~ ~ ~ Jfrarm ~tlR mr qq 10 Jtcn 2 ~ 2002 ~. 131-145

'iE>ltNh4 ~ ~ ~ ~JnMCh ~~t1 ~rq ~ fm" ~ mcfi~T ~ fm"

~ ~ ~~ ~, ~-226001

mti~T: ~ ClWHHf('fl w:! B ~~ ~ :qcfu; imt % ~ cH«11c1'fl<:1I it ~ ~ ~~fu;r Wcfi %1 ~ ~ B ~ ctt ~ ~ 9il tt "~ ~" ~ ~I ~ qc.n W-~Cfclf.iiffl Wn fcIiq cf CfiT\UT imt %1 tmlt it I~' B l:%

'tim ~ imt % ~ "~~R W " cf 1TI1 B "fAT \1IT<:1l %1 ~ 'flT l1\f % fct <ffit 'tim ~ cf ~, ~~m ~ ;;ftq ~ cf fcm\ur cf ~ ~ %1 tmlt cf ~ it "fl~ ~ 'flloO;:fltliW 9m1 (36-28.6 'flit? ~ ~) Cjqj l:%

¢ B ¥ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ 9ill:% Fct~ffi'l "~-~" <n ~ cf 1TI1 B "fAT \1IT<:1l %1 ~ it ~ cf ~ 0ffi l:% Fct~ffi'l ~ "q-~" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cffi1JiT B 20.8 'flit? ~ ~ 4hf)~~'fl T1 cf ~~ it wTIttf-~ (~) ~ ,WH:;ltlq , ~ ~ ~T<n it Fct~ it 1f/ll1 ~ qf(°Il'"W.f{<\q ~ \.wi~ltlcf1 cf ojtq l:%

I~' ~ 'flT \iR" 3'*1 ~ \'Wi~ltlq cf ~ ~ ~, ~, ~, 'lTI\(f, ~ ~ -31 ° C:ICfiR'fl1

~, ;JjOf fct ~T<n 'W1~ltlq cf ~ ~ ~, ~, ('f~ ~T<n -31ffi ~ I 9m1 ~ it ~-~ ~ ~ cf "ffi\:!-"ffi\:!

;;ftq-\if1Ti1 'flT ~ Fct~ 3'* ~ ~-~ ~ ojtq ctt ~ ~ 1J<lT ~ \3Rlcf: \3lF1l ctt ~ ~ ~ it ~ it 1J<lT1

~ ~ ~m ~ ~'* cf ~ cf ~ 'flT -31~ %1 ~ ~ vftq1 'flT ~, m ~ -m=m: 'l1\

it ClW{f ~ Cf<:i't ~ tB 3'* ~ ~ mruTr 'flT -31~ fct<n \1IT<:1l %1 ~ -31~ cf ~~, ~ mrn fcrnR, ~T'4 fcrnR, g<IJJIcl9il \3lr\ ~ fcrnR cf ~-fcrnR ctt \3Wl~~ ~ %1 ~ 00 ~ ~ cf 'f)f{Cf) ~,

~-~, qcffi ~ ('f~ liT1CI vftq1 cf ~ ~ l:% ~ q{ ~ ~~T 9il t;1~ m ~ I

lffirTCRT

~ifi~<BT~~~ ~1 m~ ~I ~ ~l'.ll1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ifi ~ (coast

lines) ifi ~ (matching) CfiT qft~ MI lliffi ifi ~~TTF-lT ~~ <BT l1PlW ~ fcf; ~ it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B ¥. ~ ~ ~ ~ ifi Wlic (catastrophic

fI ood) ifi <ttm ~ \3R'PTTCT m 1J'lT1 ~ ifi ~ -1ffi1 ifi ~.q it ~l'.ll1 ~ ~2 ~ ~ mwcr nsTT ~ ~

~ fcf; ~ 1ffi1 ~ ifi ~ <BT QC1l ~, ~ Cfllci{\;il jfi H"I Cf1Rif

<BT ~{lcFH""1R111i ~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ ~, ('f~ CZc(1iRCfl ~ <tt ~ mill it ~ ffi, ~ ifi ~ ~ ';r~ ifi \3R{ ifi ~~ ifi ~ f.1cwr VfR ifi q~'qfcf ~ ml ~ ~ ~ i'flITI1 ~ ifi m~-m~ ~l'.ll1 SlllllMlll mm ifi ~ CfiT f.fm '4t MI

fl ifi ~~ ~ ~ ~'ifi ~ ~ . 003 ~ ~ ~ ~ <BT ~ (The origin of conti­

nents and oceans) ifi ~ it ~ ~ Sl<!:R <BT (f~

cp:f 1924 it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ifi ~ (fit <BT ttCfl1N ~ ifi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ifi \ffim\ 'T\

~ ifi ~ ~ B ¥. ~ <BT we <BTl 00 <BT Qf<Cfl('q'11 ~ qft~ B tt "~ ~Cfc:lf1Cffi (plate tectonics) <BT ~ ~ it ~I ~ ifi ~ ~ it ~4 ~ " InosC1H I

ifi ~ ifi lffUfl1 B ~ m M fcf; ~ ~ ~ ~

~ B ¥. ~ ~ \3lfttg ~ 'l"tCCfl]q (drift) '4t S\ffil ~ ifi 'l"tCCfl]q ifi ~.q it ~5 CfiT llR11 ~ fcf; ~ iW!: "~

~~R" ~ ~ ifi ~ CfiT t;1~ ~ ~I CflTt6 ~ "~ fiR" CfiT qit~ M ('f~ ';r~ CfiT ~ ~ ~ M GfK it ¢ ~ \Rifi ~\9 ~ ~ ifi lffUfl1 B ~ CflT

~ ~ ifi ttCfl1N ~ CfiT qit~ M ~ ~ it ~ ¥. ~ ~ m~ ~ <BT we <BTl ~8 CfiT llR11 ~ fcf; "~

~" ifi <ttm ';r~ ifi ~ $r it IR'[C-q-w: ~ ifi CflITUT

41f;lvn~Cfl ~ it ~ it \3R'PTTCT S\ffil ~ ~~ CflT \ffiTt ~ ~ <sWl'lIg'1{9 ~ "~ ~" (genessis flood) B ~~ ~ CfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ M (~ 14)1

~IO CfiT llR11 ~ fcf; ~ ifi ~ ~ ~ ifi CflITUT

132

A

B

c

q-~ ~-- p,V', TII A LASS"

~ LAURASIA

~0l6 GONOWANALANI>

~ ---+- T£THYS

lW,\NAl.AND

1

iil1..n{:Ji ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q)f \31W[fq '4t -m=m: ~ ~ 'l1ri't it it 1l<lT1 ~ ~ ~ ~ (explorers) ~

qm ~ m IR ~ ~ ~~ ~ wh ~ Cfit ~ ml ~~II ~~~"C::~~~l1it ~tTI ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ @ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ it ~ fcmT %1 ~ q)f l1fAT m fct ~ ~ (continental) 'If ~ (region) it Fcl~ ~ fclft~ ~ qr:ft ~ ~ ~ '4t ~ \1fTftl it ~ Fclm ~ ~ IR ~ m (fU? Cfit ~ it qr:ft \ifR CffiTft ~ B ff1::r T"1<lT \) enc en\: !cT<l\:uT "1~"1l (patterns) ~

qiTefUT ~ q~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ClfctfCRU[ ~ ~ it ~ <%WIT 1 ~ ~ fll""l6fl I ~'1 ~ ~ ~~TI 2 ~

lR'lTi1 \3"l 1 fc'tlrq~'n ~ ~ ~J-iT q)f ~ m ~ ~ (Celebes), 1\'gf.i 11 1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ Cfit ~ Cfit ~ ~ eft fct it ~, Btusr ~ ~ lR'lTi1 \j""l l fc'tlrq~ 'n ~

~~ B -31WT ~ ~ ~I ~~ ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ \31W[fq

~ ~ ~ [q:)('\141"{i Brn Bm ~ ~, fJfB 01T~ ~ "

~ ~ mnm ~ Cfit Bm (Wall ace 's line) ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ q)f ~ m IR T Fcl~q it ~ ~ ~ q)f

~ qq 1876 it wrn~ ~ ID\T 1I \ij~~pTI ~ ~~

~)) ~ ~ it w:tJT~T it 01T'lf1 ~ ~~ ~ ~

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ it ~ <IT-~ w:tJT~T it \3W.ft, ~ m ~ IR W ~ ~ ~ «f{ IR \3"l&rR ~01T %1 01TWrcn ~-~ ~ ~ ~ it Fcl~q m IR M Fcl~ vftq (~ 'If vftcrT~l1) ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ fcmT \if! f1CfJ('fT %1

~ cT1 ~ ~ wm cT1 ll'fTUT

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cfit 11PrctT ~~T ~ ID\T ~ <fJ\ ~ <rft %, ~ WfTUT f.'r9 %:

1. "'4li'l1Jl~ ll'fTUT (Geometric evidence)

~ 0~q)f~~~~q)f~~

~ ('fC "~ ~" (j igsaw puzzle) ~ ~ Cfit 'l1ifc1 ~ ~ B ~ (fi t) \ifffi ~ I ~ ~ q)f~, fl'r.Wrn Cfit ~ it ~ \if! f1CfJ('fT %1 \3"loclc:6R6fl1 q)f \3"lffiTCfJ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ('fC B ~ (fit) f1CfJ('fT %1 'qffif q)f ~ ~ ('fC ~ it ~ ~'qll ~

B fil""IT'1('fT ~ CfJ\('fT %, ~ (fU? ~ ,~, ~,

~ q)f '4t \31Rr6fl ~ t)q; 1fq q)f itill % ~ ~ (fU? ~

~ m IR ~ Cfit V'll lfii ffil1 ~ it ~ 01'lWT \Q"

\ifTill %1 ~r:rr ~ ij)osCJ 1'1 1 it • 6flT"cfi ~ q)f g'1i"t'""l IOI

m IR ~ ~ \ffl\ ~ q)f fct1m m-ctT % ~ ~ it mtt ~ ~ \Q" ~ %1 ~ (fU? ~~T ~ it ~ BT~ ~ \if! f1CfJ('fT % (~ 10)1 ~ ~ \3"lWTJCf ~ ~ ~ WfTUT Cfit "ciR Cfit ~~TT it ~ q-I?ffi ~ ml

2. ~ cT1ll'fTUT (Stratigraphic evidences)

~ ~-~ ~ 01WT--31WT ~ it ~ d'rnT \if11Tq

(sedimentation) ~ Cfit ~ .:m=r''l1CJ' m tmft % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~~ ~ Cfit ~ Cfit ~ q)f 0~ ~ ~ d'rnT %1 ~~ ~ it 2000 $ qq

~ ~ Cfit Brn 600 $ qq ~ ~ ID\T -31WT it ~ % ~ ~ tWIT q)f fcffim: ~ it 'lft ~ %1 Qif16flloil1Icfin""l

~, ~ ~, f.'r9 ~ ~ ~ q-~ ~ ~ ~, 'n osCJI'1I ~~T ~ B'4t ~ (<:rm-~ 0~.

