The research of the sports injury causes and countermeasures of cadets in physical training

By taking students of National University of Defense Technology as a study case

Li liping Physical Education Department

Changsha University of Science Technology Changsha, Hunan

llp780216@yahoo.com.cn

Zeng shishang Dept. of Mechanical EngineeringHunan Industry Polytechnic

Changsha, Hunan zzyllp6@sina.cn

Abstract—The thesis uses the methodology of documentary file, questionnaire survey and survey to analyze the sports injury in physical training among 236 students of National University of Defense Technology and systematically states the mechanism of the injury formation from inside and outside to come up with the relative countermeasures with the view of reducing the injury risks and providing references to insure the physical training and competition.

Keywords-physical training; sports injury; inside and outside factors;countermeasure Introduction

I. PREFACE

“Physical strength is combat effectiveness ” has became the common view in every country throughout the world . Physical training is the foundation of military training. It devotes to improve the army’s fighting capacity all along. The forms of physical training are various, which can be divided into five sorts. They are morning exercise,military sports class,extracurricular athletics, sports tournament and others. With the development of modern military physical training on the trend of comprehensiveness,high strength and high standard,the chance of injury in physical training has increased. It not only affects the physical training, but also hinders the development of military school’s physical education. Consequently,deeply analyzing the reasons of cadets injury has vital theoretical significance and realistic Significance to decrease the injury rate and increase the science level of physical training[1].

II. RESEARCH OBJECT AND METHOD

A. Research object Injury problem of 236 students in National

University of Defense Technology of 2007-2010

B. Research method 1) Method of document literature In order to lay groundwork for follow-up study, the

article consults relevant document, masters principles, and understand the current. The resources are from the library of Changsha university of Science and Technology, net of Chinese Academic Journal (www·cnki·net), superstar

digital library(www·Ssreader·com) ,and other authority sites.

2) The thesis adopts questionnaire survey to investigate the position and species of injury, the form of group training and sport event of injury and the degree, ratio and reasons of injury among 1013 cadets of 2007-2010. The amount of the questionnaire is 1013 and there are 247 which have injury history and 236 valid questionnaires with a usability rate of 97%.

3) Visit outpatient department of National University of Defense Technology to look up some cadets’ injury medical record and have an informal discuss with them.

4) The thesis adopts interviewing method to know the reasons and precaution of sport injury from 26 physical training instructor.

5) Adopt Excel 2003 to deal with the data. The comparison of enumeration data adopts 2 examine.

III. THE RESULT ANALYSIS

A. The research result 1) The species and position of injury. The sport injury is that injury happens during the sport

process[2]. The species of sport injury are various, the normal sport injury is divided into closed and opened injury according to the hurt skin and the completeness of die sticking in this article. Furthermore, the closed injury includes the sprain, contusion, strain, fracture and dislocation. And the opened injury includes scraping and laceration. The table 1 shows that the main injury reason is closed injury, occupying the 80% of injury. Especially, the sprain is a high rate injury in physical training, it accounts for 36% of total. Furthermore, pulling accounts for 25% of total injury and it is a significant sport injury in physical training. Moreover, the scraping frequently happens during the physical training and it accounts for 12% of the total.

The research found the injury positions are 13 and table 1 shows most injury positions are the four limbs and it accounts for 79%, which involves 24% upper limbs and 55% lower limbs. The injury of four limbs often happens on joints, which occupies 79% of total, and the joints

2011 International Conference on Human Health and Biomedical EngineeringAugust 19-22, 2011, Jilin, China

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injury often happens on wrists and ankles, which separately occupies 22% and 46% of the total.

In conclusion, the joints ligament sprain, pulling of the four limbs and soft tissue scratches are the common situations of injury. Besides couple of the dislocations, almost all the sorts of injuries occur on shoulders, elbows. The injury of the trunk happens on waist mostly which occupies 64.6% of the total.

