if they're corn borers, why are they in...
TRANSCRIPT
Ian MacRae
Dept of Entomology
Univ. of Minnesota
NW Research & Outreach Center
If They're
Corn Borers,
Why Are
They In My
Potatoes!?
Manitoba Potato Production Days
Brandon, MB. Jan 26-28, 2016
Wingspan = 2cm
Forewing
- straw colored,
wavy line on outer
margin, dot and dash
on fresh specimens
- darker, yellowish
wavy lines more
pronounced,
Hindwing
Similar in both sexes
European Corn Borer (ECB)
• Ostrinia nubilalis
– Probably intro’d from Italy or Hungary in
broom corn, 1st found in N. America in
Boston 1917/19
– 1st found in Manitoba in 1948
– Very wide host range (~200 plant
hosts) but strongly prefers maize
Life history
• First reported in N. Am
1909, intro’d from Europe
• 200+ acceptable hosts
• 1 gen/yr in MB
• Overwinter as last instar
(larval stage) in host
stalks, plant debris,
Life history
• Pupate in the spring and
emerge as adults June
• Moths aggregate in
weedy margins, mate
and females enter field
on warm, humid
evenings to lay eggs (15-
20 on underside)
Life history
• Eggs hatch in 5-7d,
‘blackhead’ stage just
before hatch, these hatch
in 24-48 h
– High mortality at this
stage (important
point…)
Life history
• Larvae disperse, feed on
foliage for a few days (2-
10d, depends on temp)
• Enter stem @ leaf axils,
bore in and start to
excavate tunnels inside
– Entry holes noted by
brownish ‘saw-dust’ (frass)
Life history • In long summers may get
some adults late summer but
any eggs from these won’t
make it through to next year
• Tunneled stems become
weak and collapse
• Entry holes and broken stem
provide entry point for
pathogens…
Life history • Larvae feed / tunnel until fully developed
– 5 larval stages (instars)
– Full developmental time for larvae ~50
days but dependent on temp
• Overwinter in stems of infested plants
• Pupate in spring
Life history • Emerge as adults in late June – mid July
– 500-600 GDD (threshold temp >10°C)
• mate in weedy field margins
• Females enter the field lay eggs on
underside of leaves (15-20/time, total
~500)
– Degree Day models for development of eggs!
Damage to potatoes • newly hatched larvae
feed on leaves few days
before tunneling into
stems typically in the
leaf axil at the node
• Most tunneling in lower
1/3 of main stems, a
single larva can make
multiple tunnels in a
single plant
http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org
Damage to potatoes
• Tunneling near base
of stems causes
breakage and lodging
& entry points for
stem rot pathogens
• The assoc. with
disease has
traditionally been
largest yield hit*
http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org
*another important point…
European Corn Borer
Slide courtesy of Vikram Bisht
Slide courtesy of Vikram Bisht
Slide courtesy of Vikram Bisht
ECB injury and Stem rot
Slide courtesy of Vikram Bisht
The impact of the European corn borer on
the potato plant appears to be a function
of:
1. larval numbers
2. phenological stage of the plant at the
time of attack
3. Cultivar
4. presence of other insect pests and
diseases, and other stress factors such
as temperature, water, and fertility.
Varietal influence
• NCSU team examined varietal resistance
(or at least preference)
– In field trials, ECB damage 8X greater
in Atlantic, Superior, & Norland than in
K411-2
– Another field trial, 11x more ECB
damage on Atlantic than on NYL 235-4
Hanzlik, Kennedy, Sanders & Monks, 1997
Varietal influence
• NCSU team examined varietal
resistance (or at least preference)
– In GH choice trials, ECB deposited
more egg masses on Kennebec than
on NYL 235-4 but in the absence of
choice, no difference in egg masses
– In above trial, more ;arvae
established on NYL 235-4 than on
Kennebec
Hanzlik, Kennedy, Sanders & Monks, 1997
Damage elsewhere • ECB doesn’t cause economic damage to
potatoes in many US production areas
– North Carolina - over 50% of potato
stems may be tunneled without
significant loss of tuber yield
– Depending on timing of infestation and
variety, nearly 100% of stems can be
infested without economic yield loss,
particularly in the absence of disease
pathogens.
Damage elsewhere • ECB doesn’t cause economic damage to
potatoes in many US production areas
– Similar results found in New Jersey,
Michigan, Maine, Maryland, and Virginia
also found it difficult to detect any yield
loss in potatoes from ECB tunneling.