133

. . . ~. 6

7

2-6. Ic! ~ffiif B<ITU! Iflmftq (~) 'IlT ~ o~ J1T'1! ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~

7. 'lJK'! '<mi it ~q ~ ~ tlm ~ ~ ~

~, ~, ~ ~ \3"IocICflRChI) CJiT ~ it ~ ~-~...q i8 4lT !fl1TUT tl ~I 4lK'f cfi ~'4 it ~, rtR ~ ~ ~ ~ cfi qcffi '4t ~ ~ m ~ I ~ ~

~ cfi ~ w:nuIT B ~ cfi ~ CJiT ~ ~ ~mm ~1

3. "R'I<lC/~ ~m WlfOT (Structural evidences)

~ ~ cfi ~ ¥JCr ~ men ~, ~ ~ 4lT

~rFf ~~rfF1#11~1 ~ ~ it m~ ~ ~ ~ cfi qru­

~ it \ifRIT ~ I ~ ~ c1lcAli1f11.11 ~~lr~H#1I~1 m'q1=[ it ~ cfi qru- ~ flTqp:f flTqr ~ I ~rn cfi g1f.lylol B ~ ~~lffH#1I~;:fj it f1 h'HClI i8 CJiT ~ qpft vm=\T ~ I c;fuuTI

~ it ~ ~ CJiT ~ tT ("fWIR ~<TIffF1#11~1 ClflYIf11.11 it ~ mm ~ ~ ~ \3"I~ICflRCh ~41\fH#1I~1 fCjcfclRl.11

~ it ~ it vmft ~ ~ f1 h"HCl I 4Jr1l1 Wcfi ~ I

4. ~ ~.£ft WlfOT (Glaci al evidences)

ql{iChlcsn11~{fl 4lK'f cfi ~ B'4t c;fuuTI ~ ~

cfi ~ it ~I ~ ~ <tiT B'4t ~ B ~ fc\?<n \if[ ~ ~I ~ ~ it ~ cfi Bffi, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, fcr~lR'f ~ B ~ cfi ~ i8 cfi ~~~ ~ !fl1TUT

~ m ~I Cfiill: F>hR~I~1 ~ cfi ~ g{ (glacial

surface) ~ ~ ~ cfi ~ ~ c;fuuTI ~ B qrq"f

~ ~ ~I ~rn: ~ ~ ~ ~ 'lW[ it men ~ ~ ~~CJiT~~n~~~mm ~1 ~~

cfi ~ ~-~ ~ cfi ~ ~ ~-~ CfCl) ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ cfi ~ ~ cfi \31'UlIR B ~ B11R ~

cfi ~ ~ B ~ i8 CJiT ~ qrq"f mm ~ I ~ cfi ~ CJiT ~~n cfi ~'4 it ~ ~ ~~ ~m~­~ (grooves) , ~ (wrinkles) , ~ (fold) ("f~ ~ it ~ (thrust) cfi \31Tm\ ~ ~-~ B ~-m'q1=[ CJiT c=rrq:;

134

'lUI ~ 1l>C<I>

M.d-()cea., ic ridge >rfffil!'R

8. ~~R -quw ~~ 11111" U::¢t <fK<f)

9.~ (trench), ~~R im, 'ho-(')~'"C<i1 ~~ .~~ ~

~~

~~ ~ ~I ~ Bl~ tr Bl~ ~ ~ rtt f?;~TT ~ \IflWT,

'TIU$c1l'"1I ~ ~ ~1f.f~\UI m it ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '1TB

€8 rtt ~ Cj){ill ~ I ~r~jI.il\Jil~Cf) "TT it ~ fcrn:m: q)f ~

~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ it qr:rr \1fT"ill ~ vn ~ it ~ ~ ~ rtt ~ cR ~ ~ ~I

5 • .:!{I\J1ii1C1I!! ~.tft JllW'T (Palaeoclimatic evidences)

~;r~~~~· rtt~~B TT"T~{r:J"IIJ1==l:1qrTTTlg ~m ~ cR ~ ill ~ ~ f.'rCJ?R;n fct m mtTR ~ ~<r ~ ~ ~ ~m B \3lWT

~rt~it~~~1 ~~~~~~ ~<r it ~ ~-grrrcT (polar wandering) rtt ~ ~ B ~~ ~ (~ 7) 1 0"lucl~RCf)1 it ~ q)f qr:rr ;JfRT

~ ~ q)f ~ ~ fct ~ B11<T <m ~ q"H"1i"C9l1i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, • it ~ ~ ~-~..t[ it ~ ~I

~ql81111 \IflWT (Aeolian deposits) ~ \31Tm\ ~ ~ rtt f?;~TT

q)f f.1m M \1fT"ill ~ I • ~ ~q'18111+~\31T q-I"'lf{" (sand

stone) it ~ m €8 B ~-~.t:1: . \3TIT ~. ~. it ~ rtt f?;~TT q)f ~ "~-f?;~TT" (Easterly wind) it ~ ~ ~I ~

crf 10 Jtcp (2) ~ 2002

Plate 5

' :'Q~:",. - ~,-:.

',.

·' \\,.i~ 5!

11

10. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '!iT ftr<i1R 11. ~~ ~

131T~ ffiq.rr 12 . ~ ~<iHfl '1#1I~ '1 m\T ~ ~

~~'!iT~

10

~ ~ ~ it ~ rtt f?;~TT "~-;:p:r" (westernly wind) rtt \f{Lfi ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \31JiffcnWR ~rn: \IflWT, ~ ~, ~, ~, ~ ~ 0"l rcl~RCf)1 ~ QqJCf)IG!l41cfi{fl ~rn: \IflWT ~ ~ B ~ \fill ~ ~ fct ~ q)f ~ ~Wr ~ ~ \31~~T B ~ ~ 1f4 ~ ~ \31~~T rtt \f{Lfi S\31T ~ I

6. ~~ ~.tft JllW'T (Geophysical evidences)

~ ~~<lt B ~ l1RT \1fT"ill ~ fct Cfn9 ~ it . '" "

~ TT qr:rr \1fT"ill ~ I \3~ ~ ~ ~ rtt ~ cR ~ m ~ IW1: M \1fT"ill ~ I ~ ~ ~ ' I~cl~c

(Fep4)' ~ (Fe2 0 3) ~ ~ &nJ • ~ ~

1 3 . ~ .:m=rt1R m 'llT q]\1-q]\1 'lfln ;JfR1

14 . ~~ ~ JR\ i3('F1 mu imT W 'fit '1ft1

$r (magnetic fi elds) cR ~~rr ~ ~ qit ~ fcn<n \JfRlT %1 ~ "tnwn ~'I~R""Y" 'Tf "~ ~'I~R""Y" \31~ "~ ~'I ~ R""Y II cfi ;:w:r B \rfRi \JfRlT % 1 9:~ cfi ~ CfJR'T

it ~ cfi ~ mvn c5t ~ TiT cfi 0TU1<R B ~-'Iffi (~ ~) c5t @ ~~ c5t ~ m'{f c5t

\JfT ~ %1 ~.c5t"B~~~~cfi~

~ q;rffi it 3{1'j~c6111 wn 'liT ~ fcn<n \JfT<l ill ~ ~cftl1 '!fI1UT CfcJi\lT (polar wandering curve) ~ ilc=rr % (~ 7)1 cmw.r it 9:~ c5t ~ tR ~ wn c5t ~~ it ~ ~ ilc=rr, ~ ~ wn cfi wn: 'lffi m %1 ~1 3, qit ~ ~14 c5t l1PTcff % fcf; wr:r cfi m~ ~

wn it ~-qw: it ~ %1 3{1'j"'-lc6111 0TU1<R B ~ q(ff

~ % fcf; 11tIf ~rm CfJR'T w-n ~ it ~ m 0ffi ~ c,rcn m ~-'!fI1UT-1WT (polar wandering path) qit ~

\JfRlT m ~ Icrr~ ~ 'JfI1UT 111 i qit ~ cfi wr:r it ~ \JfT

w:nill ~ ~ ~ ilc=rr % fcf; ~ it 'JfI1UT ~ ~I

7. ~ Jf1lTUJ (Palaeontologie evidences)

11tIf ~~ C,rrl ~ ~ cfi vTIcml1 ~ ~ B ~ ff11Rill W-R m %1 0~ ~ ~l cfi vftcIT~l1

135

WT'If1T ~ ~ %1 'i;1ltll~fhi ct~T cfi ~tit 'liT ~ ~ 'nugcH'i1 l1~~T it fiiz;rm %"1 ~ ~ ~ cfi ~ ~

w.Tffi qit ~ m %1 ~ CfJR'T cfi ~ cfi vftcIT~l1 em ~ ~ ~ cfi ~ \iTI1 it ~ ~ B m'{f fcn<n 1f<1T % 0ffi ~ ~q vftcIT~l1 em ~ CfJR'T c5t \Jjucl'liR4l1 c5t ~.ft B m'{f fcn<n 1f<1T ~ uTI ~ qcfi B ~ ~ ~ ~ if Rm S\31T ~ I ~ CfJR'T cfi ~ <lm- ff1R11~'2\{tl (Cystnosdurus), 4l;:;:fl yi"{l1 1 (Kannemayeria) ~m ~~

