If the object light interacts with is about the size or smaller than the wavelength of light it acts like a wave and exhibits diffraction and the Ray model no longer holds

PolarizationThe EM fields are aligned in specific directions

Polarization of Light

Plane Polarized

Circular Polarized

Polarization upon Reflection

Circularly Polarized EM Wave

Elliptically Polarized EM Wave

Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States

This is a Quantum Effect

Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so

Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

PolarizationThe EM fields are aligned in specific directions

Polarization of Light

Plane Polarized

Circular Polarized

Polarization upon Reflection

Circularly Polarized EM Wave

Elliptically Polarized EM Wave

Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States

This is a Quantum Effect

Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so

Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Polarization of Light

Plane Polarized

Circular Polarized

Polarization upon Reflection

Circularly Polarized EM Wave

Elliptically Polarized EM Wave

Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States

This is a Quantum Effect

Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so

Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Circularly Polarized EM Wave

Elliptically Polarized EM Wave

Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States

This is a Quantum Effect

Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so

Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Elliptically Polarized EM Wave

Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States

This is a Quantum Effect

Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so

Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States

This is a Quantum Effect

Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so

Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Another Way to Bend Waves

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction

Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle

How does this compare to dispersion with a prism

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Incandescent Light Bulb

Hydrogen Spectra

Hydrogen Spectra

Helium Spectra

Mercury Spectra

Neon Spectrum

Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present

This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the

difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

Light Emission

Light Emission amp Absorption

E hfγ =

Light Emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Neon Spectrum

Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present

This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the

difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

Light Emission

Light Emission amp Absorption

E hfγ =

Light Emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present

This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the

difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

Light Emission

Light Emission amp Absorption

E hfγ =

Light Emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the

difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

Light Emission

Light Emission amp Absorption

E hfγ =

Light Emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the

difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

Light Emission

Light Emission amp Absorption

E hfγ =

Light Emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Light Emission amp Absorption

E hfγ =

Light Emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Light Emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Light Emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas

Hydrogen Emission Spectra

Hydrogen Emission Spectra

bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler

Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer

bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward

Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out

PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow

Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer

bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward

Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out

PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow

bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward

Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out

PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow

Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out

PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow

PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow

Iridescence Diffraction

Spontaneous Emission

Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission

Stimulated Emission

LasersLight Amplification by

Simulated Emission of Radiation

A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation

Albert Einstein 1916

Stimulated Emission

Laser Applications

bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like

bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference

Classical vs Modern

Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation

The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves

Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

LasersLight Amplification by

Simulated Emission of Radiation

A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation

Albert Einstein 1916

Stimulated Emission

Laser Applications

bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like

bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference

Classical vs Modern

Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation

The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves

Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Stimulated Emission

Laser Applications

bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like

bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference

Classical vs Modern

Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation

The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves

Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Laser Applications

bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like

bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference

Classical vs Modern

Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation

The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves

Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like

bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference

Classical vs Modern

Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation

The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves

Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation

The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves

Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves

Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality

Is Light a Particle of a Wave

Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game

But nobody could explain it

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859

Bunsen

German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen

Kirkoff

Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

James Clerk Maxwell1860s

Light is wave The medium is the Ether

8

0

1 30 10 o

c x m sμ ε

= =

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated

Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly

predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen

H 2 21 1 1

2R

λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1

n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n

Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions

Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Born 1879

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Thermal Excitation Incandescence

increasing temperature

Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated

~f T

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Why this shapeWhy the drop

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

34

n= 0123 6626 10E nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904

bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906

bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron

bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field

bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive

chargendash Electrons embedded

throughout the volume

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

346626 10E hfh x Jsminus

=

=

Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom

(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)

bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target

bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels

i fE E E hfγ = minus =

34

n= 01236626 10

E nhfh x Jsminus

=

=

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits

2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate

3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon

Bohrrsquos Assumptions

PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero

2

( 1 23)

hL n

nπ

=

=

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen

22 2

1 1 1( )f i

RZn nλ

= minus

7 11097 10R x mminus=

Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally

Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals

hp

λ =

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

De Broglie Wavelength

346626 10h x J sminus= sdot

hmv

λ =

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c

34

31 7

6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )

x J sx kg x m s

λminus

minus

sdot=

h mvλ =

1124 10x mλ minus=

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10

(75 )2 x J s

kg m sλ

minus sdot=

3644 10x mλ minus=

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Interference pattern builds one electron at a time