– natural ECB infestations rarely cause
economic damage to potatoes,
particularly in the absence of disease
pathogens.
Declining populations • ECB pops declining in eastern and
central United States.
• may involve increased use of Bt corn
Images from Plant Health Progress article:
Decline of European Corn Borer as a Pest of Potatoes
Other insecticide mortality
• At-plant insecticide applications
targeted at Colorado Potato Beetle
effective against ECB
• Applications for other insects may also
contribute to control
• Be aware, many producers in SE U.S.
tend to use these for ECB when not
necessary
– No evidence of presence
Treatment - timing • As larvae continue to tunnel in stem
through growing season, stems
increasingly weaken
– Application most effective against neonates
(Nault & Kennedy)
– Applying against older larvae ineffective
– Some reduced risk insecticides have efficacy
on older eggs, spinosad, novaluron and
indoxacarb all had efficacy if applied to egg
masses 2 days prior to hatch (Boiteau &
Noronha 2007)
Treatment - timing • As larvae continue to tunnel in stem
through growing season, stems
increasingly weaken
• But timing applications needs trapping
(pheromone/blacklight) and scouting
larvae
Hartstack pheromone trap vegedge.umn.edu/moth-data/cew-info
Trap plans available at:
http://www2.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef010.asp
Natural mortality • Large pheromone trap catch doesn’t
necessarily mean large larval population…
• Other mortality sources
– weather
– disease
– Predators
– parasitoids
Weather?
• Heavy precip @ egg hatch can cause
some mortality – Larvae generally don’t survive sub-freezing temps
• Low humidity, low nighttime temps, wind
with heavy rain all cause mortality to
most moth populations’ survival & esp
egg laying
• BUT long term studies don’t show
consistent relationship…
Disease • Some areas a
number of common,
general diseases of
caterpillars
– Beaveria
bassiana, a fungal
pathogen
– Microsporidian,
Nosema pyrausta
https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2012/issue1/index.html
Predators • Eggs and young
larvae
– Minute Pirate Bugs
– Green lacewing
– Ladybird beetles
Parasitoids
• ~24 spp of exotic
parasitoids in N.
America attack ECB
– Most from ECB
home range
– Trichogramma
ostriniae, minute
wasp parasitizes
eggs
Scouting egg hatch
ipm.ncsu.edu
• So, trap catch and egg masses are not
reliable predictors – look for no. of ECB
infested stems
• Examine leaf axils & petioles for larvae and
entry holes
– 10 stems from 10 random sample locations
in <30Ha
– Earlier plantings at greater risk, start there
– Sequential sampling plans available
Threshold • Well established in corn
– Simple thresholds thru to worksheets
incorporating current market values
• No real damage threshold calculated for potatoes
– Not enough research?
• Some data…
– Est. threshold of 5%-10% infested stems
– Research from P.E.I. indicated that 1.2
larvae/stalk/week reduced yields of Russet
Burbank by a margin of 8-9%
Integrated pest management • IPM holds well here
• Conserve natural enemies (avoid
unneeded insecticide applications!)
– esp. prophylactic applications!
• Use scouting & available thresholds
• Wait till population levels known
– Larvae not egg counts
• Use cultural controls
– chop corn, planting time if poss, etc
limited here
Decreasing pest…
Halo effect • Non Bt corn
fields seeing
decrease in
ECB nos, as
well
• Fewer ECB to
infest colonize
fields
This decrease in insecticide use associated with
decrease in sampled insect populations
Why did it happen?
• Bad for natural enemies?
–Environmental conditions bad for
natural enemies lowers their pops
and pest escapes
–Lack of early control often allows
populations of boring insects a
‘start’
Why did it happen?
• Good year for European Corn
Borers?
–Environment favoring pest insect
reproduction (just the right temp,
humidity, etc) can allow pests to
reproduce faster than natural
enemies can kill them off…
Landscape influence on Halo
effect?
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-325-x/2014001/article/11913-eng.htm#a4
Landscape influence on Halo
effect?
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-325-x/2014001/article/11913-eng.htm#a4
USDA NWG, 2014
- ~80% field corn is Bt modified
- most sweet corn is not Bt modified
- In US, field & sweet corn raised in proximity
Questions??
THANKS to the
KPPA, the MPPD
committee for
inviting me here
and to DuPont
Canada for
sponsoring the
talk!
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