(Cynognathus) em \:HUclcf;R4lI , ~ ~, ~, 'lfmf

~ ~ B m'{f fcn<n 1f<1T ~, uTI ~ ~ em ~ m~ ~ c5t ~ em ~ m %1

~~~mQRormcn#~~ m~~ ~s;: c5t f.Nfuf ~~rr it ~ IJfffi % ~ mW'l1Cfl CfJR'T

it~it~B¥~~ill~~itBTl1PT~ GRfCR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ cfi ill\: tR ~ CfJR'T

w-n~~0ffi~~¢B ¥ ~ ~0ffi~wr:r w-n cIT11 ~ it \J'j1~Tlril~i"{tl (Gigantopteri s) m qr:rr

\JfRlT m ~ ~ ~ CfJR'T 'liT ~'l1 S\31T iT ~ tl114lI~'i m cfi m~-m~ \31WT it l]itl ~ ~ ~ ~ it ~\lcftwr ~m (temperate) 'i;1ItlI(~i"{tl ~

(Glossopteris)"B~ ~ <lm-~ ~, ~~ ~,

'lfmf ~ ~ cfi ~ -~ ~ it qr:rr \JfRlT %1 ~ ~ q-~~ i3O('fT ~ fcf; ~ ~ ~ 'liT ~ TT ~ ~ % ill ~ cfi m ~ ~ <FiT ~ %? ~fcf; CfJR'T ~ it ~ ~ B ~ cfi ~ 'lfCcfl\CT cfi CflRUT ~ it ~ S\31T 0ffi ~ ~ ~tit (ecotype) 'liT \31f'11R S\31T ~m TR ~tit cfi

w:nuT vftcIT~l1 cfi Wl it ~ l]it % 1 vftcIT~11 m cfi ~ 'l1rlt it ~cff B ~ ilc=rr ~ fcf; • it iT ~ GlTI wnl1 ¥ ~ ~ 0ffi ~ it ~ cfi Wl it \31WT -\31WT it Cfl1 % l]itl

~~~~¢B¥ ~% ~~tR ~ ~ cHf:lml1i qrft \Iffift %1 <:[f;~, ~ ~ ~ 'TT'4T<1 qrr cfi CflRUT mm %1 ~ cfi ~ ~ wr:r ''l1T«f'

'nugcll'i1 wiT:ur ~~T 'liT 'l1T'1 m, \Rf wr:r ~ ~ ~fRf-~~ ~ 0ffi 'lfmf c5t ~ ~ nsn cfi ;:flit ~I \Rf

wr:r ~ ~ c5t ct'i{Qm41 it 'i;1ltll~i"{tl ~ ~

q-'l1TClt ~I ~ 'lfmf c5t ~ ~ ~ nsn cfi wn: ~ B ~ ~ %, 0ffi ~ ~ \3tSOl4lR",~ it Tf1ft %1 0TI~ 'lfmf it \3 tSOl4lR",~ CR (tropical) ~ it ~

%1 \31WCl it ~ 'liT ~ Tf4 ~ (tropical ) 'liT

(\J'jI~~~I~i"{tl ~) m uTI fcf; 'lfmf cfi ~ 'i;1ltll~i"{{1 m B ~ ml ~ <:[f; ~ ilc=rr ~ fcf; ~ ~ 'liT 'lfCcfl\CT

136

160 140 120 100 ~J 60 40

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to

60 0

100 80 60 40

20

o ' • 0 \ 0 . "

20

, , , I I

I , , , \

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o o

20

, ~~. ~

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20

1,0 60

~, .. ; ••• Q

40 60

80 100 120 11, 0

'cJ - ~&-

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150

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~ , "¢ .

0 00

,, 0

~ ' ,// ' o

80 100 12C 140 ' 60 :BO

180

2(

liC

50:

I ) . ~ C"fiC'!i (oceanic ri dges)

~ M ~ i:\ \fn1 ~ 03m So31T o3ffi 03f'mi : % ~

~ B ¥ 1f/Tf1

~ ~ tfI1I.1 'l1ITCl ~ ~ 'nus Cl I"l 1 ~ ~

'lWT ~ ff~l 03h : 1 c:hRCfJI B ¥ ~ ~ \31('[: ~ ~ ~

'TT~ TTl ~ ~ m ~ CfJf{UT ~ m ~ '1ft ~ %1

W1R1 ~ qp:f fi:r;:;:T m €8 ~ CfJf{UT % ~ tmn % fcfJ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ (f\l11 S031f %1 ~ ~ % ~ tmn % fcfJ % 031fcT~lfCfJ ~ fcfJ ~ l1Wftcr <n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i:\ ~ IR ~ m ~ ~ ~I m fcR:T ~ Cf)f

lWrr % ~~ ft~ ~ <;~n IR R'41 CfJTm % 1 ~ CfJf{UT

W1RT Cf)f ~~11 m fi:r;:;:T ~ ~ CfJf{UT 03m ~ fi:r;:;:T m (RR \3)1

~ ~~ . " ~~ft G) ~-J:IRi '(1 I{i IlHl rzq \J1 1 ~'I"2. H ~:

~ ~ ~ ~fUT ~ \fn1 f?;~n ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ Cl "lP"1hll1l

c:hl ~ c8 mYIWH f~fI:flffF1#1~ GJ{T 031(1'lT M \J11ill %

(~ \ 2)1 ~ Cf)f 11fAT ~ fcfJ rfcfi YliT ~ ~ qiJ

(be \ t) ~ c:hl BTYT IR wIT \J1Tcfr g siT ' \11 HI ~ f1 H ~

\J1 1 ~~ rc:l ~rm m c8 ~ ?m cpfr ~ ~ ~ \31WT CflTCfr % 03m

Wchl 03~ qWi£i'l vfI~CfJ :rr B ;JfRT \J11ill %1 m ' (1 I{il~f{{i

~ \J1 1 ~j'I ~cl~rm m ~ ~ WIRCff ill ~ % ~ ~ ~ ct~T ~ ~ ~ m ~ wIT \J1Tcfr %, ~- p:hHlfCb~y ,

'JjI~~r2l~ftH , !>l"k)~&lCfJ"IY , ftP1i1fQ.iH, ~\f ffm ~~I

~ frW-1cf m c8 11 03:Mrn m " ~ "i111 i:\ \ifRT \J11ill %1 ~

m ~ qrm ~ ftrr~ #8 ~ om ~ l1Pmr % fcfJ % <iT ill ~~ ~ i:\ ~ ~ \rtffr ~ ~ ~-'lWT ~ fi1Wt i:\ 03i~ ~ 031 1 41iY &l 'n ~ fcfJ ~ fRfl:M RR ~ (.<iC[ ~ ~~ ~ GJ{T

'qffif ctr ~~ w.mr 'l1ITCl 'il °sCl 1"1 1 ~ Cf)f ~ .Jt~T %, ~ 031f~

ft~ ~'Ulnm ~ iY\il: ~ ~ gcr B ~ ~ (f\l11 ~

(drift) q)f qftun-q %1 ~ <:IT! f.f;rit-Tf 13'l1R (N inty East

ridge) \3fR qft'Cfl1 if @lCflI$I~"'I YI<:1cDCli1l'nfl Cf)CCf) (Laccad ive

Maldive chagos ridge) B Rrn S\311 %1 ~ ~ Cf)CCf)

(ridge) c:fuur ctt (RIfi ~m it~ ~ (~) ;nn: ctt (RIfi ~

CfITCft %1 ~ W B«1 ~; Cf)l1 Q~olg<K1 ~ ~ ~

B 1Jft1 CfITCft ~, \IfC[ frt ~ \3A o¢t ~ ctt 1Jft1 Tf-qf~'Cfl1 f?;~n if ~ ~I ~ qCf)]1 B ~ W q)f c:fuur B ;nn: ctt (RIfi m.:mcR ~ \3~ ~ %1 % ~14 ~ ~ W ctt 1Jft1 ctt ~ q)f qftqfUT fcn<nl ~ ~ rTi ~ rTi

wr:T ~ q)f 11'1If 'lWT 30° <:fuuTI \31~ft~T B 20° ~ \31W~T

ctt (RIfi W11f<TI1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Cf)T<:1 B ~ ctt R~ if ~ \JfR ctt ~ m % ill 50" ~ B ~ W rTi 'lWhlCl ctt ~ cfB<rtt Cf)T<:1 if 10 frfr.lqr;f ltft ~I

'qffiJ <liT \3RI' wtfq1 -« ~.q 1. 'qffiJ ~ 3101!ICllRq;1 <tt ~

~. ~. ~ rTi ~ ~ \31oclc6RCflI cfi ~ ~ q{ R~ ~I ~ j'qj-c \31~ rTi &T\l ~ ~ ~ frt ~ ~ 01 0clc6RCflI ~ ~ rTi ~ if ~ rTi ~ ~ ~

~~T Cf){ ~ V:I ~ ~ (Indian ocean) rTi ~ TTI rTi \311m\ q{ ~ rTi ~ rTi \31Rl-qffi (juxtaposed) 01 0clc6RCflI

rTi m ctt ~ ~ ~I

2. 'qffiJ ~ % !I IllHfI (~SIlllfH) <tt ~ ~ ctt 11RmT % frt ~ $1'11 {<f) { rTi \31TB -qffi ~

q)f ~-qft~ 'lWT ~, ~ ~ <:IT! ~ fcrcrre: q)f fcrt;r:r % frt ~ if <:IT! \31%\Cf)r rTi ~ ~ q{ \31~ ~ if A ~ \1'i\ijI~1011 ~ c:fuur if ~1\ijI~CfI rTi ~ if ~I ~ ~ q)f

~ % fcl:; ~$I'II{<f){ ~ 11ffiftq rTi ~ ~ 'lWT q)f ~

%, ~ ~ ~ 11'1If ~ if ~-m ctt \3. (linement)

rTi ~$I'II{<fJ{ rTi <:11~'i~~ (~) B ~ ~~ m ctt ~<ftl

3. 'qffiJ ~ ~ <tt ~ \k ~ ~, ~, Wr~ ~ \3A ~ ~ ~

~ ~ llR'NIR\1 fcn<n ~ 9~ ~ ~ rTi c:fuur ctt cwn Icrf\1n: rTi ~ if crcwnl ~, ~ ~ YI<:1I'lIm ~ tt ~ rTi ~ if ~, \3fR <:IT! ~ if ~ B ~ itch\ ~ ~ ~$I'II{<f){ rTi ~1M if {~ m 1f<TI1 ~ ~ mct1~'iI~c