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes

through destroys the interference pattern

Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through

Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality

If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils

Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle

It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern

Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit

Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect

Wave Packet Making Particles

out of Waves

Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized

However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known

Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves

You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum

Richard Feynman

Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty

The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized

2vf nl

=

Strings amp Atoms are Quantized

34

n= 0123

6626 10nE nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit

Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect

Wave Packet Making Particles

out of Waves

Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized

However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known

Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves

You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum

Richard Feynman

Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty

The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized

2vf nl

=

Strings amp Atoms are Quantized

34

n= 0123

6626 10nE nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

Wave Packet Making Particles

out of Waves

Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized

However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known

Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves

You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum

Richard Feynman

Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty

The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized

2vf nl

=

Strings amp Atoms are Quantized

34

n= 0123

6626 10nE nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves

You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum

Richard Feynman

Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty

The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized

2vf nl

=

Strings amp Atoms are Quantized

34

n= 0123

6626 10nE nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum

Richard Feynman

Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty

The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized

2vf nl

=

Strings amp Atoms are Quantized

34

n= 0123

6626 10nE nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

Richard Feynman

Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty

The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized

2vf nl

=

Strings amp Atoms are Quantized

34

n= 0123

6626 10nE nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized

2vf nl

=

Strings amp Atoms are Quantized

34

n= 0123

6626 10nE nhf

h x Jsminus

=

=

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about

the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states

The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities

Quantum Theory

( ) 3 2

1( )(2 )

i p r tx t e ω

πsdot minusΨ =

v v h

h

2

2

Probability = ( ) = (possibility)

x tΨ

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states

So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example

2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =

1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a

The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability

Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities

It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality

The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states

591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet

Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state

NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump

It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum

Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling

in between

Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed

This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function

Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett

No collapse is necessary

Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse

NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump

It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum

Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling

in between

Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed

This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function

Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett

No collapse is necessary

Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse

Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed

This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function

Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett

No collapse is necessary

Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse

Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett

No collapse is necessary

Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse

Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse

Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter

and the mathematics (wave functions)

used to describe them

Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states

until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function

total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ

This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it

Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time

Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real

Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the

quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces

Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production

Antimatter Same mass different charge

When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light

Quantum Fluctuations

Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum

Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states

until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function

total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ

This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it

Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time

Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real

Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the

quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces

Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production

Antimatter Same mass different charge

When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light

Quantum Fluctuations

Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum

Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time

Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real

Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the

quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces

Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production

Antimatter Same mass different charge

When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light

Quantum Fluctuations

Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum

Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the

quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces

Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production

Antimatter Same mass different charge

When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light

Quantum Fluctuations

Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum

Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production

Antimatter Same mass different charge

When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light

Quantum Fluctuations

Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum

Quantum Fluctuations

Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum

Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum

Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG

The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing

In Sum The Quantum Vacuum

The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing

Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy

Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real

God does not play dice with the Universe

Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer

Positivist

Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox

The Rules Conservation Laws

bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number

Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are

EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality

bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals

EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single

wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles

remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a

lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can

communicate faster than light

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

In Sum The Quantum Vacuum

The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing

Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy

Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real

God does not play dice with the Universe

Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer

Positivist

Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox

The Rules Conservation Laws

bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number

Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are

EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality

bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals

EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single

wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles

remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a

lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can

communicate faster than light

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

God does not play dice with the Universe

Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer

Positivist

Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox

The Rules Conservation Laws

bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number

Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are

EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality

bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals

EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single

wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles

remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a

lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can

communicate faster than light

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox

The Rules Conservation Laws

bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number

Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are

EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality

bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals

EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single

wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles

remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a

lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can

communicate faster than light

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

The Rules Conservation Laws

bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number

Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are

EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality

bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals

EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single

wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles

remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a

lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can

communicate faster than light

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality

bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals

EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single

wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles

remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a

lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can

communicate faster than light

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single

wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles

remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a

lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can

communicate faster than light

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing

The Qubit

At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero

state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons

Quantum Encryption

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum Uncertainty will

make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism

since there is always uncertainty in the

position of its atoms

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies

What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being

Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence

In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Quantum Quackery

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Many Worlds Hypothesis

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Collapsing Wave

Function

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Entanglement

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

What the Bleep

Do WeKnow

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

Other Possible TOEs

Strings

String TheorySupersymmetry

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

I think I can safely say that nobody understands

quantum mechanics

Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman

• Polarization
• Polarization of Light
• Circularly Polarized EM Wave
• Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
• Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
• Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
• Incandescent Light Bulb
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Helium Spectra
• Mercury Spectra
• Neon Spectrum
• Continuous vs Discreet
• Light Emission
• Light Emission amp Absorption
• Light Emission
• Light Emission
• Hydrogen Spectra
• Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
• Hydrogen Emission Spectra
• Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
• Fluorescence
• PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
• Iridescence Diffraction
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
• Laser Applications
• Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
• The Quantum Revolution
• The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
• 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
• Fraunhofer Lines 1814
• Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
• Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
• Balmer Series 1885
• Thermal Excitation Incandescence
• Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
• 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
• Bohrrsquos Assumptions
• Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
• De Broglie Wavelength
• Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
• Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
• Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
• Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
• Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
• Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
• Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
• Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
• Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
• Richard Feynman
• Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
• Quantum Theory
• We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
• Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
• The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
• NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
• Wave Function Collapse
• Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
• Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
• Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
• Schroumldingers CatParadox
• Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
• Quantum Foam
• Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
• Quantum Fluctuations
• Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
• Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
• In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
• Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
• The Rules Conservation Laws
• EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
• EPR Particles Entanglement
• Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
• THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
• Quantum Quackery
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Many Worlds Hypothesis
• Collapsing Wave Function
• Entanglement
• What the BleepDo WeKnow
• A Theory of Everything (TOE)
• Other Possible TOEs
• I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman