iefs.md revista economie si sociologie 4 2012

7/30/2019 Iefs.md Revista Economie Si Sociologie 4 2012

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ECONOMIEiSOCIOLOGIEREVIST

Ministerul Economieial Republicii Moldova

Academia de tiinea Moldovei

revist teoretico-tiinific, fondat n anul 1953

Institutul de Economie, Finane i Statistic

Nr. 4 / 2012

ISSN: 1857-4130

Chiinu, 2012


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Revist teoretico-tiinific / Theoretical and scientifical journal

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COLEGIUL DE REDACIE:

Redactor-ef:Gheorghe IL IADI , doctor habilitat, profesor cercettor (IEFS)Redactor-ef adjunct, compartimentul Economie:Vadim MACARI , doctor, confereniar cercettor (IEFS)

Redactor-ef adjunct, compartimentul Sociologie:Andrei TIMU, membru corespondent (AM)

Membrii:Dumitru MOL DOVAN, membru corespondent (ASEM)Gheorghe MICOI,membru corespondent (AM)Alexandru STRATAN,doctor habilitat, confereniar universitar (IEFS)Luminia CHIVU, doctor, profesor universitar, INCE al A (Romnia)David SMALLBONE,profesor, Universitatea Kingston, Londra (Maria Britanie)Elena PDUREANU,doctor, CCEE, Academia Romn (Romnia)Vasa LASZLO, doctor, confereniar universitar (Ungaria)Michael GRINGS, doctor, profesor (Germania)Alexandr NECHIPELOV, academician, vicepreedinte A (Rusia)

Felix ZINOVIEV, academician, profesor (Ucraina)J amila BOPIEVA , doctor habilitat (Kazahstan)Vilayat VALIYEV, doctor (Azerbaijan)Galina ULIAN, doctor habilitat, profesor universitar (USM)Alexandru GRIBINCEA , doctor habilitat, profesor universitar (ULIM)Dmitrii PARMACLI, doctor habilitat, profesor universitar (USCH)Ion SRBU, doctor habilitat, profesor universitar (ASEM)Victoria TROFIMOV, doctor, confereniar universitar (UCCM)Tudor BAJ URA, doctor habilitat, profesor cercettor (IEFS)Valeriu DOGA, doctor habilitat, profesor universitar (IEFS)Tatiana MANOLE, doctor habilitat, profesor universitar (IEFS)Victor MOCANU, doctor, confereniar universitar (AM)Anatol ROJ CO, doctor, confereniar cercettor (IEFS)

Angela TIMU,doctor, confereniar cercettor (IEFS)Galina SAVEL IEVA , doctor, confereniar cercettor (IEFS)Radu CUHAL , doctor, confereniar universitar (BNM)

Conform deciziei Comisiei Superioare de Atestare a CNAA, revista Economie i Sociologie este inclus nL ista revistelor recomandate pentru a fi recunoscute n calitate de publicaii tiinifice de profil i acreditat cuCategoria B.

Institutul de Economie, Finane i Statistic al AM i ME Secia de Sociologie a Institutului Integrare European i tiine Politice al AM

Preluarea textelor editate n revista Economie i Sociologie este posibil doar cu acordulautorului. Responsabilitatea asupra fiecrui text publicat aparine autorilor. Opinia redaciei nu coincide totdeauna cuopinia autorilor.

Redactor-efCE:Iulita BRCRedactori (limba romn): Andrian SCLIFOS,

Tatiana PARVAN, Victoria BORDOSRedactor (limba englez): EugeniaLUCAENCO, Svetlana DODON

Designer copert: Alexandru SANDULESCU

Adresa redaciei: Complexul Editorial, IEFS, MD-2064,or. Chiinu, str. Ion Creang, 45. tel.: 50-11-30, fax: 74-37-94

web:www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/; e-mail:[email protected]
http://www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/http://www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/


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ECONOMIEI SOCIOLOGIE / ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY 3

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ECONOMY andSOCIOLOGY REVIST

Academy of Sciencesof Moldova

Ministry of Economyof the Republic of Moldova

Institute of Economy, Finance and Statistics

theoretical and scientifical journal, founded in 1953

Chisinau, 2012

No. 4 / 2012

ISSN: 1857-4130


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Nr. 4 / 2012

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EDITORIAL BOARD:

Editor-in-chief:Gheorghe IL IADI , PhD, Professor (IEFS)Editor-in-chief of Economics department:VadimMACARI , PhD, Associate Professor (IEFS)

Editor-in-chief of Sociology department:Andrei TIMU, Associate Member (ASM)

Members:Dumitru MOLDOVAN, Associate Member (ASEM)Gheorghe MICOI,Associate Member (ASM)Alexandru STRATAN, PhD, Associate Professor(IEFS)Luminita CHIVU, PhD, Professor, INCE of AS (Romania)David SMALLBONE,Professor, University of Kingston, London (Great Britain)Elena PADUREANU, PhD, CCEE, Romanian Academy (Romania)Vasa LASZLO, PhD (Hungary)Michael GRINGS, PhD, Professor (Germany)Alexandr NECHIPELOV, Academician, Vice President of AS (Russia)

Felix ZINOVIEV,Academician, Professor (Ukraine)J amila BOPIEVA, PhD (Kazakhstan)Vilayat VALIYEV, PhD (Azerbaijan)Galina ULI AN, PhD, Professor (USM)Alexandru GRIBINCEA , PhD, Professor (ULIM)Dmitrii PARMACLI, PhD, Professor (USCH)Ion SRBU, PhD, Professor (ASEM)Victoria TROFIMOV, PhD, Associate Professor (UCCM)Tudor BAJ URA, PhD, Professor(IEFS)Valeriu DOGA, PhD, Professor (IEFS)Tatiana MANOLE, PhD, Professor (IEFS)Victor MOCANU, PhD, Associate Professor (ASM)Anatol ROJ CO, PhD, Associate Professor (IEFS)

Angela TIMU,PhD, Associate Professor (IEFS)Galina SAVEL IEVA , PhD, Associate Professor (IEFS)Radu CUHAL , PhD, Associate Professor (BNM)

According to the decision of the Supreme Attestation Commission of NCAA, the journal Economy andSociology is included in The list of recommended journals to be recognized as scientific profile publications,and is accredited with B category.

Institute of Economy, Finance and Statistics of ASM and ME Sociology Department of Institute of European Integration and Political Science of ASM

The taking over of the texts that are published in the journal Economy and Sociology is possible only with theauthors agreement. Responsibility for each published text belongs to the authors. Authors views are not alwaysaccorded the editorial boards opinion.

Editor-in-chief EC:Iulita BIRCA Editors (Romanian): Andrian SCLIFOSTatiana PARVAN, Victoria BORDOS

Editors (English): Eugenia LUCASENCO, Svetlana DODONDesigner:Alexandru SANDULESCU

Address: Editorial Complex, IEFS, MD-2064,Chisinau, 45, Ion Creanga str., tel.: 50-11-30, fax: 74-37-94

web:www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/; e-mail: [email protected]
http://www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/http://www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.iefs.md/complexul-editorial/


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CUPRINS

Tudor BAJ URADIMENSIUNILE I TENDINELE SECURITII ALIMENTARE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA ...................... 9

Emil DINGA

TERMEN SCURT VS TERMEN LUNG N ECONOMIE (PARTEA II).. 19

A.Z.ONOFREI, T.D. DUDOGLODEZVOLTAREA SECTORULUI VITI-VINICOL DE PRODUCERE-PROCESARE DIRECTIASTRATEGICA A ECONOMIEI DIN REGIUNE (IN BAZA MATERIALELOR GAGUZIEI)............ 30

Silvestru MAXIMILIAN, Alexandru GRIBINCEA, Ovidiu EPURA, Corina GRIBINCEAREGIUNILE N CONTEXTUL PROCESELOR DE URBANIZARE A POPULAIEI............................................. 34

Ion SRBU, Nicolaie GEORGESCUMANAGEMENTUL FUNCIONRII SISTEMULUI INFORMAIONAL N ACTIVITATEA DESECRETARIAT ............................................................................................................................................................ 46

Petru ROCA, Ioana Andreea MARINESCUOPTIMIZAREA EXPLOATRII CURATE I VALORIFICAREA SUSTENABILA A RESURSELORNATURALE (Studiu de caz: NISIPURILE ALUVIONARE AURIFERE) ................................................................. 55

Elena ACULAICONSTITUIREA I DEZVOLTAREA INSTITUIILOR PUBLICE DE SUSINERE A IMM N REPUBLICAMOLDOVA ................................................................................................................................................................... 62

Aliona DANILIUC, Alexandru GRIBINCEAPRINCIPIILE DEZVOLTRII COOPERAIEI DE CONSUM DIN MOLDOVA, LOCUL ACESTORA NECONOMIA MONDIAL ... ........................................................................................................................................ 72

Vadim COJ OCARU, Lilia SARGUANALIZA PIEEI NAIONALE A MATERIALELOR DE CONSTRUCIE ......................................................... 79

Ivan LUCHIANFRAUDA FISCAL CA FENOMEN GLOBAL.......................................................................................................... 86

Aurelia UU-URCAN, Elvira NAVALAPLICAREA APARATULUI MATEMATICO-STATISTIC N SCOPUL ESTIMRII INDICATORILOR DECRETERE INOVAIONAL..................................................................................................................................... 92

Aliona MURAVSCHI -LIMANUNELE ASPECTE CONCEPTUALE CU PRIVIRE LA FORMAREA I GESTIONAREA RESURSELORUMANE. 105

Dumitru SLONOVSCHIELABORAREA MODELULUI DE ESTIMARE A INCIDENTEI INVESTIIILOR STRINE DIRECTEASUPRA CRETERII ECONOMICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA I PROGNOZA ACESTORA PE

TERMEN SCURT. 111

Maria FISTICEFICIENA ECONOMIEI: REFLECII ..................................................................................................................... 120

Aurelia CAZACUANALIZA GRADULUI DE COMPETITIVITATE A PRODUCIEI VINICOLE MOLDOVENETI .................... 126

Irina RABOSAPCA, Andras-Istvan BARTAGESTIUNEA RISCURILOR DE MEDIU INDUSE DE INDUSTRIA MATERIALELOR DE CONSTRUCII 131


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Sofia SCUTARI (ANGHEL)MODERNIZAREA SISTEMULUI TREZORERIAL PRIN IMPLEMENTAREA PROGRAMELOR DEMANAGEMENT FINANCIAR .................................................................................................................................... 136

Andrei RUINDICATORII CALITII SISTEMULUI DE GUVERNARE CORPORATIV. 146

Nina ISAK OVA, Svetlana BOGDANCOOPERAREA NTREPRINDERILOR MICI I MARI DIN UCRAINA: IMPACTUL EI ASUPRADEZVOLTRII AFACERILOR I ACTIVITATEA INOVAIONAL 155

Tatiana IAIIN, Tatiana COLESNICOVADEZVOLTAREA FOREI DE MUNC N SECTORUL VITIVINICOL A REPUBLICII MOLDOVA..... 160

Oxana Vasilevna ZBAREVA,Valentina Nichiforivna PIDGHIRNASOCIALIZAREA DEVIANT A ECONOMIEI N SISTEMELE SOCIALE REGIONALE N LUMINAGNDIRII TIINIFICE 166

Adrian SRBU

MANAGEMENTUL RESURSELOR UMANE N SECTORUL AGROALIMENTAR. 175

Liubovi PRODAN-ESTACOVASISTEMUL DE INDICATORI N EVALUAREA IMPACTULUI POLITICILOR PUBLICE.. 183

Maarif RAGHIMOVCLIMATULUI INVESTIIONAL PARTE INTEGRANT A ECONOMIEI TEORIA DEREGLEMENTARE I REALITATEA PRACTIC..... 190

Victoria KOKORINAORGANIZAIA VIRTUAL: UN MODEL DE BUSINESS NETWORK INTERNATIONAL I FORMINOVATOARE DE AFACERI INTERNAIONALE...... 199

Olga BUZUSISTEMUL DE PRINCIPII PRIVIND ESTIMAREA VALORII BUNURILOR IMOBILIARE 203

CERINE DE PREZENTARE A ARTICOLELOR TIINIFICE SPRE PUBLICARE N REVISTAECONOMIE I SOCIOLOGIE. 108


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CONTENTS

Tudor BAJ URADIMENSIONS AND TRENDS OF FOOD SECURITY IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA ......................................... 9

EmilDINGASHORT TERM VS. LONG TERM IN ECONOMY (PART II)... 19

A.Z.ONOFREI, T.D. DUDOGLODEVELOPMENT OF WINE-GROWING-MAKING AIC SECTOR THE STRATEGIC DIRECTION OFECONOMY OF THE REGION (ON MATERIALS ATO GAGAUZERI).. 30

Silvestru MAXIMILIAN, Alexandru GRIBINCEA, Ovidiu EPURA, Corina GRIBINCEAREGION IN THE PROCESS OF POPULATION URBANIZATION.......................................................................... 34

Ion SRBU, Nicolaie GEORGESCUINFORMATIONAL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT IN THE SERCETARIATS ACTIVITY ...................................... 46

Petru ROCA, Ioana Andreea MARINESCUOPTIMALY CLEAN EXPLOITATION AND SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES(Case Study: ALLUVIAL GOLD SANDS) .................................................................................................................. 55

Elena ACULAIFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS Of SMES SUPPORT IN THE REPUBLICOF MOLDOVA ............................................................................................................................................................. 62

Aliona DANILIUC, Alexandru GRIBINCEA CONSUMER COOPERATION IN MOLDOVA IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION ................................ 72

Vadim COJ OCARU, Lilia SARGUTHE ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL MARKET OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ....................................... 79

Ivan LUCHIANTAX FRAUD AS A GLOBAL PHENOMENON......................................................................................................... 86

Aurelia UU-URCAN, Elvira NAVALAPPLICATION THE STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THEINDICATORS OF THE INNOVATION GROWTH.................................................................................................... 92

Aliona MURAVSCHI -LIMANSOME CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ON TRAINING AND MANAGEMENTOF HUMAN RESOURCES 105

Dumitru SLONOVSCHIDEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE INCIDENCE OF FDI ON THE ECONOMICGROWTH IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AND THEIR SHORT TERM FORECAST... 111

Maria FISTICECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: REFLECTIONS ............................................................................................................. 120

Aurelia CAZACUTHE ANALYSIS OF MOLDOVAN WINES COMPETITIVENESS DEGREE ....................................................... 126

Irina RABOSAPCA, Andras-Istvan BARTAMANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS INDUCED BY BUILDING MATERIALS INDUSTRY IN

THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA ............................................................................................................................... 131

Sofia SCUTARI (ANGHEL)

MODERNIZATION OF THE TREASURY SYSTEM BY IMPLEMENTING FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTPROGRAMS ................................................................................................................................................................. 136


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Andrei RUQUALITY INDICATORS OF THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS...... 146

Nina ISAK OVA, Svetlana BOGDANCOOPERATION OF SMALL AND LARGE ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE: INFLUENCE ON BUSINESSDEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY .......................................................................................... 155

Tatiana IAIIN, Tatiana COLESNICOVALABOUR FORCE DEVELOPMENT IN WINE AND GRAPE INDUSTRY IN THE REPUBLIC OFMOLDOVA 160

Oxana Vasilevna Z BAREVA,Valentina Nichiforivna PIDGHIRNADEVIANT ECONOMY SOCIALIZATION OF REGIONAL SOCIAL SYSTEMS IN THE LIGHT OFSCIENTIFIC THOUGHT... 166

Adrian SRBUHUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN AGRI-FOOD SECTOR... 175

Liubovi PRODAN-ESTACOVA

SYSTEM OF INDICATORS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC POLICES IMPACT... 183

Maarif RAGHIMOVINVESTMENT CLIMATE AN INTEGRAL PART OF ECONOMY REGULATORY THEORY ANDPRACTICAL REALITY.. 190

Victoria KOKORINAVIRTUAL ORGANIZATION: A MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NETWORK AND INNOVATIVEFORM OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 199

Olga BUZUTHE SYSTEM OF PRINCIPLES FOR ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF REAL ESTATE....................................... 203

REQUIREMENTS FOR PREZENTATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES FOR PUBLICATION INECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY... 108


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ECONOMIE / ECONOMY

DIMENSIUNILE I TENDINELESECURITII ALIMENTAREN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA

DIMENSIONS AND TRENDSOF FOOD SECURITY IN REPUBLIC

OF MOLDOVA

Tudor BAJURA, dr. hab., prof., IEFS Tudor BAJURA, PhD, Professor, IEFS

n articolul sunt generalizate problemele securitiialimentare a RM n condiiile crizelor periodice de ordinnatural (exemplu, seceta anilor 2003, 2007 i 2012) i/saueconomico-financiar sub influena crora cad n primul rnd

productorii agricoli piaa alimentar autohton fiind totmai accentuat acoperit de produsele de import.

Cuvinte cheie: securitatea alimentar, produseleagricole, valoarea fiziologic, standardele de calitate,consumuri, valoarea energetic, pturi social vulnerabile etc.

In this paper are generalized food security issues ofthe Republic of Moldova in condition of periodicalnatural and/or economical crises (for example,droughts which occurred in 2003, 2007 and 2012)which caused fall of agro-sector, local food necessitieshave been covered by imported products almost totally.

Key words: food security, agricultural products, thephysiological value, quality standarts consumptionenergy, socially vulnerable groups etc.

Introducere. n calitate de categorie socio-economic de

importan major securitatea alimentar constituie o totalitatea caracteristicilor specifice, principalele dintre care sunt:

-securitatea alimentar n sensul accesului liber (fizic ieconomic) a consumatorilor ctre un co minim (dupasortiment i valoarea nutritiv) a produselor alimentare;

-securitatea alimentar fiziologic a produselorconsumabile n sensul inofensivitii lor, corespunderiistandardelor de calitate, nivelului minim de contaminare cuelementele nocive, periculoase din punctul de vedere alsntii omului.

Deci, n principiu putem accentua, c sub noiuneadimensiunile securitii alimentare sunt luate nconsideraie att aspecte economice a problemei, reflectate

prin indicii de component (asortimentul) coului minim deconsum, capacitatea de plat a consumatorilor, prezenarezervelor etc., ct i aspectele inofensivitii produseloralimentare, puritii lor fito-sanitare i/sau zoo-veterinare,respectrii condiiilor tehnice (tehnologice) de producere,

pstrare, ambalare, comercializare etc.Cu toate c caracteristicile fito-sanitare i zoo-veterinare

sunt de important major pentru asigurarea securitiialimentare a rii, prezenta lucrare are ca subiectul principalal discuiei anume partea economic a securitii alimentare,inclusiv accesul liber (dup capacitatea de plat, dupasortiment, dup componena elementelor nutritive etc.) laprodusele alimentare pentru consumatori, independent de

poziia lor pe scara ierarhic socio-demografic.Coninutul de baz. Schema general a mecanismului de

asigurare a securitii alimentare la nivel naional esteprezentat n Figura 1.

Fie i cu lipsa unora din mecanismele i instrumentelesusmenionate schemele analogice de asigurare a securitiialimentare cer s fie elaborate la nivel regional, local, bachiar i la nivelul gospodriilor casnice concrete.

Pentru o evaluare argumentat a dimensiunilor itendinelor existente de asigurare a securitii alimentare arii sunt necesare de a fi implementate un ir ntreg denoiuni i categorii specifice. Din analiza efectuat putemconcluziona c la ziua de astzi un sistem bine conturat alcategoriilor, normelor, standardelor etc., privind asigurarea

Introduction. As a socio-economic category of

greate importance, food security is formed by an entirelyspecific bloc of characteristics, among main are:

-food security in the sense of free access (physicaland economical) of consumers to a minimum basket (byvariety and nutritional value) of food;

-physiological food security of consumableproducts with the purpose of their harmlessnesscompliance with quality standards, by the minimumlevel of contamination with harmful elements,which aredangerous in terms of human health.

So basically we can emphasize that under the termof "food security dimensions" are considered theeconomic aspects of the problem, reflected by the

component indices (assortment) of minimumconsumption basket, the ability of consumers to pay, thepresence of reserves etc., but also the issues of foodsafety, of their phyto-sanitary and/or zoo veterinarypurity, of their the compliance with technical conditions(technological) of production, storage, packing,marketing, etc.

Although the phyto-sanitary and zoo-veterinaryfeatures of major importance for the ensuring country'sfood security, is the main topic discussed in this work isnamely the economic food security part, including free access (by payment ability, by assortment, bynutrient composition, etc.) to food for consumers,

regardless their position on socio-demographic ladder.The basical content. A general scheme of the

mechanism for ensuring national food security ispresented in Figure 1.

Even with the lack of some mechanisms and/orinstruments which were above mentioned, analogschemes for ensuring food security must be developedat regional, local and even concrete household level.

For a reasoned evaluation of the size and existingtrends for ensuring food security of the country, awhole range of concepts and categories is required to beimplemented. From the analysis we can conclude thatup to this day there is a lack of well-defined system ofcategories, regulations, standards etc., on food security.


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securitii alimentare nu exist. Aprecieri cu totulcontradictorii sunt constatate att n plan calitativ, ct i, maiales, n aspect cantitativ al problemei.

Completely contradictory assessments are found both inqualitative and, especially, quantitative aspects of theproblem.

Fig. 1. Mecanisme i instrumente ale securitii alimentare/Fig. 1. Mechanisms and instruments of food security

De menionat, c drept baz practic pentru asemeneacontradicii servete nsi realitatea economic autohton. Seare n vedere faptul c n baza evalurii necesitilor de

producere, de exemplu, a fost constatat, c nivelul satisfacerii

It is to mention, that as a practical basis for suchcontradictions serves the local economic reality itself. Itis envisaged that based on evaluation of productionneeds assessment, for example, has been found that

Mecanisme i instrumente de asigurare Mechanisms and tools of insurance

Fiziologice, tehnice, tehnologice etc./Physiological, technical, technological, etc.

Asigurareacontroluluila frontier/

Ensuring bordercontrol

Controlzoo-veterinar/

Zoo-veterinarycontrol

Sistemele de proteciea mediului ambiant/

Environmentalprotection systems

Protejarea fertilitiisolului/

Protection of soilfertility

Control fito-sanitar/Phytosanitary

control

Reziduuri depesticide, de metalele

grele/Pesticide residues of

heavy metals

Inofensivitateaproduseloralimentare/Food safety

Structurile de statprivind combaterea

riscurilor/State structures to

combat risks

Produsele ecologicpure/

Organic agro-foodproducts

Constrngerila produsele geneticmodificate etc./Constraints on

genetically modifiedproducts, etc.

Socio-economice/Socio-economic

Asortimentul bogatal produselor/

Variety of agro-foodproducts

Volumul necesarde producie/

Required volumeof production

Preuri accesibile(dup capacitatea deplat a populaiei)/Affordable prices(according paying

capacity of thepopulation)

Formarea rezervelor/Creation of reserves:

- locale/local;- regionale/regional;- naionale/national.

Componena nutritivnalta a produselor/

High nutritional

composition of food-products

Distana acceptabipn la pia/

Acceptable distance tomarket

Investiii n domeniulagro-alimentar,subsidii, nlesniri

fiscale etc./Investment in the field

of agro-food,subsidies, tax

Importul produseloralimentare/

Food imports

Exportul produseloralimentare/

Food exports

Bilanul pozitiv dintreexportul i importul/

Positive balancebetween exports and

imports

Securitatea alimentar a rii/Country's food security systems


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necesitilor rii cu diferite grupe alimentare se schimb dela 30,0% (carne i produsele din carne), pn la 335% (uleiurivegetale) [1]. Este bine cunoscut faptul c ntr-o economiedeschis, precum este cea a Republicii Moldova, attsurplusuri, ct i lipsuri unora sau altora din produseleagro-alimentare pot fi uor echilibrate prin aplicarea

mecanismelor comerului exterior.Pentru stabilirea tendinelor i dimensiunii actuale anivelului de securitate alimentar a rii, deci, avem nevoie deevaluat: (i) necesarul de consum; (ii) volumele potenialexistente de producie; (iii) capaciti existente a comeruluiexterior de a exporta surplusuri i de a importa lipsuriproduselor alimentare.

Drept baz pentru formarea unui bilan provizoriu desecuritate alimentar, precum i evidenierii riscurilor, care

pot amenina durabilitatea acestuia, servete componenacoului de facto existent de consum n calcul la o persoanfizic (Tabelul 1).

satisfying the needs of the country with different foodgroups changed from 30.0% (meat and meat products)up to 335% (vegetable oils) [1]. It is well known thatin an open economy, such as of the Republic ofMoldova, the "surplus" and "gaps" of some or otheragro-food products may be easily balanced by applying

external trade mechanisms.In order to establish trends and current size of thecountry's food security level, we need to assess: (i) theconsumer demand, (ii) volumes of existing potentialproduction , (iii) the existing capacity of foreigntrade to export the "surplus" and import the "missing"food products.

The basis for forming an interim report on foodsecurity and for highlighting the risks that may threatenits sustainability, serves the current composition of thebasket for consumption in the calculation per capita(Table 1).

Tabelul 1/Table 1Componena coului existent de consum/Composition of existing consumer basket(n calcul la o persoan, la 01.05.2011/ annual calculation per capita, on 01. 05. 2011)

Denumirea produselor/Product Name

Utilizarea anual/Annual use

Cantitatea, kg/Amount, kg

Valoarea produselorn Kkalorii/

Value products Kkalorii

Costul produselorpentru un an, lei/

The price of productsfor one year, lei

Unt/Butter 6,2 46155 320,9

Brnz/Cheese 7,2 16660 273,6

Lapte i alte lactate/Milk and other dairy 77,1 43193 694,2

Carne de vit/Beef 7,10 15469 496,7Carne de porc/Pork 8,50 30399 638,6

Carne de pasre/Poultry meat 7,1 17030 191,6

Pete/Fish 15,3 10798 539,9

Ou de pasre/Poultry Eggs 8,2 14398 98,7

Alte produse animaliere/Other livestock products 8,50 21288 471,7

Total produsele zootehnice/Total livestock products

145,2 215390 3725,9

Pine/Bread 154,3 359426 462,8

Crupe/Pearl 22,9 70471 257,1

Macaroane/Macaroni 15,2 46278 185,1

Ulei vegetal/Vegetable oil 7,7 69345 100,3

Zahr/Sugar 15,6 57693 123,4

Legume i bostnoase/Vegetables and melons 92,6 32395 925,6

Cartofi/Potatoes 51,4 41136 308,5

Fructe i pomuoare/Fruits and berries 77,1 35171 601,6

Alte produse fitotehnice/Other phyto 24,7 68685 411,4

Total produsele fitotehnice/Total phyto products

461,5 780600 3375,8

TOTAL GENERAL /TOTAL 606,7 995990 7101,7


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Conform datelor tabelului 1, elaborat n baza calculelormultivariate de consum, adaptat condiiilor actuale, dar itradiiilor seculare de hran a populaiei rii, putemconcluziona, c n mediu pe cap de locuitor n a. 2011 au fostconsumate produselealimentare (inclusiv componenta lichidsub forma de lapte) n mrime:

greutatea fizic 606,7 kg/an sau 1,66 kg/zi; valoarea energetic 995990Kkal/an sau 2729Kkal/zi;

valoarea economic 7101,7 lei/an sau 19,5 lei/zi.Din componena raionului anualde consum, evaluat n

greutatea fizic, 145,2 kg sau 23,9 la sut o constituieprodusele animaliere, inclusiv laptele i produsele lactate90,5 kg sau 14,9 la sut.

Ponderea produselor vegetale n greutatea fizic a couluianual de consum constituie 76,1 la sut, din care pine i

produsele de panificaie reprezint 192,4 kg sau 31,7 la sut.De menionat, c fiind evaluat n uniti energetice, coul

anual de consum este alctuit din:

215390 Kkal sau 21,6% - produsele animaliere,inclusiv 106008 Kkal sau 10,6 la sut lapte i produselelactate.

780600 Kkal sau 78,4% - produsele fitotehnice,inclusiv 476175 Kkal sau 47,8 la sut pine i produselede panificaie.

Tot acelai coul anual de consum al unui om (mediuponderat), msurat n uniti bneti, este format din:

3725,9 lei sau 52,4 la sut produsele animaliere,inclusiv 1288,7 lei sau 18,2 la sut - lapte i produselelactate;

3375,7 lei sau 47,6 la sut produsele fitotehnice,inclusiv 905,0 lei sau 12,7 la sut pine i produsele de

panificaie.Concluzia principal, care poate rezulta din evaluri n

diferite uniti de msurare a coului existent de consum oconstituie faptul c componena nutritiv a acestui raion estesuprasaturat de produsele fitotehnice, n primul rnd de

pine i produsele de panificaie. Totodat, se constatnivelul destul de sczut (mai ales n greutatea fizic ivaloarea energetic) a produselor animaliere, n primul rndlaptelui i produselor lactate, precum i crnii (produselor dincarne).

Sunt bine cunoscute i cauzele principale ale orientriiexcesive a consumatorilor autohtoni spre produsele vegetale.Calculele efectuate ne arat, de exemplu, c 1000 de Kkalsub forma de pine i produsele de panificaie este cumpratde ctre consumator la preul de doar 1,9 lei, pe cnd totaceste 1000 de Kkal, cumprate sub forma de carne de vitecornute mari, vor costa cumprtorului deja cte 32,1 lei sau16,9 de ori mai scump.

Fiind un produs de importan social, preul pinii, dar ia unei game largi de produsele de panificaie, este controlat isubvenionat din partea statului i de aceea este mult maiaccesibil dup pre fie i pentru pturile social vulnerabile ale

populaiei rii. Reieind din aceste considerente, fiind lanivel de numai 12,7 la sut din componena general araionului de consum (n valoare bneasc), acest grup de

produsele alimentare asigur mai mult de 47,8 la sut dinvaloarea energetic a raionului de hran.