-ftq::;rF ~"i'~\Jf (garnet quartz-sillimanite Graphite

gneisses), (WfU$l ~ khondal i tes) ~ rTi <:fuuTI-qft~

'lWT (m) B ~ ~ .m Wf;r rTi ~-qft~ ~ ~ ~

\Jfffi ~ I ~ rTi \ij1q)'iI<:1I~Yfi1'i \3fR m rTi ~ <:1 1 ~1Oj{1~1'i

137

(~~) if ~ ~tT ~ %1 ~ ~ ~ ctt ~ ~ '1IfR it -nsR q{ qw ~ % frt ~ tnC ;nn: Tf ctt (RIfi ~~ qft~ tnC ;nn: qft'Cfl1 ~ c:fuur Tf (NE-SE) ctt cwn ~ Cf){ill %1

4. 'qffiJ ~ 31H?;R1l1l <tt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rTi ~ ~ rTi 'fllfrq m ctt

~ <ftl mt -mt it ~ \3:rwT m llit ~ ~ c:fuur B I3ffi ctt (RIfi ~~ ~ qft'Cfl1 B Tf ctt (RIfi 1Jft111R m 1f<TI1 01 0clc6RCflI ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ rTi ~ ~

(coasts) B ~ (fit) fcn<n \JfT {1Cf)(ff %1 ~ em ~-qft~

~m ~ ~ ~ rTi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ fcn<n

\JfT {1Cf)(ff %, ~ ~ Bt ~ (gap) ~ \JfTill %1 qf~~

\3~ ~ ~ ~ rTi cITiT ctt ~ ~ 'l1B rTi ~ ~~Y~lfll'l{ ctt ~ ~ %1 ~ <:IT! ~ ffcwill % frt ~ W ~ ~ 01~Ic6RCflI B ~ \3m if ~ ~ ~I ~ B ~ rTi \3Tf{Rf ~ rTi ~ ~ (part) ~

~ Icrm ~ rTi ~ if 1\v1l@l 0$ ~ \IP1 R<nl ~ ~

~m ~ 1\U11@l0$ ~ vi'tsT ~ ill ~ frt'irt ~ ~ B ¥ (overlap) ~ ~I ~ VPZ ~ % frt CfI'4T it ~ Bl~ ~ irTl

q;-tl~01!(1 ~ ~ ~ l<Rlf.FRI <tt ~ Cflre.l~~(1 ~ Cf)l ~ W ~(W~Cf{i rTi ~

rTi Tf B \JfT"i'T \JfTill %1 ~'lff<l fR:~ if W ~ CfIOtt ~ ctt ~ (s lab) % ~~ ~Cfc l~Cffl q)f ~ f.1fitc1 (to build)

iRT %1 ~ ~ ~~ rTi ~ "W ~Cfcl~Cffl" ~T<Z: B ~ ~ % frt 'I~ ctt ~ W &T\l frtB em f.1fitc1 s4t ~I \311'­

ffrCh W ~Cfc l ~Cf{i ~ rTi \3~ 'I~ ctt ~ qc:[ ~

mtr ~ o¢t W cfi ~ if 1cr'l1<K1' ~ % ~ it ~ ~ B ~ Tflt ~ cqffi-~ ~ ~~ (mobile materials) rTi

Wf{ 1Jft1 CfITCft % I

W ~Cfcl~Cf{i cfi ~ q)f Icffln: ~ rTi \3Fn: ~

~ ~ (crust) cfi ~ '11'1If ~ Cf)CCf)' (mid oceanic

ridges) rTi ~ ~~ ~ \31"'1~m ~ ( trenches) rTi

~ rTi q~~ ~ cfi ~ if \31T<lT (~9) 1 W ~ CfIOtt ~ Cf)qq (s h e \I ) rTi ~ if 'I~ rTi ~ qp.ft \JfTill % ~ R~ (l ithosphere) ~ ~I <:IT! ~ ~ ~ Y~lm41101 ~ (oceanic ~ continental crust) ~ ~

Cf){ill % ~m ~.f1ffilO1{ (asthenosphere) rTi Wf{ qp.ft \JfTill % vi't 100-1 50 km ctt ~ if ~ ~ rTi ~ if (zone)

w.m itcft %1 <:IT! ~'llfCf if ~ ~ ctt ~ %1 ~ ~ 1Jft1 (sesmic ve loci ty) 61S\1 Cf)l1 qr:jT \i1Tcft ~ I

138

16. ~qj ~ ~ c;ci qcrrg cT; m~-m~ ~ 'lit ~ iJil J1WTfcI

17. ~ cT; '-IJI('[ it ~ rh til iJil >l~

I R.~cT;~~ffi;j~cT;cfr;rr

~~ 6-q~ ~ q)f Cfll SI31T t?Rn ~, \3lR ~(spread i ng) , W!W~R (subduction) ~ ~ (fold­

ing) ~ (zone) B Rrn SI31T t?Rn ~ I ~ ~ (Pa­

cific), ~r:r;r (eurasian), \3~, ~, ~ c=r~

\31ocl~R'h %1 %I&lqlll ~ ctt ~ I B 6 wn. !W!~ men ~ I w oR T@r ~ ~ ~ 'hf{'h ~~ tmf % ~ ~ ~ (oceanic topography), ~~R c.n't;:;: (convect ion

current), j{<\~I'hEh ~ ~ qqit ~ ;J'l1T\ it ~ ~oR\3W1~men ~1 ~ ~ ~w~ qqit (oceanic crust) ~ ~ T@r ~ ~ (~ 11 )1 ~

'hrel ~;:C(1 ~ ~ 'hl f!11$r ~ ~ ~I

w ~q:2.If.1cW ~ oR CIIT&1T R9 ~\3n q<: Vff

m~:

1. ~ cor q ~ ~ B qrn-qrn 3lRT

~~R c.n't;:;: C% ~Tfcffi~lKfr '1ffil ~ un ~~ oR

~-~ qqit (crust) 'hl ~ ~ Jffi \Jff5t ~ I:fQffi~-~

it J1WTTCT t?Rn ~ em ~ mit (ri ft va ll e y) q)f Rqfur ~

~I ~ ~ oR ((Fct~lK'f ~-tnit (Great rift va lley) ~

q)f C% ~ B ~ q)f ~ ~ \3lR ~ fm oR C% ~ ~I

2. ~ CfiCcfi (Ocean ri dges)

~~ ~ \3R1 ~ m1 B ~ s<fr ~ffi ~ f.1cm;R , c=r~ "WI ill1T 'hil\ ~ ~ 'hJ1UT 1if ~ ~ ~ it &cn: ~ ~ ;J'l1T\ q)f Rqfur t?Rn ~ un ~ ~ ~ tmf %1 11~ l:T-~ ;J'l1T\, ~ qcffi ~ CY3f q)f 11PT ~ I m !W

(planet) q<: \3:w:!tqq:; ~ ~ ~ ~ '2W it % 80,000

km Cf'h m qr{ <:fT?IT m ~ ~~ (g lobe) 'hl ~ it Ert @ % (~ 15)1 11'iIf Qc(1iR'h 'hCcl) (mid atlantic ridges)

~ 'hJ1UT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ill C% ~ ~ -rm ~ I 11<­

l:T \3~ 'hCcl) ~ \Jnit ~ SQ 11PT ~ (is land) ~ '2W it ~~%I

3. ~ cor ~ m~ qrn-qm 3lRT

~ fcl:; 9:~ oR ~ w ~ m m % c=r~ ~ C%

~ B CcfJU (colliding) -m % ~ Q0fT q)f ~ \Jnit ~ oR W q)f ~ W (pacific plate) B Ccfi\."R ~ q~~ ~ ~ ~ B f.1fltf qcfcTI ill1T ~ t?Rn %1 ~

~ Ql1.it . Q"G .it. ~, ~ ~ J'Cl1(1 1:!<Sl1 ~ q'l1]q B Hfltf S\31T ~ I ~ 'h~ eft n:¢f W (ocean plate) \31NB it ~ % ill ~ W ~ oR ~ wm m \JfTill ~ \3lR ~ Lf)(1{<R",q

~ ~ (trench) q)f Rqfur t?Rn ~ (~ 9)1 ~ ~ 'h~-'h~ lO1 ti li4:1 q)ll W (con tinenta l plates) \31NI:! it ~ %, ~ ~ ~ Wrrwr CfiT qcffi ~~ q)f Rqfur ~w ~

~rn ~ \31NB it Ccfi\."R ~ q~~ SI31TI

4. ~ ~ cor ~ (Sea floor spreading)

W ~q:clf.1"r{i ~ \:R:~ it ~ ~~ ~~ q)f l1Cf

~ fct ~ ~ q)f mm ~ wiTw1 ~ ~I {f~ ~ (ocean bas ins) it 11'iIf ~-qqi:1l01l(11 (m id oceanic ridges)

~ ill~ W ~ m't-m't ~ men ~ ~I ~~ ~ ~ ~ (mantel) ~ ~ qG]~ ~Tf('fl\ eft ~ ~ "'lRT \ifl1T tmf @ % Jm tsr m ~ iN\Rf ~ qqit q)f Rqfur m % c=r~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 'hl ~ 'h1 ~ %1 ~ ~ ~ q)f

l1fflT ~ fcl:; ~ ~ it ~ (magnetic f ields rever­

sal) 'h{ ~ it ~ TT<IT ~,\31\f: ~ ~ ~ tsr tmf qq:c=r

~ ~ it ~ qrn VfAl ~I ~ ~ m1 q)f mm ~ t?Rn @ff ~ ill ~ ~ \R1C-~ ll~qR'hI~ll " ~

139

~:;~ Tlln.1· ~

I, 'lId" ~ ~,"rF To1~ .. -';~r '" I ' IL~ ' [".[ • • - [ ' l( I !.. J:'I ..... fo-r: .. ,r

