igcse computer - hardware

8/10/2019 IGCSE Computer - Hardware

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By Nikhil Yadav


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What is Hardware ? Hardware is physical , external and tangeable parts of the

computer.

It enables computers to produce and show computer

graphics.

It gives easy access to commands.

Example Desktop , Monitor , Mouse , Printer and

Speakers.


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Main Hardware Components of a computer Input Device - used by the user to put data into the

computer.

Processor manipulates the data that input device gives it.

Internal memory holds data and programs while the

computer is on.

Backing storage stores data and programs while the

computer is off. Output device reports results to the user or causes

something to happen.


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Types of Computers


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Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by corporate

and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data

processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics,

enterprise resource planning, and transaction processing. The termoriginally referred to the large cabinets that housed the centralprocessing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, theterm was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from

less powerful transaction processing units. The term originally

referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processingunit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term wasused to distinguish high-end commercial machines from lesspowerful units.


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Personal ComputersA Personal Computer (Pc) is a general-purpose computer,

whose size, capabilities, and original sale price makes it useful

for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly

by an end-user with no intervening computer operator. This

contrasted with the batch processing or time-sharing models

which allowed larger, more expensive minicomputer and

mainframe system to be used by many people, usually at the

same time. Large data processing systems requires a full-time

staff to operate efficiently.


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Embedded ComputerAn embedded computer is a system with a computer

dedicated to perform a computing function within a largermechanical or electrical system, often with real-time

computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a completedevice often including hardware and mechanical parts. Bycontrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personalcomputer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a widerange of end-user needs. Embedded systems control manydevices in common use today.

Embedded systems contain processing cores that are eithermicrocontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP).


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Mainframe Computer


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Personal Computer


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Embedded Computer Embedded Chip
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=embedded%20computers&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DOcpI9UVKGvZuM&tbnid=bC1V_n-1_He7EM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/Dual-Display-Graphics-Cards-suit-embedded-computers-550831&ei=cRb9UfiWDoKqrAfTw4CoCg&bvm=bv.50165853,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNH7LCk1_-b_e-enYX2KgS4ZoZUGMA&ust=1375627035173350http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=embedded%20computers&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DOcpI9UVKGvZuM&tbnid=bC1V_n-1_He7EM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/Dual-Display-Graphics-Cards-suit-embedded-computers-550831&ei=cRb9UfiWDoKqrAfTw4CoCg&bvm=bv.50165853,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNH7LCk1_-b_e-enYX2KgS4ZoZUGMA&ust=1375627035173350


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Input Devices In computing, an Input Device is any peripheral used to provide

data and control signals to an information processing system suchas a computer or other information appliance. Examples of inputdevices include keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras and

joysticks. Many input devices can be classified according to:

Modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)

The input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. amouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fastenough to be considered continuous)

The number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensionaltraditional mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed forCAD applications)


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Keyboards A 'keyboard' is a human interface device which is represented as a

layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input

a linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular

function of the computer. Traditional keyboards use spring-basedbuttons, though newer variations employ virtual keys, or evenprojected keyboards.

Examples of types of keyboards include:

Computer keyboard

Keyer

Chorded keyboard

LPFK


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Pointing Devices Keyboard devices are the most commonly used input devices

today. A Pointing Device is any human interface device that

allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. In the case

of mice and touch screens, this is usually achieved by

detecting movement across a physical surface. Analog

devices, such as 3d mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks,

function by reporting their angle of deflection. Movements

of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by

movements of the pointer, creating a simple, intuitive way to

navigate a computer's GUI.


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Image and Video Capture Devices Digital Cameras Takes images as well as videos.

Camcorder - This is an electronic device that combines avideo camera and a video recorder into one unit.

Webcam - This is a video camera that feeds its image in realtime to a computer or computer network. Unlike an IPcamera (which uses a direct connection using ethernet or Wi-Fi), a webcam is generally connected by a USB cable,

FireWire cable, or similar cable. Image Scanner - This is a device that optically scans images,

printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to adigital image.


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Audio Input Devices Microphone- It is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor

that converts sound into an electrical signal.

MIDI Keyboard- It is typically a piano style user interface

keyboard device used for sending MIDI signals or commands

over a USB or MIDI cable to other devices connected and

operating on the same MIDI protocol interface.


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Output DevicesAn Output Device is any piece of computer hardware

equipment used to communicate the results of data

processing carried out by an information processing system

which converts the electronically generated information into

human-readable form.

Examples Printer , Headphones , Speakers.


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Examples in Detail Printer - This is a peripheral which produces a representation of an

electronic document on physical media such as paper or transparency

film. Many printers are local peripherals connected directly to a nearby

personal computer. Individual printers are often designed to support

both local and network connected users at the same time.

Headphones - These are a pair of small loudspeakers that are designed

to be held in place close to a user's ears. Headphones either have wires

for connection to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CDplayer, portable media player or mobile phone, or have

a wireless receiver, which is used to pick up signal without using a cable.

Computer speakers (multimedia speakers) -These are speakers external

to a computer, that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker. They

often have a low-power internal amplifier.


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Storage Devices Data storage device - These are devices for recording and

storing Data.

A storage device may hold information, process information,

or both. A device that only holds information is a

recording medium. Devices that process information may

either access a separate portable recording medium or a

permanent component to store and retrieve information.

Examples USBs , Hardisks .


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Input Devices

Keyboard Mouse


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Capture Devices


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Storage Devices


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Thank you

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