According to the Table 1, developed on the base ofmultivariate consumption calculations, adapted to thecurrent situation, but also taking into account the seculartraditions of food and alimentation of the population, weconclude that the average food consumption per capitain 2011 (including the liquid form of milk) was in size

of: physical weight - 606.7 kg/year or 1.66 kg/day; energy value - 995990 kkal/year or 2729

kkal/day; economic value - 7101.7 lei/year or 19.5 lei/day.Annual consumption of rational composition,

measured by physical weight, 145.2 kg or 23.9 percentis composed of the animal products, including milk anddairy products (90.5 kg or 14.9 percent respectively).

The share of natural plant products in the physicalweight of annual consumption basket is 76.1 percent,which is composed first of all of the bread and bakeryproducts 192.4 kg or 31.7 percent respectively.

It is to mention that the annual consumption basketof products measured in energy units consists of:215390 kkal or 21.6% livestock products,

including 106008 kkal or 10.6 percent milk anddairy products.

780600 kkal or 78.4% phyto products, including- 476175 kkal or 47.8 percent bread and bakeryproducts.

All the same annual consumption basket of aperson (weighted average), measured in money units,consists of:

3725.9 lei or 52.4 percent animal products,including 1288.7 lei or 18.2 percent milk and milk

products;3375.7 lei or 47.6 percent phyto products,

including 905.0 lei or 12.7 percent bread and bakeryproducts.

The main conclusion that can result from differentunits of measurement of the current consumption basketis that the nutritional composition of this daily productsis supersaturated by phyto products, mainly bread andbakery products. However, there is fairly low level of(especially in physical weight and energy value)presence of livestock products, mainly fish, dairy andmeat (dairy and meat products).

Well known are the main causes of excessiveorientation towards vegetable products of domesticconsumers. Calculations show, for example, that 1000kkal form of bread and bakery products is purchased bythe consumer at the price of only 1.9 lei, while all thesekkal 1000, purchased in the form of meat cattle large,will cost the buyer already 32.1 lei or 16.9 times moreexpensive.

Being a product of social importance, the price ofbread, but also a wide range of bakery products, arecontrolled and subsidized by the state and therefore it ismore affordable by price and for socially vulnerablepopulation. Based on these considerations, being at thelevel of only 12.7 percent of the overall composition ofdaily consumption of products (in money), this group of


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Tot dup datele tab.1 putem concluziona, c valoareamedie a unei uniti energetice (Kkal), care face partecomponent a raionului anual de consum, calculat n bazastructurii i preurilor a. 2011, constituie 0,71 de bani, iar1000 de Kkal n condiiile susmenionate cost 7,1 de lei.Corespunztor, preul de pia a coului mediu ponderat de

consum zilnic constituie 19,5 lei pentru fiecare cte opersoan, sau 7101,5 lei anual.La nivel naional, dup calculele noastre, se consume

produsele alimentare n sum de 25,3 mlrd. lei. Conformdatelor Biroului Naional de Statistic a Republicii Moldova44,8 la sut din suma indicat sau 11346,9 mln. lei au fostfurnizate consumatorilor prin sistemul de comercializare cuamnuntul. Important de subliniat, c aproximativ 4,3 mlrd.lei sau 17,0% din consumul total al produselor alimentare auconstituit produsele de import. nc o treime din consumultotal al produselor alimentare se consum din contul

producerii proprii a acestor produse, preponderent n spaiulrural. Restul de consumuri pot fi apreciate ca produsele

alimentare, obinute de ctre consumatori direct de lacomerul cu ridicat, prin canalele de rudenie i, evident,prin reelele tenebre (de contraband) a produseloralimentare.

Faptul contrabandei masive a produselor alimentare, deexemplu, n a. 2009 a fost depistat i de ctre specialitiiCurii de Conturi a Republicii Moldova care au semnalizat,c ...n rezultatul estimrilor indirecte, efectuate de ctreIFST pe parcursul anului 2009, s-au constatat 209 cazuri deevaziuni fiscale (majoritatea cazurilor cu produsele decarne i de pete), suma obligaiunilor fiscale estimateconstituind 3,8 mlrd. lei, din care TVA n sum de 3,7mlrd.lei [2]. Este clar, c sumele de ncasri, parvenite n urma

realizrilor att de considerabile a produselor alimentare, n-au trecut prin aparate de cas, n-au fost supui impozitrii i,corespunztor, n-au gsit reflectare oficial a Biroului

Naional de Statistic. Produsele ca atare, ns, au fostvndute-cumprate i, n urma urmelor, consumate de ctre

populaia rii.Este indiscutabil, c canalele de contraband sunt utilizate

n primul rnd pentru furnizarea produselor alimentare de celmai nalt nivel de valoare energetic i anume: carne de toatespecii, precum i produsele din carne; pete(sub orice formde manifestare); brnzeturi, uleiuri etc. Cu luarea nconsideraie faptelor de importuri tenebre masive ale

produselor alimentare este de menionat c n realitate

raionul zilnic de consum al cetenilor Republicii Moldovaeste mult mai nalt, dect cel oficial nregistrat.Analiza mai detaliat a dimensiunii i tendinelor de

dezvoltare a securitii alimentare a rii nu poate fi bazatdect pe descifrare la fel de detaliat a componentelor

principale ale corelaiei dintre cerere i ofert.n mod general oferta produselor alimentar are

ca baz: stocuri iniiale; producerea curent autohton nperioada de referin; importul produselor alimentare nperioada de referin de obicei, anul calendaristic(Figura 2).

foods provides more than 47.8 percent of rationalenergy value of food.

Based on the data from Table 1, it may be concludedthat the average energy unit (kkal), which is part of theannual daily consumption, calculated based on thestructure and prices of 2011, is 0.71 of bani, and 1000

kkal in the conditions above mentioned costs 7.1 lei.Accordingly, the market price of the basket weightedaverage daily consumption is 19.5 lei for each person,or annual - 7101.5 lei annually.

At the national level, from our calculations, theconsumption of food amounts is 25.3 billion lei.According to the National Bureau of Statistics ofMoldova, 44.8 percent of the indicated amount or11346.9 million lei have been provided to consumersthrough retail. It is important to note that approximately4.3 billion lei or 17.0% of the total consumption of foodproducts were formed by imported products. Anotherthird of the total consumption of food is consumed at

the expense of household production of these products,mainly in rural areas. The remaining consumption canbe considered as food, obtained by consumersdirectly from the wholesaler, through family channelsand of course, the informal networks (of smuggle)of food.

That massive smuggling of food was found, forexample, in 2009 specialists of the Moldovan AccountCourt, who reported that ". . . as a result of indirectestimation, made by the IFST in 2009, there were 209cases of tax evasion (mostly connected with meat andfish products), the amount of estimated tax liabilitiesrepresenting 3.8 billion lei, of which VAT in amount of

3.7 billion lei [2]. It is clear, that the amount of cashflows, received after selling of food products, did notpass over the official canals, were not subject to tax and,accordingly, did not find official reflection in theNational Statistics Office. But such products, werebought and sold, and after all, consumed by thepopulation.

It is undisputed that the contraband channels areused primarily to provide food of the highest level ofenergy, especially: meat of all species and meatproducts, fish (in whatever form of manifestation),cheese, oils etc. Taking into consideration the facts ofmassive shadow food imports, it must be said

that, in fact, reasonable daily consumption ofMoldovan citizens is much higher, than officiallyregistered.

A more detailed analysis of extent and trends ofdevelopment of country's food security cannot be basedonly on detailed deciphering of major components ofthe correlation between supply and demand.

In general, food supply offer is based on: initialstocks, local production during the current period andfood imports in the reference period usually calendaryear (Figure 2).


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Fig. 2. Elementele de baz privind oferta produselor alimentare/Fig. 2. Basics elements of food supply

Mult mai ramificat, ns, este partea opus a bilanuluiproduselor alimentare, adic, partea de cerere i consum. ndependena de nivelul ierarhic al bilanului respectiv,elementele principale ale cererii pot fi: semine; procesarea(consum intermediar); furaje (consum intermediar); materia

prim pentru producerea surselor energetice alternative(biodisel, etanol, biogaze etc.); consumul final sub forma dehran, de deeuri (pierderi); exporturi i alte forme deutilizare, precum i stocul la sfritul perioadei de referin(Figura 3).

More ramified, however, is the opposite side of thefood balance sheet, that is, the part of demand andconsumption. Depending on the hierarchical level ofexistent the balance sheet, the main elements of demandare: seeds, processing (intermediate consumption), fodder(intermediate consumption), and the raw material forproducing alternative energy sources (biodiesel, ethanol,biogas, etc.); final consumption under the form of food,waste (loss); exports and other forms of use as well asstorage at the end of the reference period (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. Elementele principale de consum (intermediar i/sau final) al produselor agroalimentare/

Fig. 3. The main elements of consumption (intermediate and/or final) of food products

Semine/SeedsConsumul final (hran)/

Final consumption (food)

Procesare industrial a materiei prime

agricole/Industrial processing ofagricultural raw materials

Deeuri (pierderi)/

Waste (losses)

Furaj/Fodder

Exportul i alte forme (domenii) de utilizare/Export and other forms (areas) of final use

Producerea surselor alternative(renovabile) de energie/Production of

alternative (renewable) energy

Stocul produselor agroalimentare la sfritulperioadei de referin/The stock of foodproducts at the end of the reference period

Elementele principale de consum ale produselor agroalimentare/The main elements of consumer food products

Utilizarea intermediar/ Intermediate use Utilizarea final (pierderi)/Final (losses)

Baza ofertanta securitii alimentare/Proposed base of food

security

Stocuri de produsealimentare la nceputulperioadei de referin/

Stocks of foodat the beginning

of the reference period

Producerea autohtona produselor alimentare

n perioada de referin/Domestic food production

during the reference period

Importuri de toatefeluri n perioada

de referin/Imports of all kindsduring the reference

period


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Este de menionat, c sub noiunea de consumul final seare n vedere utilizarea n stare proaspt a produseloralimentare att n cadrul gospodriilor casnice, ct i ncadrul sistemelor comune de alimentaie public (cafe, baruri,cantine, restaurante etc.). Tot n starea proaspt sau

procesat pot fi exprimate i celelalte elemente de utilizare

final a produselor alimentare, inclusiv exporturi, stocurifinale, deeuri de toate feluri etc. In ce privete utilizareaintermediar, evident, este vorba numai despre produsele nstare proaspt (semine, furaj, procesare industrial,producerea surselor de bioenergie etc.).

n aspect ierarhic dimensiunile securitii alimentare arii sunt divizate pe mai multe trepte de planificare i decontrol. Se are n vedere, n primul rnd, planificareaneformal a corelaiei dintre cerere i ofert privind produseleagroalimentare la nivel de: gospodrie casnic; ntreprinderi;asociaii de ntreprinderi; sat (comun); raion; zona (regiune);nivel naional (Figura 4).