19 , ~'iM,@\(C:1<1 Q;:f!cfif.1RHi t!WfiS CfiT Fcl~~ olh~~

20, ~t:/T'l <wTI11

~ it ~ men ~ I ~ if; ~ 'R ~ II~_~" (zebra

stri pe) t@t<r ~ -31f.1<1filC1C1 1 (l inear magneti c anoma­

li e~) CfiT ~1T ~ ~MT ~ if; ~ ~ $it it ~ 'l'1T ~ I ~ ~ C"l\iWT15 ;?r Dr:r:f \3ffilR-~ FcTItl -ft m if; ~ c8 TfTI ~ if; CflR'f if; Rm if; Wo/'Cl it ~ en %1

~ f.mz1 ~ if; ~'!f it ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ CfiT f.r:ITur '2:~ if; ~ $f if; \R1C-'R1C ~ -ft ~ it ~ ~ Jffi ~ ~ (stripes) it ~ (asymmetry) ~ ~ -ft qrft \il'T'ill ~I W ~ \J'fI(ff ~ fcti t@t<r-~ ~. -3:ffcf; ~ cmc8 <l~ ~ ~ it ~, ~ ~ (magnetic reversal) ~ ~i{c:If.1Cf)

-«~T (oriental tec tonic stress) if; <:fJRUT men ~ I ~

J1f.1<1filC1C1 1 (magnetic anamolies) if; CflR'f CfiT Rm {H t" I{"qc; ~ I ~~R CfiT lWRT ~ fcti \ifGf "~~r:r:f- \3ffilR-~"

c8 00 trr -ft Cl1T&lT c8 \il'T'ill ~ ill <It> ~-\3'1ffi: ~ (ridge

system) -ft ~ ~ if; ~PHn~ ~ CflR'f it %rnu men \il'T'ill ~ ~ ~ CfV1 CfiT ~ J:r1TUT ~ ~ %1 ~ CfJCi.fil if; fcti;:rft ( flanks of ocean ridges) ~ ~ it \3ffilR c8 l'1l?I1 ~ men ~ I

5. fcRT~~ ~ (subducti on)

~ ~ ~ -ft W ~ (plate accretion)

140

men ~ ~ WWf~R mr W 'fiT fcr;n~T iRrr ~ I \31ll1 ~ q-{

~~R ~ ~ (trench) cfi ~ ~ cfi ftK1R ~ q-{

fcRT~T cfi .~ it ~ \JfTill ~ I ~ ~ 'fiT WWf~R vWr (subduct in zone) (~ 8) ~ ~ m ~ (coasta l

mountain range) B ~ ~ ~ \3m Q!fi ~ (compres­

s ion) cfi CfiITUT Q!fi W ~ W cfi \3R7: mq-c'f ( under­

thrust) it vmft ~ I ~ ~ it ~ W viT ~ cfi ~ ~ it lfIft it (subducted) \Rlcfi m it <Tg 11(1 ~ fc1:i <Tg ~

700 km c8 ~ it Tf: ~ vmft ~ I ~ ~ (gravity data) B ~ iRrr ~ fc1:i ~ it ~ qqit (crust)

cfi qcam 'fiT ~ m iRrr ~ I

~ ~ it \31f~ ?Cfcif.Ni ~ c8 ~ m cfi ~ WWf~R ~ c8 ~ B c) ~ Cf)Ri 'iI~41 c8 ~ !WIT \iff I:fCfJill ~ I WWf~R ~ c8 ~ ~ cfi q:;~r q-{

~ ~ (compressed), ~ (deformed) ~ ~-~ ~

(th rust faulted sediments) B c8 \iff BCfJCft ~ I %-~ ~

(Peru chile trench) ~ ~ ~~1'<FI ~ (eastern aleution

trench) cfi -31UJ<.R B q(f! ~ ~ fc1:i ~ ~ ~ ;p11 ~

(soft sediments) m WI "lfcf %1 ~ \1i<TI cfi \31fclJit (sesmic

first motion data) mr <Tg \!fRCfJTft ~ ~ fc1:i \31f~

~ (earthquakes) ~ cfi ~ (under trenches) Jffi ~ (is land) cfi fc1:i'iliT it mrq ~ Cf)~-Cf)~ ~ cfi CfiITUT iRrr ~ I

;m~~~WwRrtt~

g<I'3)'"<Slc:hlll (palaeomagnetism) ~ ~ \'R'f mIT<

(sea tloor spreading) cfi !:fI1TUT cfi \31f'tffi q-{ <Tg qiT~ !WIT TfllT ~ fc1:i ~ (continents) ~ ~ ~ (ocean bas ins)

~~ cfi ~ ~ it Pt~n WR (mobile) ft~ it ~ \3m it \31~ ~ Q!fi ¢ cfi m~-m~ ~ %1 ~ ~ m ~ c8 mq m cfi q~~ ~ ~ (ocean basins) cfi ~ ~ ~ ~ cfi m it m !WIT ~ I ~Ul {iI'l nll ~ (medi terranean sea) ~ cfi Icr~ffiif ~ (~ ~) 'fiT

\31cl~ ~ ~ I ~~~ ~ (paci f ic ocean) mr-mr ~ c8 W Jffi ~ ~ (ridges) it WWf~R cfi CfiITUT WTl\lll:

Btr'rcT 00 it ~ \iff m ~ \3fn: ~ Cf{LIl \3~ ~ it ~ 200 $ W B WTl\lll: ~ it m ~ I ('ffiif -Bl'l\: it ~ ~ it11 ~ it TfllT ~I 11 i? 1I~:)q"11l ~

(continental masses) Q!fi ¢ cfi 1TlT:f iJB Bl1'l \31ffi % ~ ~ qrn-qrn ~ wm %, ~ VfG[ ~ it ~ (expansion) iRrr ~ (fo:[ ~ fcr{~ (continent dis­

placed) it vWf %1 ~ (satellite) mr \31UJ<.R B q(f! ~

~ fc1:i ;:nrft ~ 'fiT ~ (dri fting) QJ~p:n cfi ~ S\31f

Jffi ~ 'i11T B <Tg \!fRCfJTft ~ ~ fcfJ T\fft ~ ~ ~ it \3wrT-\31WT 'lRCfJ[q ~'l1'1 4 -wn/C11't c8 ~ B it m ~ I

~~omq~~~~~

~ 'fiT 1cr~Cffi1 ~ fc1:i %l1T mr ;;qn: -'l1lCT fuiqrq

\3m m~ ~~n it ~ cfi ~ cfi ~ ~ c8 ~rfc.ffi ~ ml ~ fc1:i ~ ~ % fc1:i ~ 'fiT ~(migra­

ti on) ~ =nm c8 Cf{LIl S\31f ~ I ~ m it w W~ ~ fc1:i

~~ cfi qft'W1'lT B ~ \3~ GK1 (centri fugal force)

cfi CfiITUT fuiqrq S\31f it<nl ~ qiT~ (Nuc lear testing)

B ~~ cfi \3R7: Q!fi ~m c8 W~ % viT fc1:i W ?CfcIACf{"l

~ Cf)~l qrc71 WR cfi ~ ~ ~ men ~ I

~16 \3fn: ~1 7 'fiT 11T'i"'il % fc1:i ~~ cfi \3R7:

mm c8 l1fTf ~ fcrmuT ~ cfi ~ (dri ft ing) cfi ~ ~ %1 ~ cfi \31f'tffi q-{ ~<lR GK1, ~~ c8 'lfu ~ \3"lSI1l i?h1hHOI c8 ~ ~ cfi ~ cfi ~ ~~ CfJRCf) %1

.,Ul ~ \j'lffi (mid oceanic ridge) it \3"lSI1l 'fiT wm? ~

\3n1rCfJ iRrr % ~ im ~~ cfi \3R7: ~ ~~R (ther­

mal convecti on) 'fiT ~ ~ %1 .n-ttm ~ {fl~'I~aqI 8

Jffi ~1 9 cfi \3~ VfG[ ;mU ~ \31f'tffi (bottom) cfi ill1Tl1R it ~ ~ ~ Ncfr % Jffi ~ ~ (conduc­

ti on) cfi mr i?{"{1 h1f{ \i ~ !WIT \iff fICfiill (1~ it ~~R

(convecti on) it ~ it vmft %1 ~ ~ cfi fcr{~ cfi CfiITUT c8 ~ cfi ~ ~ BPn qcf (thermal boundary

layers), ~ 'tffiT cfi wm? cfi ~ (fl ow pattern of ther­

mal current), m mIT ~ (low veloc ity zone) (1~

~\3'fTq:; vWr (benioff zone) cfi ~ ,11UJ<.R c8 \3ncr~<rCfJill

Ncfr %1

~ l<Rlf.1Cffi Cfi1 tffiurrq

~ ~ 3frjf

\3lf'J1 ~~ c8 ~ q-{ m ~ viT ~ ~ ~ % ~ W-?CfcIACf{i 'fiT qf(urp:r %, \31~f~1'<FI q4\i111711 'fiT Ff1:ITur ~ ~ ~ ~ c8 ~ it CCfCf)"{ cfi Cfi71{<H:<lq 9:~ cfi

~ q-{ ~ cfi CfiITUT (wrinkling) S\3nl • ~

(U nited States) cfi m~ ~ (1C q-{ ~ (sesmic) ~

~ 1 71 I :!cll (volcanic) c8 ~, ~~~ ~ c8 W ~

;:nrft ~ c8 ~ it ~ (gr inding) ~ cfi CfiITUT Ncfr %1

~~TRl ~ c8 W c8 'lfu cfi CfiITUT \3-;"'T'T 'fiT ~ (ring of

f ire), ~1 71 I :!cll ~ ~ 'fiT ~'lWi ~ \JfTill %1 ~ it 1fT

"flTln: (dead sea) c8 ~, ~ it \WrT-\31WT ~ &m Q,CIJ

~ (rift system) ffi ct CfJ11UT s<TI ~ I ~ c8 m ~ 91T f.1!:rfuT ~ \31T\il Cfcf) m m ~ 91T CfJ11UT 'I1ffiW:r \jCf ~ 91T