2) The injury of the form of physical stamina training and sports event

The form of physical stamina training can be roughly divided into five groups, the morning exercises, the military sports section.the extra-curricular sports activities, the sports games and some other sports. According to the statistics, each of the group had caused some injuries. Among them, the “one hour per day" extra-curricular sports activities which was the first choice in the physical stamina training, caused 41.5% of the injury. Besides, the sports games ranked to the second that was 20.3%. And the military sports section, which took 54 classes, caused injury in a low standard of 19%. While the morning exercises, that took place every other day, only accounted for 2.5 %( 6 injuries at all).

Physical stamina training could be composed by basic physical training, professional physical training and comprehensive physical training. Each of the branches has its own series of sports training. According to the statistics, all sports training have some injury records, and the results of injury in the same sports varied in different training groups. The injury of ball games and the 5 kilometers cross-country in the extra-curricular training ranked to the top, at 14.4% and 8.4%. While the 400 meters obstacles and the 400 meters obstacles in amphibious landing caused the worst injury in the military sports section that were 6.3% and 4.2%.

3) The degree and ratio of injury The degree of injury is divided of minor , moderate, and serious degree. Minor injury refers to after an injury people can still have scheduled training. Moderate injury refers to after an injury people can not have scheduled training and should cease or decrease the training of injury area. Serious injury refers to after an injury people need complete rest more than one week. The statistic shows that the moderate injury and minor injury are majorities which separately occupies 47.9% and 40.6%. The serious injury is minority which occupies 11.5% of total. However the serious injury is much more dangerous so we should arise enough attention. The research found that the injury ratio increased obviously when it is early days or later period of important sports games, during the physical strength training or during the fitness exams. It also found that the times of injury increase according to the growth of grade. Table 3 shows the injury rates from freshmen to senior are 8.3%,22.6%,29.4%,39.5%.

B. Analysis of the damage factors Although the research of relative data and investigation

which realize the causes that lead to above results are various, in view of sports medicine, the main reasons are factors of inside and outside of human body.

1) External factor a) Indirect action force. The action that is caused by

media or third party, also means that external force that acts on the position around the injury affect the position of injury after transmitting. (Such as conduction, action force of rotating and cutting, and leverage[3].) It is significant element that causes the damage of parenchyma in training of military school. It usually leads to the injuries that causing by sprain, pulling, or more seriously, can cause fracture and dislocation.

b) Contraction of muscle. The power when muscle contracts, is the most common factor of injury when new cadets have fundamental physical training. The muscle belly, the transition of tendons and muscle and the adherent place of tendons are strained mostly.

c) Direct violence. The power directly acts on injury area, is the main injury factor when cadets are in process of comprehensive physical strength training, especially in sudden injury of sports competition. They have contusion mostly and the injury area always has hematoma because of subcutaneous hemorrhage.

d) Chronic trauma. Chronic trauma is the cost of the partial stress caused by long-term, reduplicative, sustaining posture or professional action of human body .It is a king of hyperplasia and the hypertrophy and the stress surpasses the reserve capacity , As a resul the minor injury accumulates and protracts and causes the Chronic trauma.

e) The potential safety hazard in sports environment The safety of security condition of equipment and

hardware in training field is also a vital incentive of sports injury. the undesirable sportwear and sports safety can also bring about unnecessary damage. the sports in villainous weather , such as raining days, slippery ground, extreme cold or hot or dense fog, also easily cause injury.

f) There some problems on medical supervision Strengthening medical supervision of physical ability

training and stressing scientific physical training are the new requirements of the contemporary military physical training to the master instructor. According to the research, one of the reasons of athletic injury is the lack of medical supervision, the unawareness of some potential diseases and the unsuitability of training time.