It should be noted that under the concept of finalconsumption is envisaged the use of fresh food productsboth within households and within the common systemof public catering (cafes, bars, canteens, restaurantsetc.). Also in fresh or processed forms of consumption,can be expressed the other elements of final use of food,

including - exports, final stocks, all kinds of waste etc.In the interim use, of course, it is all about freshproducts (seed, feed, industrial processing, productionof bio-energy sources, etc.).

The hierarchical aspect of food security dimensionsof the country are divided into several stages ofplanning and control. It considers, first, informalplanning of the correlation between supply anddemand for agricultural products at the level of:household, firms, business associations, village(commune), district, area (region), and national level(Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Dimensionarea ierarhic a securitii alimentare la nivel naional/Fig. 4. Hierarchical sizing of national food security system

Att dup volumul (fizic, energetic, de cost etc.), ct idin punct de vedere a importanei sociale, elementul principalal bloc-schemei de pe fig. 4, l constituie, evident, gospodriicasnice. Este de menionat, c n cadrul gospodriilor casniceare loc att procesul de producie (mai ales n spaiul rural),ct i procesul de consum. Fiind prima i cea mai importantverig a sistemului naional de securitate alimentar,

gospodrii casnice trebuie s fie permanent monitorizate dectre organele de administrare public (local i de nivel

Both by volume (physical, energy, cost, etc.,) and interms of social importance, the main element of theblock diagram Fig. 4, constitutes obviously thehouseholds. It should be noted that households, as themain element of food security system take part in theproduction process (especially in rural areas), as well asin processes of consumption. Being and most important

link of the national food security, households must bepermanently monitored by public administration bodies

Sat (comun), ora, municipiu/Village (commune), town, city

Raion/District

Zona geografic (Nord, Centru, Sud)/Geographical area

(North, Central, South)

La nivel naional/Nationally

Gospodrii casnice/Households

ntreprinderi/Enterprises:- Agricole/agricultural- industriale (inclusiv de producere abiocombustibilului)/industrial (including

production of biofuel)- de comer (inclusiv de alimentaie

public)/of trade (including catering)- de depozitare etc./of storage, etc.

Asociaii i uniuni de ntreprinderi n domeniul/Business associations and unions in the area:- agro-industrial/agro-industrial- de comer i alimentaie public/trade and

public catering- de ambalare, de depozitare etc./of

packaging, storage, etc.

Securitatea alimentar a rii/Country's food security

n aspect teritorial/in territorial aspect

persoanele fizice i juridice/individuals and legal entities


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naional) pe subiectul asigurrii membrilor si cu, cel puin,coul minim de consum. n caz de lips garaniilor deasemenea asigurri, organele abilitate trebuie s obine, n

primul rnd, informaie deplin i veridic privind asigurareafamiliilor respective cu coul alimentar minim de consum, iarn al doilea rnd, s aib posibiliti de suplimentare a

raionului zilnic de consum gospodriilor casnice socialvulnerabile prin implementarea compensaiilor nominative,ajutorului umanitar n forma natural etc.

La fel ca i gospodrii casnice rurale, majoritatecovritoare a ntreprinderilor (asociaiilor, uniunilor etc.) n

plan de securitate alimentar a rii apar att n calitate deproductori, ct i n cea de consumatori ai produselorrespective. Excepie o vedem n caz cu ntreprinderi deproducere a surselor alternative de energie. Cu unele miciexcepii (utilizarea n calitate de furaj) practic sunt eliminaidin procesul de asigurare a securitii alimentare i toate

produsele cu termen depit de utilizare, precum i alte feluride restane sau deeuri n cadrul tehnologiilor implementate

de procesare, ambalare, pstrare, transportare, comercializarei consumul final.De menionat, c ultimele investigaii, efectuate n

domeniul securitii alimentare n plan mondial, au depistatc sub diferite forme de restane inutilizabile i deeuri dediferite genuri populaia planetei pierde aproape 1/3 dinvolumul total al alimentelor consumate [3].

Deci, dup cele sus menionate formula generala abilanului alimentar la nivelul naional poate fi exprimat nurmtorul mod:

(on local and national level) concerning the subject ofensuring its members with at least the minimumconsumption. In case of lack of guarantees of suchinsurance, the competent authorities must obtain, firstly,full and accurate information on ensuring families withminimum consumer food basket, and secondly, to have

additional opportunities for reasonable dailyconsumption of vulnerable households by implementingnominal compensation, humanitarian aid in natural formetc.

As rural households, the overwhelming majority ofenterprises (associations, unions, etc.) in the country'sfood security plan appear both as producers andconsumers of respective products. Exception must bemade for the companies, producing alternative energysources. With some minor exceptions (used as feed), arevirtually eliminated from the process of ensuring foodsecurity of all types of products with overcome periodof utilization, that can be obtained in context of

processing, packaging, storage, transportation ,marketing and (why not) final consumption.It is to be mentioned, that recent investigations,

carried out on food security in the world, have found thatvarious forms of waste of different types of agri-foodproducts constitute almost one third of the total volumeof food consumption of the world population [3].

So, after the mentioned above general evaluation ofthe national food balance, the last one can be expressedas follows:

Sin +P +I =Sfin +C fin +C inter +Pcomb +D +E (mii tone/thousands tons) (1)

unde:Sin; Sfin stocuri iniiale i finale, corespunztor lanceputul i sfritul perioade de ntocmire a bilanului (deobicei anul calendaristic);

I; E importul i exportul produselor respective;C fin = H consumul final al produselor respective n

cadrul gospodriilor casnice (H).C inter =P ind +Pcomb +S +F consumul intermediar n

cadrul industriei de procesare a materiei prime agricole sau acelor de producere a surselor energetice alternative, semine(S) i furaj (F);

D volumul deeurilor (pierderilor) pe parcursul lanuluivaloric de micare a mrfii.

Lund n consideraie dezideratul public comun de amenine stocuri ctui de puin stabile la nceputul i sfritulperioadei (Sin = Sfin), precum i doleana de a menineechilibrul permanent dintre importul i exportul (I=E)formula simplificat a bilanului pe orice produs alimentar setransform n:

where:Sin; Sfin initial and final stocks, corresponding tothe beginning and the end of the preparation of balancesheet (usually - calendar year);

I; E import and export of products;C fin =H final consumption of those products in

the household (H).C inter = P ind + Pcomb + S + F intermediate

consumption in industry processing of agricultural rawmaterials (P ind) or the production of alternative energysources(Pcomb), seeds (S) and feed (F);

D - waste volume (losses) during movement of thecommodity value chain.

Taking in consideration the common public desire tomaintain all the stocks stable at the beginning and at theend (Sin = Sfin) of the reference period and desire tomaintain permanent balance between import and export(I =E), the simplified formula of balance sheet of anyfood security system becomes:

P =Cfin +C inter +D (mii tone/thousands tons) (2)

n dependen de contribuia consumului intermediar(Cinter), care la unele din produsele alimentare contribuie princretere, iar la altele prin descretere, adic poate s fie attcu semnul plus, ct i cu semnul minus, ns tot una

trebuie s fie consumat n mod final (n cadrul gospodriilor

Depending on the contribution of intermediateconsumption (C inter), which contributes to some of thegrowing food, and others by decreasing, thatcan be both of the sign "plus" or the sign "minus", but

still must be consumed at the final stage (in


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casnice), fie sub forma de produs alimentar procesat, fie subforma de combustibil renovabil, varianta final deformalizare a bilanului pe produs alimentar o constituie:

households), either as processed food or as renovatedfuel, the final version of formalizing the food balancesheet is:

P =C fin +D (mii tone/thousands tons) (3)

Este de subliniat, ca att la capitolul de ofert, ct i n ceprivete cerere a produselor alimentare trebuie s fiemenionate livrri tenebre i consumuri nenregistrate aleacestor produse. Din cauza lipsei informaiei respective, cu

prre de ru, nu putem introduce n algoritmul elaborriibilanului alimentar volumele respective ale produseloralimentare. Totodat, avnd contribuii aproximativ egale laambele pri ale bilanului alimentar, fluxuri tenebre att alivrrilor, ct i a consumurilor, sunt practic egale i seelimineaz reciproc.

n ce privete nomenclatorul produselor alimentare, luaten consideraie privind elaborarea bilanurilor produseloralimentare, fiind reflectate n grupe mare, acestea din urm

sunt:- produsele cerealiere;- legume;- cartofi- culturi oleaginoase;- sfecl de zahr;- fructe i pomuoare;- struguri;- carne;- lapte;- ou;- pete.n calitate de culturi agricole concrete pentru elaborarea

bilanurilor alimentare la nivel naional se recomand:Culturi cerealiere:- gru de toamn;- porumbul pentru boabe;- orzul de toamn;- ovz;Legume:- roii;- castravei;- ceap;- varz;- chiper;- vnete;Culturi oleaginoase:- floarea soarelui;- soia;- rapia;Fructe i pomuoare:- mrul;- prune;- cpuni;- poam;Carne:- de porc- de vite cornute mari- de psri.Concluzii. Deci, n total la nivel naional cer s fie

It is stressed that in terms of supply and demand, offood supply, is informal and is characterized byunrecorded consumption of these products. Due to thelack of information and bad removals, we can not insertin the food balance algorithm of real development ofsuch food volumes. However, with approximately equalcontributions from both sides of the food balance sheet,informal flows of both supply and consumption arealmost equal and mutually eliminated.