~)"<fl W (sub plate) ct ";ftit ~ (burrowi ng) \len ~

~ it I30JcT (raise) ~ ct CfJ11UT S\31T ~ I

~ ~CR1RCffi CliT ~

~ ?COfciRCOf{"l \j1fil '1ft ~ ~ ~ ~ qqm ~

erst it lIT ~ \31ffi-qm ':!~ c8 ~ ~ ~ ~I cfit:1Iq))~<11 ~ \3ffitc.nr B \WrT m ~ \len ~ 91T ~

(boot) ~ m ~I ~m, ~~rn B ~ ~ \3m ~ B ~ it \31WTfcl -?rnl

~~.tft~~ ~ \j1fil ct ;;WTI 91T fcrm"uT ~ CM1 it ~ ~

ct fcrm"uT ~ fcTcm:r-;pq <n: f.1~ Cf)@ ~ ~ ~ ct CfJlTi.8 91T '1ft Icr~ ~ iKn ~ I M '1ft \IfTfci (species) ct fcrm"uT it ~ ~ ~ CfiWfi ct ~ it ~~ m ~ I ~ ct ~ <n: ~ i1llM ts c8 ~ 1"tt 'li1 m (J{I\

~ i1llM rrt ~ it m \A1 ~ m % \len C§9 \3M

~ ~ crtm~ (extr;::me drought) it m ~ ~ it "B~ men ~ I ~ ~ ~;:p:f \fl ct ~ em . '"' i1llM ~ men ~ I ffitIl1R, ~ ~ ~ \3M ~ ct CfiWfi ~ ~tT ct ~, ~ c8 \3lCTRr M '1ft \IfTfci c8 ~ ~ it m c8 W1~ctT c8 ~ m %1

1Wl~ ct q~ ~ ~ (major life zone) c8 ~ (biome) cmm ~ I flIYI;:;q<:"l<11 ~ ~ ~

~~'1 91T ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ I ~ 91T quA m ct ~ ~ ~ c8 M ~ (b iological unit) ct ~ it li"fffi ~ 1 ~ m <n: <frm ~ ~-m ct fcrm"uT ct ~ 91T

<wW1 ct ~ it quA m ~ ~ ~ m ~ (vari a­

ti ons) c8 ~~ 1"tt fc\J<n \JfTill ~ I ~ ~ c8 mszn c8 WM vITcr ~ it fclqrG: 0flT S\31T % \1tI: '1ft t9: ~ W c8 {Wi 1 ;:;q <:"I <11 J:fPl\lT mq'f ~ (fiF1 20) 1 ~ ~, Vn, qufqrcft

~n\lT 1'>UTq:;RC[~~fT Vj' Tf~ (tempera te deciduous forests),

i3EOIq:;Riij rtft crrn ~ ~, (tropical rain forest) , mB ct ~ (grassland ~ savanna), \len ~ (desert) \3W1 %1

m ~ it '1ftcrcR ~ \~ ~ ct \31Tm\ <n: ~

B ~~T c8 3;1: \JCfIcr~ 'li1 m Tf<n ~ I ~ m c8 ~~~Icr~ q~ct~~c8~ ~ \W.n ~ I ~ ~ ~ iKn ~ fcfi <wW1 c8 w@r Tf ~ B ql<:"llcHun<1 (environmental) ~ I

141

1. ~ (Tundra)

~ ~ ~ 91T ~~, ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~rn ~ %1 <rif c8 ~ ~ it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lfITI ct ~ it m ~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ %1 ~ ~ it em i1llM "B~ men % uTI ~ ts ~ ts-lfITI ct ~ ~ men %1 ~ ~ c8 ~ ~ c8 "ffislrr \3M

~ c8 WRT it Cfi11 men ~ I ~ \len 1ffi:f (l ichen ~

mosses) zTtm 91T ~~ ~ \JfTill ~ I C§9 wr-~ m emit <fril '1ft ~ % ~ ~~ ~'l1 ~ %1 ~ ct 11tRt it ts ct €n:R \3:@jqjt ~T vITcr ~ (dormant) \31~ rrt ~it it ~ (emigrate) ~ ~ %1 ~ B C§9 ~miT q l (",II~{UI (reindear)

~, (wolves), ~, (l emmings) ~ ~ it m c.rI'C1: ~ (water foul) ~ ~ Cfcf) ~ (migrate) m %1

2. tlll (Taiga)

Vn (~) Q,CIJ 1cr~lR'f ~T"I1m: ~ ~ (co­

niferous fo rest) ~ uTI ~ ct c:fuor it ts ~ ~ ~ 'l1PT

it R~ iKn ~ I <rif ct ~ ~~'1 it ~ ~ ~ ~~ 91T ~~ ~ ~I ~ q:; 1 ~9)CF1 <fril, ~ ~~ (birch) ~ mr ~~ (aspen) C§9 tt ~ it ~ ~ B qJil \Jffct ~ I ~-m it m ~ ~mft ~ (Bears) , f%T;:f (Moose) \len ~

Vn ~~T it f.1cm:r m %1 lfITI ct ~ it <rif ~ m cm;ft

~ '1ft ~ ~ %1 ~ ~~T it vW:r-~ c8 mszn ~ ~~T it ~ ~ ~ <ilrWT it Cfi11 ~ %1

3. qufqrffi ~~ Cfiir.r.tft ~ (temperate deciduous for­

est)

~~c8rrt~it\~~Bcrrnit ~ qr<ft \ilTCft ~ ~ ~ CfiR'IT B ~-~ M ~ (li fe zone) ffi %1 qufqrcft ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ct ~~T 'l1PT ~ ~ ~ ct ~~ ~tft ~ it ~ ~ it crm \Jffct ~ I ~m ~ ~-m c8 mszn ~ men ~ I C/KCf

~ it ~ q:; 1 ~9)CF1 ~~ \len ¢ \3A ~m 91T q~ iKn

~ I ~ it ~~T ~~ c8 M ~ ct ~ it rn: \ilTCft ~I

~-m it ~~T "B'Ift \~ ~ crm ~ %1 <mt <n: ~ q:;'Ift ~ en ri Cfi11 ~ ~ ~ ~ fl 111 l;:;q <:"I <1 I ~ men gl

4. ~ \3 EOICflR6I;tft ~ (tropica l rain forest)

~~~~rrt~emit~it

Icr:rcf\l 'nsn (equator) ct qm 'WIT \JfTill gl \jUT[ ~tft ffi

142

\3mfr-c:m ~, c:m ~ ~ 'lWT, ~ nm ~ qm

\3lqiTCfir Cfir \3lmCfii~T ~rFr, ~~ruft-~cff ~~Fn, ~fc~uiTiJf

m ~ ~ ~ 'lWT it Cl:f]"qCli Wl B ~ iJfRt ~ I

\3 tSO l'hRiiHIT ~ em -m:m: it ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~

it I1ff1T vm=rr %1 ~ ~ it vftciT eN ~~r ~ \3lf1lB it ~ m ~ ~I qrQt ~ ~ ~ eN"fi&lT ~ ~ it ~B ~ NcTI %1

5. qm cf; ~ (grassland ~ savanna)

~ftc:ftmr ~ \3IDf qftq--,m $it it ~ crTI ~ Cf)11 NcTI % qif CfWl ~ it qffit CfiT ~~ ~ %1 ~ ~ ~, 11V1 ~, 11V1 ~ ~ c:m ~ CfiT ~~T 'lWT, ~CfiT CfiT \3lT'qCfii~r 'lWT, mm ~ CfiT ~ 'lWT m ~ ~r:rr em ~QR qrn ~ tt~-~ ct Wl it I1ff1T vm=rr %1 ~ ~ eN Fcrm ~ % fcll ~ WT'lVr ~ ct ~ CJ~ qrlt iJfRt ~ \3l~ ~ ~ ~ ~! qrn ~ iKRr 'lWT it

~ ~

cntt -cntt mtt ~ <n tntt it ~ gem <nil ~ ~ ~ 1

Cl:f]"qCli ~ IR qrn ct iKRr $it it rn ~ ~ iJfRt ~ ~ ~ ~ CfiT ~ ~BT (bi son) m ~ CfiT ~

(zebra) ~ ~I ~-~ eN ~ it ~ ~ it ~ Cf)11 qp:jt i1fTill ~ 1

6. ~ (desert)

~ ~ cf, $it it crTI ~ ~ ~ it NcTI %1 ~ ~ it qrn Wfi vftfcm ~ Ui BCflillI \3"1 ° cICfiR'h1 em ~ ~ ~ Wl it ~ ~ 'lWT B'4T ~ it qr<n vm=rr %1 m1fufr-~G1TI • ~ (United States), ~-~ ~,

~ CfiT 'lWT m ~ it \3<:'8<Sl11<1 ~ ~ iJfRt ~ i

~ cf, ~ ;:8 mm B ~r:rr iI~ ~ ~ (l~ 11V1-~ it ~~r m ~ ~ iJfT BCfiill %1 ~ cf, Fc1ftR: qrQt it ~ (cactus) m ~ (euphorbia) ~ I ~ qril ~ 11lff ~ m Wl B Cf)11 ~ it uR cf, ~

~~~I ~~it~~~itm, ~~~~mft~~1 ~~~, B""~ (l~ @ it ~ ~ ~I ~ ~~ it \311R ~rtn: ~ qAt em ~ ~ ~ Fcr~ ~~ ~ NcTI %1

3A~

m~, ~eN~, m ~~ ct \3lT~ IR rn ~-~ ~ em ~ lfl!T %1

;;ftq1 cf; ~ ~ JI~ Cfi'8 qffi ~

\3lTiJf cf, qrQt ~ ~~ ~ IcKRur em ~'l1lfcm m it

!1 1 ~RlQ l m'h 1cKRur, FcrCfim ~ CfiT ~, ~ ~ ~ CfiT\Cf)~ ! ~ ~ cf, ~ R9 ~ em Fcr~ ~ ~ ~I

1. <lIl1lq{OI ~..tft 31<IUt.f (environmenta l barri ers)

Cfi'4T-Cfi'4T Ci I('1 ICi{OI ~,m \WRIt:( ~ cf, IcKRur em ~'l1lfcm m %1 ~ cf, ill<: IR ~ ~ q4 ('1 111 (11 \JfIfR IR

