevents but need enhanced capacity to be globallycompetitive
2. Global IPR regime makes it imperative to have our owngenes and transgenic events to make transgenic seedsaffordable to the farmers
3. R & D in frontier areas of gene discovery and transgenicdevelopment through state-of-the-art NationalInstitutions required (Genome decoding of Indian Speciesand Functional Genomics)
4. Human capital need to be developed in the frontierscientific areas including Genomics, Bioinformatics andNanobiotechnology
5. Policy issues including, efficient regulation andtechnology competitiveness need attention to facilitatecommercialization
Thank You