In the nomenclature of food, considered theelaboration of food products balance sheets, as reflectedin large groups, last ones are:

- cereal products;- vegetables;- potatoes;- oil seed crops;- sugar beet;- fruits and berries;- grapes;- meat;- milk;- eggs;- fish.As specific crops for elaboration of national food

balance sheets are recommended:Cereals:

- winter wheat;- corn grain;- winter barley;- oats;Vegetables:- tomatoes;- cucumber;- onion;- cabbage;- pepper;- eggplant;Oilseed crops:- sunflower;- soy;- rape;Fruits and berries:- apple;- plum;- strawberry;- grapes;Meat:- pork;- the cattle;- birds.Conclusions. So, at the level of total national

demand at least 26 balances of food products must be

issued annually. Methodological issues, partially


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elaborate anual cel puin 26 bilanuri pe produsele alimentare.Aspectul metodologic sus evideniat de elaborare a acestor

bilanuri va asigura organele de rang naional cu o informaiedetaliat i veridic privind luarea msurilor necesare decombatere riscurilor de diferite genuri, totalitatea tot maiconsiderabil a crora amenin societatea cu apariia

fenomenelor de subalimentaie, ba chiar i de foamete.

highlighted above, for elaboration of these balances willensure enforcement at the national rank with detailedand accurate information on taking the necessarymeasures to eliminate risks of different types, all ofwhich threaten society more significant with theemergence of phenomena of undernourishment and

even famine.Referine bibliografice/ References:

1. MOCANU, Natalia. Managementul reformelor n sectorul agrar al Republicii Moldova. Chiinu: Print-Caro,2010. 217 p. ISBN 978-9975-4152-2-4.

2. Hotrre privind raportul auditului veniturilor administrate de Serviciul Fiscal de Stat n perioada anului 2009: nr.48 din 29.06.2010. In: Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova. 2010, nr. 163-165, art. 39.

3. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010.Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises. Food andagriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2010. 54 p. ISBN 978-92-5-106610-2.

Recomandat spre publicare: 13.09.2012


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TERMEN SCURT VS TERMEN LUNGN ECONOMIE (PARTEA II )

SHORT TERM VS. LONG TERMIN ECONOMY (PART II )

Emil DINGA, dr., prof. univ., Romnia Emil DINGA, PhD, prof., Romnia

1. apte exemplificriVoi lua apte exemple, cunoscute n literatura despecialitate, pentru a ilustra posibilitatea utilizrii

metodologiei expuse anterior n identificarea termenelor(duratelor) n ceea ce privete sistemele economice.

(a) Cazul costului mediuDiagrama costului mediu pe termen scurt, aferent unui

sistem economic (de exemplu, o firm) se prezint ca nFigura 1:

1. Seven illustrationsI will take seven known examples from the literature, asmeans to illustrate the possibility of using the methodology

presented previously to identify the terms (durations) inrelation with the economic systems.

(a) Case of the average costThe diagram of the short-term average cost related to an

economic system (a company, for instance) is shown inFigure 1:

Fig. 1. Diagrama costului mediu (fix, variabil, total) pe termen scurt i a costului marginal/Fig. 1. Diagram of the short-term average cost (fixed, variable, total) and of the marginal cost

Pe termen lung, diagrama costului mediu total seprezint ca n Figura 2a (cazul economiilor de scar) i,respectiv, 2b (cazul dezeconomiilor de scar):

On the long term, the diagram of the total average costlooks like in Figure 2a (case of the scale economies) and inFigure 2b (case of the scale of dis-economies):


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Fig. 2a Fig. 2b Fig. 2a Fig. 2b

Pe baza notaiilor introduse mai sus, avem: : costul mediu total; : capitalul fix; : investiiile nete directe.Aadar, parametrul de observare este, n acest caz, costul

mediu. Structura cauzal pentru formarea (i evoluia)costului mediu este structura capitalului. Structuracapitalului este modificat de investiiile nete directe.Prin urmare, atta timp (timp de ceas) ct investiiile netedirecte sunt nule sau aproape nule1 (investiiilenoi compenseaz, n mod punctual sau aproape

punctual, amortizarea capitalului fix), costul mediu varmne nemodificat (sau va varia ntr-un interval devariaie fr semnificaie), ne aflm n interiorul TS. ncazul contrar, ne vom afla n interiorul TL. Rezultimediat faptul, c aceast accepiune a delimitrilor ntre TSi TL nu mai este de natur calendaristic, exogen,ci ine de natura (anatomia i fiziologia) sistemuluieconomic n cauz, deci este interior, endogen, dependentde proces.

(b) Cazul productivitii mediiProductivitatea medie, respectiv, marginal ntr-un

sistem economic sunt reprezentate n figura 3a (zonelefunciei de producie) i, respectiv, 3b (derivarea

productivitii medii i marginale din funcia deproducie).

Using the notations introduced in part I of the study, wehave:

: total average cost; : fixed capital; : direct net investments.

Therefore, the parameter of observation is, in this case,the average cost. The causal structure for the formation(and evolution) of the average cost is the structure of thecapital. The structure of the capital is modified by the directnet investments. Therefore, as long as (clock time) thedirect net investments are null or almost null1 (the newinvestments compensate punctually or almost punctually

the amortisement of the fixed capital), the average cost willremain unchanged (or will vary within an interval ofvariation with no significance), and we are within TS.Otherwise we will be within TL. It results that thisacceptation of delimitation between TS and TL is no longercalendar-related, exogenous, but that it depends on thenature (anatomy and physiology) of the particulareconomic system, being thus interior, endogenous andprocess-dependent.

(b) Case of the average productivityThe average productivity and the marginal productivity

of an economic system are shown in Figure 3a (areas of theproduction function) and 3b (derivation of the average

productivity and of the marginal productivity from theproduction function).

1Aici apare, evident, problema fundamental a pragurilor de semnificaie dar, pentru moment, vom ignora acest aspect./We have here, obviously, the basicproblem of the thresholds of significance, but for the time being we will ignore this aspect.


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Fig. 3a

Fig. 3b

n acest caz avem urmtoarele notaii:

: productivitatea medie1; : gap-ul productivitate marginal-productivitate

medie;

: calificareaforei de munc.

In this case we have the following notations:

: average productivity1; : gap between the marginal productivity and the

average productivity;

: workforce qualification.

1Nu are relevan factorul de producie la care se refer productivitatea, de aceea vom considera orice input generic, notat cu i./The production factor towhich the productivity refers is of no relevance, therefore we will consider any generic input marked with i.


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Aadar, parametrul de observare este, n acest caz,productivitatea medie. Structura cauzal pentru formarea (ievoluia) productivitii medii este gap-ul dintre

productivitatea marginal i productivitatea medie. Acestgap este modificat de modificarea gradului de calificare aforei de munc. Prin urmare, atta timp (timp de ceas) ct

productivitatea marginal a muncii este mai mare dectproductivitatea medie a muncii, vom considera c ne aflmn interiorul TS. Din momentul (de ceas) n careproductivitatea medie a muncii este mai mare dect

productivitatea marginal a muncii, ne aflm n interiorulTL. O raiune pentru aceast delimitare ar putea fiurmtoarea: atta timp ct productivitatea marginal estemai mare dect productivitatea medie, ctigurile n

productivitatea marginal sunt asimilate n creteri aleproductivitii medii; dup punctul n care productivitateamarginal devine mai mic dect productivitatea medie,pierderile din productivitatea marginal se repercuteaz n

pierderi ale productivitii medii. Prin urmare, n acest punct

se produce o modificare de sens al dinamicii, pe care nouastructur a calificrii forei de munc o imprim sistemuluieconomic. Rezult imediat, i n acest caz, faptul c aceastaccepiune a delimitrilor ntre TS i TL nu mai este denatur calendaristic, exogen, ci ine de natura (anatomiai fiziologia) sistemului economic n cauz, deci esteinterior, endogen, dependent de proces.

(c) Cazul devalorizrii monedeiDevalorizarea1 monedei are un efect de cretere a

competitivitii prin pre a ofertei interne de bunuri iservicii tradable, ceea ce conduce la ameliorarea balaneicomerciale (la reducerea deficitului sau, dup caz, lacreterea excedentului). Totui, acest efect se produce nu pe

termen scurt, ci pe termen lung. Mai mult dect att, petermen scurt se produce un efect advers, aa-numita curb nJ , efect advers care este resorbit abia pe termen lung(Figura 4):

Therefore, the parameter of observation is, in this case,the average productivity. The causal structure for theformation (and evolution) of the average productivity is thegap between the marginal productivity and the averageproductivity. This gap is modified by the change inworkforce qualification. Therefore, as long as (clock time)

the marginal work productivity is higher than the averagework productivity, we consider that we are within TS. Fromthe moment (clock time) when the average workproductivity is higher than the marginal productivity, weare within TL. A reason for this delimitation might be thatas long as the marginal productivity is higher than theaverage productivity, the gain from the marginalproductivity are assimilated in growths of the averageproductivity; after the point in which the marginalproductivity becomes lower than the average productivity,the losses from the marginal productivity repercuss inlosses of the average productivity. Therefore, at this pointthere is a change of direction of the dynamics which the

new structure of workforce qualification bears on theeconomic system. I t result that in this case too, that thisacceptation of delimitation between TS and TL is no longercalendar-related, exogenous, but that it depends on thenature (anatomy and physiology) of the particulareconomic system, being thus interior, endogenous andprocess-dependent.

(c) Case of the currency depreciationCurrency depreciation1 increases the price

competitiveness of the internal offer of tradable goodsand services, which leads to the improvement of thetrading balance (decrease of the deficit, or increase of thesurplus). However, this effect is not on the short term,

rather on the long term. Moreover, an adverse effect willoccur on the short-term, the so-called J curve; thisadverse effect will be resorbed only on the long term(Figure 4):

Fig. 4. Efectul de curb n J al devalorizrii monedei asupra soldului balanei comerciale/Fig. 4. The J curve effect of currency depreciation on the balance of trade

Vom face urmtoarele notaii: We will use the following notations:

1 Fenomenologia deprecierii monedei este perfect analog celei a devalorizrii acesteia./The phenomenology of currency depreciation is perfectlyanalogous to currency depreciation.