2) Internal factors a) There lack of the awareness of athletic injury

prevention and the ability of self-protection. When under physical training, many people

misunderstand the saying “injury is inevitable in physical training, but it is usually a minor wound or not very bad disease. Trainees who are in physical training must follow this proverb: “go forward to the trial, challenge the trial”. So their numb thought in the training, their strong desire to victory, their brainstorms plus the aimless advocacy, which finally result in the constant athletic injury and unnecessary reduction of non-combat injuries.

b) Weakness of body function, defect of body’s situation

Weakness of body function, in this case, if someone does much physical training, it will easily result in muscle and joint wound (internal injury) and internal injury to viscera.

The weakness of habitus is one of the main reasons why the primary trainees get easily injured at initial stage. In addition, the lack of professional instruction and

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exercise, leading to the disacquaintance to actions shortcomings and mistakes in skills, which is against the features of body structure and habitus and the theory of biology in sporting can also easily bring about injuries. Weakness of mentality is also crucial reason causing injury.

c) Deficiency of warming up or improper warming up Deficiency and improperness of warming up are the

prime reasons causing injuries. We find in research that at the beginning of physical training most of the trainees who have ever sprained and pulled for some none accidental reasons that warming-up are not enough unduly or over fiercely and the combination between the content of warming-up and the drill content is not proper easily get injured especially in the situation of low temperature and long- time interrupted training, the viscosity of muscle is big, action stiff and muscle and fibre connective tissue get more easily pulled.

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Improving the awareness of self-protection, and enhancing the body function training of protection and self-protection. Which improve trainees’ awareness of protection and

self-protection and enhance students’ body function training of protection and self-protection are not only one of the quality of excellent training instructor but also a teaching period of contemporary physical training, which are essential to taking precautions against training injury actively. In sports matches, athletes should heighten the ability of resisting the actions may hurt themselves and the skills of avoiding, defusing and resisting the action easily causing injured. In training, exactly evaluating the danger of completing some actions, playground failing to meet the requirements and the defective sports facility and correctly predicting the actions may hurt oneself in match, which means that we should keep a string of safe awareness in our mind. And we should learn a series of actions of self-protection.

In physical training, if someone has paraesthesia, others should make teachers know to avoid sports injury[4]. Specific paraethesia as followed: dizziness, cephalalgia , asitia, tiredness, ache. If the signals as listed appear and take notice of them, it will be beneficial to preventing the physical training injury.

B. Strengthening the comprehensive physical training, improving the integral ability of resisting training injury. That the improvements of the whole trainees’ quality is

fundamental to the occurrence of resisting the training injury, because the whole trainees’ physical quality is the material base of preventing training injury. According to the research, we can find that the more emaciated trainees are, the easier it is for them to get hurt in training, so during the physical training, we need not only intensify the strength of big muscle group and endurance training, but also enhance the training of flexibility, suppleness and coordination. In addition, we must pay more attention to the training of joint smaller muscle group and ligament and the solution of the muscular balance between agonistic

muscle , at the same time, reinforcing the training of easy-injured parts and relatively weak parts to prevent partly overburden. In general, we should take notice of physical function training as well as steeling will.

C. Arranging physical training properly, and trying best for scientifical regime and training process.

When making and executing physical training plans, we must arrange training contents reasonably, collocate training projects and parts scientifically, and grasp physical training load accurately, meanwhile, we should implement the gradual, training principle, avoid the intensity of the training load an over-concentration on body one region or a system, and prevent partly burden too much, e the occurrence of training injury. Instructors should be promptly relax students for the fatigue of physical training, and pay attention to students' psychological condition, habits, because adequate and high quality of sleep is the most beneficial to the physical fatigue recovery. Training time should be fixed, and after the training, do more relaxing activities, and the athletes massage for each other[5].

D. paying more attention to the activities and warming-up sport to ensure physical training as favorable as possible. Scientific and reasonable warming-up activity is an

important weapon for preventing sports injury in physical training, before the physical training it is necessary to warm up and do it enough, what's more, the contents of the preparation and training must be matched and having specific aim instead of sameness. In preparation for the activities, except using prevailing practice we still advocate using the static flexing practice.

