“if he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world,”

George III 1783

“His Excellency?”“His Mightiness?”

“His Highness”“His Elective Highness”

“His Most Benign Highness”“His Majesty”

“His Highness, The President of the United States, and Protector

of their Liberties”

Washington’s Precedents• Cabinet• Veto• Whiskey

Rebellion• Neutrality • No party• 2 terms• Farewell Address

1794

• it is in my judgment necessary under the circumstances of the case to take measures for calling forth the militia in order to suppress the combinations aforesaid, and to cause the laws to be duly executed; and I have accordingly determined so to do, feeling the deepest regret for the occasion, but withal the most solemn conviction that the essential interests of the Union demand it, that the very existence of government and the fundamental principles of social order are materially involved in the issue, and that the patriotism and firmness of all good citizens are seriously called upon, as occasions may require, to aid in the effectual suppression of so fatal a spirit;

• I George Washington, President of the United States, do hereby command all persons, being insurgents, as aforesaid, and all others whom it may concern, on or before the 1st day of September next to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes. And I do moreover warn all persons whomsoever against aiding, abetting, or comforting the perpetrators of the aforesaid treasonable acts; and do require all officers and other citizens, according to their respective duties and the laws of the land, to exert their utmost endeavors to prevent and suppress such dangerous proceedings.In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia the seventh day of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety- four, and of the independence of the United States of America the nineteenth.G. WASHINGTON,

From: George Washington’s Farewell Address 1796

• “In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of the twenty-second of April, I793, is the index of my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.

• After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it, with moderation, perseverance, and firmness.

• The considerations which respect the right to hold this con duct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that, according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually admitted by all.

• The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations.

• The inducements of interest for observing that conduct will best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress without interruption to that degree of strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.

• Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and that, after forty five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.”

Hamilton and the Economics of a New Nation

• Report on the Public Credit• Report on Manufactures • Import Tariff• Bank of US – Mirrors UK

– Binds creditors to success of gov

• $60m debt– Report on the Public Credit– Report on Manufactures – Most held by states, some to foreign

interests– H nationalizes debt, pays foreign,

delays domestic

John Adams Elected

• Close election – H sways vote– Federalist Party

• Peaceful Transition• Blow to France• XYZ Affair• Undeclared War • Alien and Sedition Acts• Virginia and Kentucky

Resolves

“the tree of liberty needs to be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants… it is

its natural manure”- Thomas Jefferson

John Marshall and the Supreme Court

Marbury v. MadisonMidnight Appointees• Madison’s refusal to enact

appointments• Judicial Review

• Other key Marshall Decisions– Dartmouth v. Woodward– Fletcher v. Peck – McCullogh v. Maryland – Gibbons v. Ogden

The Election of 1800• 3 Candidates – Adams,

Jefferson, Burr• Tie in electoral college

between Burr – Jefferson • Election thrown to House

of Representatives• Still tied in House• Hamilton swings the vote

to Jefferson• Burr later seeks

retribution • *** Peaceful transition of

Power

Thomas Jefferson as President

• Democratic Republican• Former Sec of State,

Writer of Dec of Ind• Marbury v. Madison

Decision• Allows Expiration of Alien

and Sedition• Barbary Pirates War• Louisiana Purchase• Embargo of 1807• Compromises Principles

Code Duello: The Rules of Dueling • Rule 1. The first offense requires the first apology, though the retort may have been more offensive than the

insult. Example: A tells B he is impertinent, etc. B retorts that he lies; yet A must make the first apology because he gave the first offense, and then (after one fire) B may explain away the retort by a subsequent apology.

• Rule 2. But if the parties would rather fight on, then after two shots each (but in no case before), B may explain first, and A apologize afterward.

• N.B. The above rules apply to all cases of offenses in retort not of stronger class than the example.

• Rule 3. If a doubt exist who gave the first offense, the decision rests with the seconds; if they won't decide, or can't agree, the matter must proceed to two shots, or to a hit, if the challenger require it.

• Rule 4. When the lie direct is the first offense, the aggressor must either beg pardon in express terms; exchange two shots previous to apology; or three shots followed up by explanation; or fire on till a severe hit be received by one party or the other.

• Rule 5. As a blow is strictly prohibited under any circumstances among gentlemen, no verbal apology can be received for such an insult. The alternatives, therefore -- the offender handing a cane to the injured party, to be used on his own back, at the same time begging pardon; firing on until one or both are disabled; or exchanging three shots, and then asking pardon without proffer of the cane.

• If swords are used, the parties engage until one is well blooded, disabled, or disarmed; or until, after receiving a wound, and blood being drawn, the aggressor begs pardon.

• N.B. A disarm is considered the same as a disable. The disarmer may (strictly) break his adversary's sword; but if it be the challenger who is disarmed, it is considered as ungenerous to do so.

• In the case the challenged be disarmed and refuses to ask pardon or atone, he must not be killed, as formerly; but the challenger may lay his own sword on the aggressor's shoulder, then break the aggressor's sword and say, "I spare your life!" The challenged can never revive the quarrel -- the challenger may.

James Madison• Democratic Republican• Former Speaker of House, Father of

Constitution • War of 1812

– War Hawks – 2 Causes of War– British Kidnapping sailors– British arming Indians– War is a tie, result is “status quo

antebellum”– “second war for independence”

• War of 1812 – Tecumseh– Andrew Jackson– W H. Harrison

Results of the War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent – “Status quo antebellum”

• Battle of New Orleans• New War Heroes –

Jackson, Harrison, Scott• Upsurge of Nationalism /

Era of Good Feelings• End of Federalist Party • Stabilized relationship

with Britain (Monroe Doctrine)

“Status quo antebellum”

James Monroe• Last of “founding fathers”• Last of “Virginia dynasty”• 1st product of single party system• Reaped benefits of 1812 war

– New nationalism – Questions of internal improvements

• Madison veto of Bonus Bill

• “Era of Good Feelings”• Napoleonic Wars v. the American

Economy• Panic of 1819• Clay and the American System • Monroe Doctrine / Border extension

– JQ Adams as Sec State– Adams Onis Treaty

• Missouri Compromise– Clay, Calhoun, Webster – War Hawks

Grow up…

“The Missouri question… is the most portentous one which ever yet threatened our union. In the gloomiest moment of the revolutionary war I never had anyapprehensions equal to what I feel from this source. …….

We have a wolf by the ears and can neither hold him nor safely let him go.”

Thomas Jefferson

“I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble – a titlepage to a great, tragic volume.”

John Quincy Adams

Missouri Compromise• Slavery and the

Constitution • Slavery and the

Louisiana Purchase• Migration and the

Panic of 1819• Balance• Amendment • Maine• Compromise