\3TR qrffi iJfW cf, qqrn em ~ %1 ~ ~ ~ S\3lT ~ eft ~ cf, <ftq Ci 1('1 ICi (Ol ~QT \WRIQ ;3('R 'hTill %1 ~ ~ ~ \31\8 \3m it ~ cr:ITcr<uT \31cTU'q'f) eN ~ m 'hTill

%1 ~ cf, ill<: IR mm ~ qrftft~ (ecologi-, ,....A-,-.,. "' ~ call y) ill<: IR 11V1 ~ c8 ~ \J1'flI'fJI B \3lWT 'hTill (,I

vftciT cf, IcKRur eN Cllf@1f m ~ ~ 8M eN ~, ~'4 (l~ cr:ITcr<uT cf, ~ eN \3W1"~~ NcTI %1

2. f<mmq ~ (dispersal mechan ism)

fctBt '4T ~ ~ it ~ ~ cf, \3"Yf.fct~r m CffiffCRUT ~ \WRIQ B ~ qR it B11~ill cf, \lftc8 it ;:;ftq

~ it CfiTThl ~ ~ %1 vftciT it ~ CfiT 11R

(degree of mobility) m ~ ~ ~ (egg) ~ ~,

~ cf, IcKRur it ~ ~ R~ ~I ~ qrQt ~ ~ ~ ~ Wfi ~, qAt ~ ~~ &m ~ ~ iJfRt ~ I ~ ~ ~ Cll9 cf, i't9 (palm) ~~f(1: B'Ifr \3tSO l'hRciJrQT ~ IR

~ iJfRt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CfiTThl ~ Wfi ~'q ~ ~I ~~~~itrn~m~mft~~ Wfi qqrn CR ~ ~I vftciT ~ fcn:smq ~ qqrn CfiT \3l~

m cf, ~ ~ (morphology), ~rtn: fi8:rr ~ (phys i­

ology) ~ {Cl'lWT (ethology) cf, qil~ eN \3W1"~~ NcTI %1

~ \3l~ B ~ ~ CfiT M ~ ~ it ~~r cfift

ffin %7 c8 ~ it ~ ~ %1

3 . fcIcom ~ ~ \11 Ic'it 1ICf){0 I (evolution ~ speciati on)

qrQt ~ ~~ eN ~ iJfW CfiT FcrCfim \31cft(1 it ~ ~ ~ ~ cf~r (ancestral stock) B ~-~ \31WTfCT ~ B S\3lT1 ~~11 cf, ~ ~ \3lTiJf eN ~ cf, <ftq B11RffT ~

\i1 1"1 'hIR<il B \i1llif cf, FcrCfim (evolution of spec ies) eN C21T@TI

m it ~ ~ %1 ~ \i1I"1CfiIR<il B fch-m iJfW \3l~ \31cft(1

it ~ ~ eN ~ CfiT q(ff ~ %1 ~ ~~11 CfiT

131'iZf1:A" ~ ;;ftql ifi Icfcnm ~ ~ ~ ~'mf ~-~ q)[ ~ ~ ~ <tt Cl!T@1f ~ it it m ~ I

4 . ~ ~ ~m (invasion ~ competition)

;;ftql ifi FcRrrrr it 1::% tft ~ ~ ~ (habitat) ifi fWz ~ it ~ qi'ffi:qm (competition) q)[ Fcr~ ~ ~I

rn ~ ~ q)[ 11ff1T ~ fcli "fG"m 1::% ~ ~

(biological phenomenon) ~ ~ -31T~ ~ ~ ~~<:f ifi fWz ~ (key factor) <tt ~ cnrt Cfi@ ~ I ~ ifi ~ Gl: ~ ~ ifi t(Rmft<lt ~ l1Ul ~ ifi ~-w¢co lWT (land bridge) am ~ ~ it ~ M ~ mn~ At ifi fWz ~ ~ qi'ffi:qm ~ ~ \%R Qft -Qft ~ ~ ifi t(Rmft<lt en) 15 $ ~ ~ ~ cg ~I

5. l{R'q <fiT JNfcI' (human influence)

\3nvf ifi FcRrrrr ifi ~ it l1RCl q)[ ~~ ~ ~ it ~ 131~ \IfR-~ m ~I <R <tt ~ qffi

(sparrows) ~ t'T ~ Fcr~ qffi (starling) ~: ~ <tt ~ ~ ~ \3nvf ~ • ~ <tt ~ <tt \J1'ifiMI q)[

~ 'l1rT ~ ~ ~I ~ q)[ ~~T ~ ~ ifi ~ ~ it l1RCl am tlLf)(1(j1~4Cfl ~Kf ~ 1l<IT ~I

~ ~ B it ~ it ~ q;tft ~ ~ \Jlffi ~, ~ 1::%

~RWift ~ m ~ <tt ~ Gl: ~ ~ ~ (barbary apes) ~ ~ un \3nvf 1::% ~ (colony) ifi ~ it ~~~I

~ ~ q)[. ~ ~ ~~ (hya­

cinth) q'rm ~ -3fJi'{1I"C(1 ~ ~ (kudzu vine) l1RCl

am ~-~-. ~ it ~ ~ \3nvf ~ ~ it 1l<IT ~I ~ 1::% (5l{q(j<'1I{ ifi ~ it \J1RT \J1KfT ~ I 1::% ~

B ~ ~ it ~-~ ifi ~~T ifi ~ 1::% tft ~ ifi ~ ~ it frfi:rc:r Cfl{Yll flTI1R1 Gffi1 ~I ~ ifi fWz ~~ ~ ~ \Jj"(1" ~ ~ (rainbow trout) ~ ~

it qr:j't VfRft ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ l1Ul • "{lVXl ifi ti • m it ~ M 1l<IT ~I ~ CflK'f B k qJl1 (date

palm) q)[ ClII<'1t1I~Cfl ~ ~ ifi Cflf{Ul ~ fcm1uT it ~ ~ it Cl~ l1Ul ~ ~ ifi BT\'.l-BT\'.l JWT 1R%IR (oases)

it ~ \J1KfT ~ ~ ~ l1RCl <tt ~ ifi ~ 01W'l1Cl ~I <mf\t ~-~ q)[ ~ ~ Qft-Qft ~ ~ am ~ %n:~ 1::% ~ ~ ~ ~ l1RCl ifi ~~ ~ rn ~ <tt ~ (extinction) ~ en) ~ cg ~ ~I slit (dado birds) ~, ~ ~ (passenger pigeon) "tIT

143

~ ~ (carolina parakeet) q)[ ~ l1RCl ifi i*JlIICfl(1Iti1 B ~-31T ~I ~ ~ (chinese alligator),

~ ~ (mountain gorilla), ~ {1~11ff1{jtl (In­

dian rhinoceros), cTi\1lchl~lIl <tt ~ (condor) Cl~ ~

~ vnm 1p''Ifu: ~ B ~~ ~ ~ .*< ~ <tt (j""{qj

\31!lm ~ I

~~~ Cfl;i)~"C(1 WFc/%: ~cfCIACffi <tt 11PlClT ~~T

~ am ~ cg ~ 1J<lt ~I ij)oS<'1HI ~ Gl: ~

Cl'R'lt ~ vnm (parental species) ,"j)oS<'1I'i1 ifi ~ ifi q~~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ifi BT\'.l-BT\'.l JWT

it 1l{1 ~ q'rtit B ~ ~ ci~~ \3nvf ~ \3ql-H?II:ftti1 it ~ ~I ~~it~~200$~~~~

~,~;;ftql ifi ~ ~ un ~ ~ it ~ ~ ~ Icfcnm ~ it ~ Cfll1 ~ ~ en) ~ ~I ~ ifi ~ it '1~'i~Cfu ~-31T (turtle) 1::% ~ ~.m q)[ ~ ~ ~ ~ CflK'f B \3nvf ClCfl ~ it ~ Cfll1 ~ ~-31T ~I ~ l1RT \J1l m ~ fcli <ffi ~ ,"j)os<'1I'i1 ~~T it ~ CflK'f it ~ \J1KfT ~ ~ \3nvf ~ ~~T B ~ ~~T ~ ~, ~, Ysl'II«f){ ~ ~m it '4t ~ \J1KfT ~I ~ ifi ~ ifi q~~ m ~~ ~ ~ ~ sill 'i I (1l{1 q)[ \31WWl '4t Fcr~q ifi rn wit it it 1l<IT

(~ 16)1 jqOO lOa $ ~ ~ ~ ifi \31WTTCT ifi q~~ ~ wit it ~ flFl-flFl t(Rmft<lt q)[ ~ B ~Cflm ~ I31T I \3~T~"{uT ~ ~lZ qT~ t;j" Tuft

(marsupial) un ~ it ~ \Jlffi ~ ~ ~ \3qYi?II:ftQl it ~ ~ ~ t(Rmft<lt B flFl ~ ~I ~ ~ B ~ q)[

~ (continental drifting) \3nvf ifi q'rtit ~ ~.m ifi FcRrrrr ifi ~ en) ~ ifi fWz w ~ ~ it m ~I

~ ~ ~ q)[ ~ FcRrrrr, %:-~CfcIACffi <tt ~ ~ ~ ifi ~ ~~ ~ q)[ ~ W1fUT ~

m ~I ~ ifi fWz ~ ifi ciR ~ it tll~cfi~fll

(cycadaceae), ~~ (stangeriaceae) -3Tt"t ~

(zamiaceae) 185 ~ ~ 11 ci~T en) ~ Cfi@ ~I ~

q'rtit q)[ FcRrrrr ~ \3mICflR~tT ~ ~Ttc=i'twr ~ it ~ ~ B ~ \Jlffi ~I Cflotl~ "C(1 WFc ~ ifi ~ \3nvf ifi ~ q)[ ~, ~-~, ~rl1 ~ ~ it ~ FcRrrrr 1::% ~ ifi ~ it ~I ~ ifi ~~T ~ <tt ~ <tt ~ ~ CR B ~ ifi ~-'l1rT Gl: mm ~I BT\'.l tft BT\'.l ~ ~ q)[ ~ '4t -mfi1Cl €till ~ CflI1fcli ~ ~ ~ q)[

~m-\3m ~ j«\('qICfl~OI ~ ~ ifi ~ ~ <tt ~

144

11]?[ ~ ~ Cfcf) tt mill ~ ~ 'lfTft ~ f8 ~ ~ cfi Cilf{Uf

~ m-n\3lt &m ~ Cfcf) ~ #t vnit iJfT ~, \31(1 : \1K'f cfi \3R\ ~ iJf"Rf ~ I ~ IH~ \j(j(ff ~ fcli fcr!lCf ~ q{ ~ ~

~ COT ffiRur ctB S'* ? ~ cfi ~ cfi 11KI1ft~ $'1At$<'/(cIA ~rfI~'1f?m

(encephalartas manikensis) (fipr 19) ~ fcr!lTRf, m~ ~-!li<§

(seed cone) tJ'RUT m ~I ~ ~-!l~ it !I~ ~ cfi wn:: ~ COT ~ ~ ~ ~ "M cfi ~ 9?T tJ'RUT Cfl@ ~ I <:ffi

!I~ ~ cfi q!l~ 11KI1ft~ B 01WT m iJfT(ff ~ ~ ~ q{

qAt it ~ iJfT(ff ~ I ~ cfi ~!llj -mm cfi \31Ul<R B Ilill ~ ~ fcli <:ffi CfWlfu ~ tmft q{ \Rf "ffI1<l B fcml1R ~ ~ fcli $IIOH11:1'1< COT ~ tmft q{ ~ ~ ~ tmft cfi B'4T

~ ~ ~ B ~ cfi Wl it ¥. ~ ~I W Fct!lcml M iJfT(ff ~ fcli ~ cfi ~ cfi qf{uIII"H<lf'lq tt \31f\i1 Fct!lCf ~

q{ ~ ~ tJ'RUT m qr#t 1fttit cfi ~ COT ClfT4C!) ~ q{

ffiRur B'l1Cf m BCflT ~ I ~ iSl ~ .. Mil ( cfi "ffI1<l it ~ Gfl1 ~

1fttit ~ ~ ~ ~ sr~ ~ cfi Wl it \31'RT sr~ ~ . M S<TI ~ (fipr17) ~ \31f\i1 cfi ~~ B ~ ~ ~ *m ~ lJm B fiCflclq"j ~ ~ mill iJfT m ~ I ~ ~ ~ COT ~ ClfT4C!) ~ (collection) ~ 0ITCffil

it Cfl'4T/~ ~ COT Cilf{Uf ~ I qffijq it ~ cfi BT~-BT~ m ~ ~ CfWlfu ~ \liT ~ Gfl1 ~ sr~ q{ Fct!llR'f

~-~-W?T (ecosystem) it i¥I m ~ ~ '4T \31f\i1 ¥!lTT

mm~1