E. Strengthening the check-up and medical supervision, and preventing excessive physical training. To strengthen the medical supervision is an important

part of scientizing training, being the medical guarantee to make the training go on smoothly at the same time. Physical-teaching and medical departments concerned must pass on more knowledge on medical supervision, teach the students to assess their own bodies’ condition correctly and grasp the concept of over fatigue[6]. Besides, these contents should be included in the theoretical textbooks. A regular medical supervision for each student per year is needed. The departments also need to assess the students’ condition of their whole bodies and give special guidance to those bad-physiqued ones and those whose family members have medical histories of heart disease and have to take drugs to help cure and control their diseases. To urge and check the students’ self-monitor is a good way for them to develop the habit of measuring their pulses in the morning by themselves and keeping training diaries, which will systemize the medical supervision. As a trainer who holds the training, he should pay attention to the students’ physical reactions during and after the training. Once something unexpected happened, corresponding adjusting measures should be taken in time, especially when the training is under way in an unfamiliar environment, the trainer must make a point of it in case of accidents.

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REFERENCES

[1] Liu Jian and Zhai Qiang ,” Present Situation and Cause ofD isabledAthletes in China:Take Liaoning Athletes as a Case,” Journal of Shenyang sport University, 2010,3 (6) , pp. 6-9.

[2] WekerleC.WolfeDA.Datingviolenceinmid-adolescence,“Theory.significance.and emerging prevention initiatives,” Clin Psy-chol,Rev,1999,19(4),pp.435-436

[3] Liu Jian and Zhai Qiang ,” Present Situation and Cause ofD isabled Athletes in China:Take Liaoning Athletes as a Case,” Journal ofShenyang sport University, 2010,3 (6) , pp. 6-9.

[4] Liu Bin,“Discussion on Cause and Prevention of Sport Injury inSport College s Basketball Teaching and Training”Bulletin ofSport Science & Technology,2009,2,pp.51-53

[5] YU Dong-sheng, “ Influencing factors and solutions for competitive ability for college student athletes, ” Journal of Shandong Institute of Physical Education and Sports,2010,5,pp.88-91

[6] Zhang Ka and Wu Yan-ping and Han Jun, “Sports specialized student basketball movement damage investigation and pathology analysis, ” Journal of Hotan Teachers College,2008,6,pp.181-183

TABLE I. THE DEGREE AND RATIO OF INJURY

Degree of injury Grade Head count

Injurynumber

of people

Injury

ratio% minor moderate serious

2010 350 29 8.3% 8 16 5

2009 195 44 22.6% 15 23 4

2008 197 58 29.4% 25 27 6 2007 271 107 39.5% 48 46 12 Total 1013 236 23.3% 96 113 27

TABLE I. INJURY POSITION AND SPECIES

Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs Neck Subjects Species

Waist Back Abdomen

Wrist Elbow Front buttock

Shoulders

Fronthuckle

Knees Shank Ankle Head Neck

Total

Abrasion

1 10 2 4 2 3 2 5 29 Openedinjury

Laceration

8 2 5 1 16

Sprain 13 1 3 6 17 45 1 85

Contusion

12 1 2 5 1 15 36

Strain 18 6 8 1 2 8 4 14 56 Fracture 1 2 3 Dislocat

ion 2 4 6

Closedinjury

Concussion of

thebrain

2 2

Total 19 8 8 34 11 7 6 10 29 21 70 3 1 236

TABLE II. THE PHYSICAL STAMINA TRAINING AND SPORTS EVENT

formproject

Morning exercises

Militarysports

Extra-curricular training

SportCompetition

Others Total

Track and field 1 5 21 7 5 39

Apparatus gymnastics 2 6 6 2 16

Basic physical

swimming 3 1 3 2 9 1.5kilometer cross-country

3 20 7 10 40

400-meter obstacles 15 13 8 5 41

Professional physical

400-meter bstacles of ferry landing

10 2 4 16

Grapple 1 2 3 Comprehensive physical Ball games 5 34 19 11 69

Total 6 45 99 48 39 236

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