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: soldul balanei comerciale; : ponderea bunurilor tradable n totalul ofertei

interne;

: ieftinirea bunurilor tradable n preurile exprimaten valuta de referin.

Aadar, prin devalorizarea monedei, bunurile tradable,exprimate n valuta de referin, se ieftinesc (cretecompetitivitatea prin pre). Ca urmare, valoarea exporturilorva crete, n timp ce valoarea importurilor va scdea(deoarece, ca efect n oglind al devalorizrii monedei,

preurile bunurilor importate, exprimate n moned, vorcrete). Efectul ar trebui s fie creterea mai rapid aexporturilor n raport cu importurile (sau ceea ce esteechivalent din punct de vedere valoric), scderea mai rapida importurilor n raport cu exporturile sau orice combinaien acest sens. n realitate, din cauza unor rigiditi nominale1(i chiar din cauza ntrzierii ajungerii informaiei despredevalorizare la importatori, respectiv exportatori), se

produce, mai nti, un efect invers, adic se produce odeteriorare a soldului balanei comerciale. Perioada n carese produce aceast deteriorare ar putea fi numit TS, iar

perioada n care situaia se redreseaz ar putea fi numitTL2.

(d)Cazul echilibrului macroeconomic intern (economienchis) curba IS-LM3

n figura 5 este reprezentat logica curbei IS (modelulpoliticii fiscale), n figura 6 este reprezentat curba LM(modelul politicii monetare), iar n figura 7 este reprezentatdiagrama IS-LM (modelul echilibrului macroeconomic real

ntr-o economie nchis):

: balance of trade; : proportion of the tradable goods within the

internal offer;

: cheapening of the tradable goods in the pricesexpressed in the currency of reference.

Therefore, by depreciation of the national currency, thetradable goods expressed in the reference currency becomecheaper (better competitiveness by price). Therefore, thevalue of exports will increase, while the value of importswill decrease (because, as mirror effect of currencydepreciation, the prices of the imported goods, expressed inthe reference currency, will increase). The resulting effectshould be a faster increase of the exports in relation withthe imports or, (which is equivalent in terms of value) theimports will decrease faster in relation with the exports, orany other such combination. Actually, because of nominalrigidities1 (and even because of the delay with which theinformation about currency depreciation reaches the

importers and the exporters), the reversed effect will occurfirst, meaning that the balance of trade will deteriorate. Thelength of time when this deterioration occurs may betermed as TS, while the length of time when the situationstraightens may be termed as TL2.

(d)Case of the internal macroeconomic balance (closedeconomy) IS-LM diagram3

Figure 5 shows the logic of IS curve (model of the fiscalpolicy); Figure 6 shows LM curve (model of the monetarypolicy), while Figure 7 shows IS-LM diagram (the model ofthe macroeconomic balance within a closed economy):

Fig. 5. Curba IS (investment-saving)/Fig. 5. IS (investment-saving) curve

1Contracte internaionale, importuri obligatorii (inclusiv pentru reexport), inelasticitatea ofertei interne de bunuri tradable etc./International contracts,compulsory imports (including for re-export), inelasticity of the internal offer of tradable goods etc. 2Desigur, aceast propunere este destul de arbitrar,dar se poate considera orice alt posibilitate. Ideea este ca modificarea de comportament a economieinaionale s se produc la un moment dat. n cazul discutat aici, aceast modificare este reprezentat de modificarea ponderi i valorice a bunurilor tradablen totalul ofertei interne, pe mecanismul de cauzalitate prezentat mai sus./Of course, this proposal is rather arbitrary but one can consider any otherpossibility. The idea is that the change of behaviour of the national economy occurs at a specific moment. In the case discussed here, this modification is

represented by the change of the proportion of tradable goods value within the total internal offer, due to the mechanism of causality presented above.3 Principalul aspect care ar putea fi discutat aici se refer la posibilitatea realizrii mix-ului fiscal-monetar n politicile de ajustare macroeconomic.


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Fig. 6. Curba LM (liquidity-money)/Fig. 6. LM (liquidity-money) curve

Fig. 7. Diagrama IS-LM (echilibru macroeconomic ntr-o economie nchis)/Fig. 7. IS-LM diagram (macroeconomic balance within a closed economy)

Vom face urmtoarele notaii:

: creterea gap-ului PIB; : structura de utilizare a venitului disponibil; : mecanisme de resorbie a excesului de

moned.Aadar, s presupunem o msur de relaxare fiscal,

ceea ce nseamn o deplasare a curbei IS spre dreapta sus(vezi figura 8). Se va crea o presiune n direcia creteriiratei nominale a dobnzii, pe de o parte, concomitentcu o presiune n direcia creterii PIB, pe de alt parte.Creterea PIB este, pe termen scurt, exclusiv inflaionist(este o cretere bazat pe creterea gap-ului PIB).Pentru a contracara acest efect, este necesar o msur desterilizare monetar, care s absoarb excesul de masmonetar ce se ndreapt direct spre consum1 (excesul de

We will use the following notations:

: increase of GDP gap; : structure of utilisation of the available revenue; : mechanisms resorbing the excess of currency.

Therefore, presume there is a measure of fiscalloosening, which means that IS curve will shift towardsthe right-up side (see Figure 8). This will create apressure to increase the nominal interest rate, on the onehand, concomitantly with a pressure to increase the GDP,on the other hand. The increase of the GDP is, on theshort-term, exclusively inflationist (growth based on theincrease of GDP gap). To counter this effect we need toimplement a measure of monetary sterilizationwhich absorbs the excess of monetary mass directedstraight towards consumption1 (the excess of monetary

1 Fie consum privat, fie consum guvernamental./Private or governmental consumption.


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mas monetar, care se ndreapt spre alte componente alecererii agregate, este binevenit). Aceasta implic odeplasare a curbei LM spre stnga sus. S-ar putea spune cavem TS pe perioada de ceas, n care se meninepresiunea asupra gap-ului inflaionist al PIB, i avem TL pe

perioada de ceas, n care sterilizarea monetar reuete s

curee excesul de mas monetar destinat creteriiconsumului.

mass directed towards other components of theaggregate demand is welcome). This involves a shift ofLM curve towards the left-up side. We might say that wehave TS for as long as (clock time) there is pressure onthe inflationist GDP gap, and that we have TL for as long as(clock time) the monetary sterilization manages to

clean the excess of monetary mass directed towardsconsumption.

Fig. 8. Termen scurt i termen lung n mix-ul de politici fiscal-monetare/Fig. 8. Short-term and long-term in the mix of fiscal-monetary policies

(e) Cazul curbei Phillipsn Figura 9 este reprezentat curba Phillips pe termen

scurt, iar n Figura 10 este reprezentat curba Phillips pe

termen lung (pe ordonat este msurat rata preurilor,adic inflaia, iar pe abscis este msurat rataomajului; la inflaie nul se obine rata natural a omajului rn):

(e) Case of the Phillips curveFigure 9 shows the short-term Phillips curve, while

Figure 10 shows the long-term Phillips curve (the

ordinate measures the rate of prices, i.e. the inflation,while the abscissa measures the unemployment rate; fornull inflation we will get the natural unemploymentrate):

Fig. 9. Curba Philips pe termen scurt/Fig. 9. Short-term Philips curve


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Fig. 10. Curba Philips pe termen lung/Fig. 10. Long-term Philips curve

Vomface urmtoarele notaii:

: rata actual a omajului; : nivelul inflaiei; : anticipaiile privind inflaia.O cretere a inflaiei va impulsiona creterea ofertei

interne, ceea ce va duce la creterea cererii de munc(inclusiv la o cretere a salariului nominal), adic la oreducere a omajului. Deci, pe curba Phillips pe termenlung, avem o scdere a ratei omajului sub nivelul su

natural (rata natural a omajului este indicat pe curbaPhillips pe termen scurt). La acest nou nivel al inflaiei,aceasta este prezumat a rmne stabil, ceea ce creteomajul din nou la nivelul ratei naturale (pe curba Phillips

pe termen lung) .a.m.d. Aadar, pe TS, curba Phillips estedescresctoare i convex n relaionarea inflaiei (sau ceeace este echivalent cu rata salariului nominal) cu rataomajului, n timp ce pe TL este rigid n raport cu inflaia.

(f) Cazul neutralitii monetaren figura 11 este reprezentat non-neutralitatea monetar

(lipsa de impact al economiei nominale asupra economieireale) pe TS, respectiv neutralitatea monetar pe TL.


: actual unemployment rate; : level of inflation; : anticipations regarding inflation.

The increase of inflation will boost the increase of theinternal offer, which will increase the demand for labour (andan increase of the nominal wage), which means lowerunemployment rate. Therefore, on the long-term Phillips curvewe have a decrease of the unemployment rate below its natural

level (the natural unemployment rate is given by the short-termPhillips curve). At this new level of inflation, it is presumed toremain stable, which increases again the unemployment rate tothe level of the natural unemployment rate (on the long-termPhillips curve), and so on. Therefore, on TS, the Phillips curveis decreasing and convex when relating inflation (or, which issimilar, of the nominal wage) with the unemployment rate,while on TL, it is rigid in relation with inflation.

(f) Case of the monetary neutralityFigure 11 shows the monetary non-neutrality (no impact

of the nominal economy over the real economy) on TS, andthe monetary neutrality on TL.