~~~ ~!lT ~ c#. ~ ctT ~ ~ (fC B ~ cfi ~'lWT q{ mill ~ ~ ~ fi COT ~ (dispersal) ~ mrm 00 cfi 13R1 tt mm ~, ~ ~ ~T15C ~ '4T ~I ~ ctT Cfllj B Cfllj ~ ~ AWfif{

mftlqRm (C circinalis), w. I1¢t (C rumphi) ~ w. mill (C thouarsii) fiIYI;;q(j~1 ~. ~ ~ ~-~

~~ cfi fi~t\(jll~ ~'lWT q{ qrfr i1flcft ~ I ~ ~ ~ cfi ~ WR!I~ ~ ~ cfi Cilf{Uf ~ it ~ ~ ~ -~ Cfcf)

fcr<:ifuf m iJf"Rf ~I ~ Fct!llR'f fi it ~ ~, m ~ WR!I~ qij (floation layer) qrfr i1flcft ~ \liT fcli ~ ctT \3Flj" ~ it ~ qrfr i1flcft ~ (~ 18 A+B)I \31(1: ~

~ ~ COT ffiRur ~ -~ cfi IDcr ~ Cfcf) \3lTBAt B mm ~I

~ ~ ~ ~ RcR-w;sr,.m ~ '4T ~ ~

ffiRur ClfT4C!) ~ q{ ~ iJfT(ff ~ ~ ~ GRIl ~ it B ~ TCfli!lT GRIl ~ ~ cfi "ffI1<l it ~ ~ iJf"Rf ~I ~ ~ ~ tt ~ ctT ~~ ~ n tJ'RUT m qr#t CJ&l cfi Wl it ~I it e;1~i'l~~HI cf!lT cfi ~ m ~ ~ ~ 01WT ~

~ ~ ~-~ it qrfr i1flcft ~I ~ ffiRur cfi GIft it l1Rf(1'l ~ fcli Cfl;:l)~~(1 -WR ~ ~ cWTt &m tt ~ ~ (seed pods) COT ~ S'* irTTl ~ ~rTB ~

~ CflR'f ctT ~ it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B Fct!llR'f \3qY@ftq .j)U$ClHI ~ cfi Wl it ¥. ~ ~ ~ .j)U$ClHI ~ cfi ~ COT CflR'f e;1~i'l~~1 ctT ~ cfi "ffI1<l B ~ ~ ~I W m BCflffi ~ fcli ~ cf!lffl COT ~ ~

~ Fct!llR'f ~ q{ ~ ~ ~ tt ~ 01WT ~-~ COT \iP1 S'* irTTl ~ 1ft~ cfi GIft it ~ ~ ~ fq~Cfl{UI <:ffi ~ fcli ~ e;1~i'l~~I'11 cfi ~ ~ COT ~

~ &m ~ B S'* ~I ~ l1Rf(1'l ctT Fct~Clfi;:j)~(j1 ~ fcli ~ B ~~ &m ~ ~ uftfcm ~ cfi W ~ COT

~ ~~ (equitorial) ~ ~ m-n &m m ~ it S'* irTTl ~ CJ&l (erythrina) ctT 100 B ~ ~ ~!lm: ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ it qrfr

i1flcft ~I itffi ~ M iJfT(ff ~ fcli nt~ COT ~ \ffi

"ffI1<l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'lffi(j" ~ ¢ B ¥. ~ ~I ~ ~ it ~ ~ Il9cft ~ ~ ~ COT ~ ~ B ¥. ~ COT CflR'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ntWf.1<:rr ctT ~ COT "ffI1<l

~ ~ COT ~I ~ ~ CfllTll wnuiT cfi ,*m?: q{ ~ ~ ~ fcli

• it m ~~ ~ fqus (~) cfi Wl it ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ cfi sr~B ~~m Tf<lT ~ ~ cfi Wl it 'lWFt Wtl <:ffi tR'1T ~ WTRfR ~ cfi Wl it ~ ~ ~ Cilf{Uf B CflR'f ~ it m ~~ ctT ~ ~ §tq ~ it '4T ~ mm "@I

ro 1. ~ ~ (1620) ~ ~ ~ ~~, ~

3!T~ m"B (1965) . ~o 1197.

2. ~ 1:(, ffi ~~R l:(C mr ffr$1 ~ (qfu:r : gjRj; ~

~, 1859).

3. ~ 1:(, ~ ~ ~ Cf);i)~,\t1 ~ ~I il~ l:("S ~

~, ( 1924).

4 . ~ ~ I:( t:R'[, JlfcR CFSft>T Cf);i)~,\t1, ~ l:("S orrifs, ( 1937).

5. it"B 1:(, ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ ;ft~R, l:("S fR1

~), 1975.

6. om l:("B . ~ ~ mm ~ ~ Cf);i)~<i:('ij ~, "Cf)lrtl~<i:('ij

~ ftI":i'lrJl'~'1 ~~, 1958,177-335,"

7 . ~ ~ Bt, ~ ;iT ~ l:(Ct tl1t~ I:( ;;ft, RR Cf)rtl~<i:t1 ~

~, ~ 1fi.l:(l1.l:("B . ~ \:(C . t:R'[. ~~R1, I:( ["f1<qif'Ii'1'1

\lWr Cf)~~"C('ij ~, ~ ~ ~, ~. ~, ~ 1:(,

eft. 258, (1965), ~o 41-75.

8. ~ m JTR, ~ JTIq; " Jl~ ~ ~ ~ WM " ~ IRIS, 9ffl. q:;R ~ ifhft, ~, rtf.C[. (2) (1986).

113-126.

9. ~ ~ JTR, ~ lllSfWT JTIq; " ~-~ ~Cfclf.1iffi l({11ftil(h FcrG: " ~ IRIS, 9ffl. eli ~.fft.fft., (1994)

~o 49-62 .

10. ~m, ,,~JTIq;~, ,,~~~ft,~

( 1958).

11 . ~ l( JTR, f';jql~fibCf)<i1 ~~R JTIq; ~, ftcIi ~ l("S

Cfl"lRt, ~ ( 1876) .

12. if<lt;j ;;ft ~ Jl~ l("S ~ (;;ft .iffi l("S "Wf{ ~, ~)

(1954).

13. "RIfWIl( l(, ~ ~ ~ tf1ts ~ JTIq;" Jl~

~ ~,~~R, 13 (3) ( 199 1) 46-50.

14. <tit JTR l(B, Wile ((11, l(Cl ~ <ft, ~ ~ !fin: ~~;rtT tf1ts ~ JTIq; " f';j<l)~jl~RCf) ~ ~ l( ~,

145

ffl, 374 (1995) 687-692.

IS. BCflA l(B if; l(Cl m1WT m ~, Cf)o:tI~~<i1 fWR, m m ~ l("S W ~: ~~R1 ~ " Jl~ ~, ~ ~ (1972).

16. ~ ~ t l( Ffq~jjc JTIq; lIT<i1 ~ ~, ffl, 370 ( 1994)

16-17.

17. ~ l(B, tRt-imt Jl~ : " ~ JTIq; \lWR ~, J11TR,

(1995), 43-49.

18. 11Tftm ~ l(Cl ~ eft, ~ ~~R FcrG: l( ~ ~~:

~ J1'R ~?CfCTf.rCfl ~ JTIq; " Jl~ l("S m , Pt41fChPtCfi("f vr*r ~~R("f", 133 ( 1998) 669-682.

19. ~ l(B l(, 4;c l ~lflhCf) ~ JTIq; " Jl~ ~ ~ orrt ~ ~ ~ l("S ~ ttc "A1:~R, Pt41fChPtCfi("f

fTI:rff &ttr, 20 (1993) 101 -104.