Fig. 11. Non-neutralitatea monetar pe TS i neutralitatea monetar pe TL/

Fig. 11. Monetary non-neutrality on TS and monetary neutrality on TL


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S facem urmtoarele notaii:

: variaia ofertei agregate interne; : variaia gap-ului PIB; : variaia ofertei de moned.Aadar, o cretere a ofertei de moned va

conduce la creterea cererii agregate interne, adresate oferteiinterne. Pe termen scurt, se va produce o cretere a PIBactual, adic o cretere a gap-ului PIB. Treptat, adic pe TL,aceast cretere a gap-ului PIB va fi absorbit n pre, iargap-ul PIB se resoarbe cu consecina, c oferta agregatintern revine la nivelul de pn la creterea ofertei demoned. Aceasta nseamn c trebuie s numim TS timpul(perioada) de ceas n care impulsul monetar (al creteriimasei monetare) se manifest exclusiv asupra cererii i nueste preluat n pre: aceasta este perioada de non-neutralitatea monedei; i c trebuie s numim TL intervalul carencepe n momentul de ceas al absorbiei creterii de masmonetar n pre, adic perioada de neutralitate a

monedei.(g) Cazul investiiei directen Figura 12 este reprezentat funcia de producie per

capita generat de investiia n capital fizic, iar n figura 13este reprezentat funcia de producie per capita, generat deinvestiia n cunoatere (sau n capitalul uman, sau ncapitalul intelectual)1:


: variation of the internal aggregate offer; : variation of GDP gap; : variation of the currency offer.

Therefore, the increase of the currency offer will

increase the internal aggregate demand from the internaloffer. On the short-term, there will be an increase of theactual GDP, i.e. an increase of GDP gap. Gradually, i.e. on

TL, this increase of GDP gap will be absorbed in the price,and the GDP gap is resorbed; consequently, the internalaggregate offer returns to its level from before the currencyoffer increase. This means that we must call TS the clocktime (period) in which the monetary impulse (of the highermonetary mass) acts exclusively on the demand and is notassumed in the price: this is the period of currency non-neutrality; it also means that we have to call TL the intervalwhich starts at the clock time when the increase ofmonetary mass is absorbed in the price, i.e. the period of

currency neutrality.(g) Case of the direct investmentFigure 12 shows the production function per capita

generated by the investment in physical capital, whileFigure 13 shows the production function per capitagenerated by the investment in knowledge (or in humancapital, or in intellectual capital)1:

Fig. 12. Impactul investiiei n capital fizic asupra curbei ofertei interne/Fig. 12. Impact of the investment in physical capital on the curve of the internal offer

1Figurile 12 i 13 sunt inspirate din lucrarea The Economics of European Integration de R. Baldwin i C Wiplosz, publicat de McGraw Hill Education(versiunea romneasc a fost realizat de autor mpreun cu colaboratorii si i publicat de Editura Economic, Bucureti, n anul 2006, ISBN (10)973-709-188-4. Figurile menionate se gsesc la paginile 197, respectiv 205 din versiunea tradus)./Figures 12 and 13 are inspired from the book TheEconomics of European Integration, by R. Baldwin, and C. Wyplosz, published by McGraw Hill Education (the Romanian version was be performed by

the author and his collaborators, and published by Economica Publishing House, Bucharest, 2006, ISBN (10)973-709-188-4. The mentioned figures arelocated at 197, respectively 205, in the translated version).


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Fig. 13. Impactul investiiei n capital fizic asupra curbei ofertei interne/

Fig. 13. Impact of the investment in intellectual capital on the curve of the internal offer

unde: este funcia de depreciere a capitalului fizic(msurat prin amortizare); s este funcia de economisiredin venit pentru a realiza investiiile n capital fizic.

S facem urmtoarele notaii:

: viteza de variaie a PIB per capita; : ponderea investiiei n capitalul uman n

totalul investiiei;

: sursa investiiei directe.Aadar, n cazul investiiei directe n capital fizic, sursa

acestei investiii este venitul disponibil, ceea ce face ca PIBper capita, generat de aceast investiie, s aib o formcresctoare i concav, n timp ce n cazul investiiei directen capitalul uman, sursa acestei investiii nu mai estevenitul1, deci forma PIB per capita, generat de aceastinvestiie, este cresctoare i liniar. ntruct efectulinvestiiei n capitalul fizic este imediat, s-ar puteaspune c TS este acea perioad de ceas n care formafunciei PIB per capita i menine concavitatea. ntructinvestiia n capitalul uman va conduce la creterea PIB percapita (ca urmare a creterii productivitii muncii)n mod suplimentar fa de creterea generat de investiian capital fizic, rezult c s-ar putea spune, c TL esteacea perioad care ncepe la momentul de ceas lacare curba PIB per capita ncepe s se ndrepte vezifigura 14 (din nou, perioadele TS, respectiv, TL nuau nici o legtur cu aspectul calendaristic sau cu timpul deceas):

where: is the function of depreciation of the physicalcapital (measured by amortization); s is the function ofrevenue saving for investments in physical capital.


: speed of GDP per capita variation; : proportion of human capital investments

within the total investments;

: source of the direct investment.Therefore, in the case of direct investment in physical

capital, the source of this investment is the availablerevenue and this is why the GDP per capita generated bythis investment has an increasing, concave form; in the caseof direct investment in human capital, the source of thisinvestment is no longer the revenue1, and the GDP percapita generated by this investment has an increasing, linearform. Because the effect of the investment in physicalcapital is immediate, we may say that TS is that period ofclock time in which the form of GDP per capita functionremains concave. Because the investment in human capitalwill increase the GDP per capita (by higher workproductivity) additionally to the increase generated by theinvestment in physical capital, it results that TL is that

period which starts at the moment of clock time in whichthe curve of the GDP per capita starts to straighten seeFigure 14 (again, the periods of TS and TL have noconnection with the calendar aspect or with the clocktime):

1 De exemplu, creterea calificrii prin utilizarea noilor tehnologii generate de investiia n capital fix, va conduce la creterea productivitii muncii, princreterea capitalului intelectual (cretere care nu a avut nevoie de consumarea de venit pentru a fi obinut) i, ca urmare, la ndreptarea curbei PIB percapita./For instance, a higher qualification obtained using the new technologies generated by the investment in fixed capital will increase work productivity

by increasing the intellectual capital (increase which didnt need expenditure from the revenue) and, therefore, by straightening the curve of GDP percapita.


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Fig. 14. Termen scurt i termen lung n investiia direct/Fig. 14. Short-term and long-term in direct investments

2. ncheiereProblematica TS vs TL n economie este complicat, dar

important. Ea ar trebui abordat, n opinia mea, ntr-omodalitate extrem de abstract, n baza teoriei generale asistemelor, dar innd cont de particularitile sistemeloreconomice (dar chiar i aceast particularizare trebuie s fietot general, adic s particularizeze mulimea sistemeloreconomice n mulimea sistemelor, nu s particularizeze unanumit sistem economic n mulimea sistemeloreconomice).

n acest context, probabil c cea mai potrivit metod arfi proiectarea unui program de cercetare (12-24 luni) dedicatacestei chestiuni, care ar trebui s elucideze urmtoareleaspecte (cel puin):

a.Lista observabilelor (parametrilor de observare, nterminologia utilizat mai sus) ntr-un sistem economic;

b.Lista controlabilelor din lista observabilelor;c.Lista structurilor (organizaionale, funcionale) dintr-

un sistem economic, asociate observabilelor;d.Lista (i descrierea logic a) mecanismelor cauzale

care conduc la modificarea structurilor;e.Formarea tripletelor determinante posibile (parametru

observabil, structur asociat, mecanism cauzal: , ,

);f.Alegerea tripletelor determinante controlabile din lista

tripletelor determinante posibile1.

2.ConclusionThe problem of TS vs. TL in economy is complicated, but

important nevertheless. It should be approached, in myopinion, in a very abstract way, on the basis of the generaltheory of systems, while taking into account the particularitiesof the economic systems (however, this particularizationshould also be general, i.e. it should particularize themultitude of the economic systems within the multitude ofsystems, rather than particularize a specific economic systemwithin the multitude of economic systems).

Within this context, the most suitable method seems to bedesigning a research program dedicated to this matter, whichshould elucidate (at least) the following aspects:

a.List of the observables (parameters of observation,using the terminology employed above) within an economicsystem;

b.List of the controllables within the list of observables;c.List of the structures (organizational, functional) within

an economic system, associated to the observables;d.List (and logic description) of the causal mechanisms

which lead to changes in the structures;e.Formation of the possible determining triplets

(observable parameter, associated structure, causal

mechanism: , , );f. Selection of the controllable determining triplets from

the list of the possible determining triplets1.

Recomandat spre publicare: 25.10.2012

1 Prin nlocuirea observabilelor cu controlabilele./By replacing the observables with the controllables.


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DEZVOLTAREA SECTORULUI VITI-VINICOLDE PRODUCERE-PROCESARE - DIRECTIASTRATEGICA A ECONOMIEI DIN REGIUNE

(in baza materialelor GAGUZIEI)

DEVELOPMENT OF WINE-GROWING-MAKINGAIC SECTOR - THE STRATEGIC DIRECTION

OF ECONOMY OF THE REGION(on materials ATO GAGAUZERI)

A.Z.ONOFREI, doctor habilitat,

profesor, Universitatea de Stat din MoldovaT.D.DUDOGLO, lector, Universitatea de Stat din Comrat

A.Z.ONOFREI, doctor habilitate, professor

of the State University of MoldovaT.D. DUDOGLO, teacher of the Comrat State University

Acest articol analizeaza tendinta de dezvoltare aviticulturii, evidentiaza particularitatile de evaluare inivelul modern a eficientei productiei i de asemeneainvestigheaza aspecte de sporire a competitivitatii.

Cuvinte cheie:sector vitivinicol de producere i procesare,eficienta, piata agrara, producere, competitivitate, calitate.

This article analyses the trend of the development ofviticulture, points out evaluation peculiarities and modernlevel of production efficiency and also investigates theissue of strengthening competitiveness.

Key words: wine-growing-making sector, efficiency, theagrarian market, manufacture, competitiveness, quality.

Wine-growing-making sector in Moldova is rightlyconsidered strategic. It brings about 20-25% income tobudget and his share in countrys export is about 30%.

Republic of Moldova is in the top ten wine exporters in theworld. And, in spite of the fact that in the worldproduction of alcohol specific weight of the Moldavianproduct is insignificant, it can still be produced and sold inmuch larger quantities.

State of the economy of ATO Gagauzia depends verymuch from the level of development of AIC (agrarian andindustrial complex), that predetermines introduction ofnew technologies, improvement of the economic relation

iefs.md revista economie si sociologie 4 2012

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