identifying key studies in nuclear astrophysics through the carina network

Identifying key studies in nuclear astrophysics through the CARINA networkCarmen Angulo [email protected] CARINA network andCRC Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumEURISOL workshop ECT* TrentoJanuary 16-20, 2006The CARINA network in the I3 EURONSCARINA = Challenges and Advance Research In Nuclear AstrophysicsI3 = Integrated Infrastructure Initiative (FP6)EURONS = EURopean Nuclear Structure

Main goals of the CARINA network To carry out mapping studies of the European situation in terms of projects, facilities and teams in order to identify the available instrumentation and human potential. To develop the research capabilities of existing Large Scale Facilities (LSF) and of smaller laboratories and enhance involvement in the future RIB facilities. To record the needs for new instrumentation and techniques; look for existing solutions in other fields. To coordinate research efforts by defining and proposing common research goals and by encouraging new collaborations and new R&D projects.

Date of beginning: 1 January 2005Date of end: 31 December 2008Budget: 35 k

www.cyc.ucl.ac.be/CARINA

Which are the EURONS LSF ?The world-class facilities, agreed by the EC, that constitute the backbones of EURONS are:CRC/UCL (B) ECT* (EUR)CERN-ISOLDE (EUR)GSI (D)GANIL (F)JYU-JYFL (FIN)INFN-LNL (I) RUG-KVI (NL)


What is the role of CARINA?Who is involved in CARINA? To provide coherence to the research activities in nuclear astrophysics in Europe by: Identifying the key forefront studies Providing guidance to laboratories Assuring best development and usage of the facilities Representatives of the EURONS experimental LSF. Representatives of other European laboratories involved in nuclear astrophysics that answered to the call. CARINA is also (and mainly) intended as a forum of discussion.


CARINA Tasks (I)Task 1: Setup activity

1.1 Four working groups have been established (January 2005):

"Theory" - nuclear and astrophysical models Conveners: Alain Coc (CSNSM)/ Jordi Jos (Barcelona)

"Instrumentation" Conveners : Tom Davinson (Edinburgh)/ Giacomo de Angelis (INFN LNL)

Link to the EURONS LSF Conveners : Alberto Mengoni (CERN) / Klaus Smmerer (GSI)

Link to non-EURONS LSF labs working on nuclear astrophysics Conveners : Michael Heil (KFZ Karlsruhe) / Endre Somorjai (ATOMKI)

1.2 The CARINA webpage is launched on January 2005


CARINA Tasks (II)Task 2: Actions

2.1 Workshops

The first CARINA workshop held on June 8-10, 2005.Co-organized by the IEEC/UPC Barcelona and the CARINA coordinator.Announced in the CARINA webpage at end of January 2005.Announced in the NuPECC website: www.nupecc.org/calendar

Information sent to the coordinators of all EURONS activities.First Circular sent in February 3rd, 2005.

2.2 Report on the First workshop: November 2005.


CARINA: milestones and deliverables

Milestones

Date due

Date accompl.

Working groups set

01/05

Webpage available

01/05

Organization & announcement of 1st workshop

02/05

First workshop held

06/05

Working groups meeting / visits

06/06

Organization and announcement of 2nd workshop

05/07

Second workshop held

09/07

Working groups meeting / visits

08/08

Deliverables

Date due

Date

delivered

Dissemination level

Report

04/05

07/05

public

First report on workshop

10/05

11/05

public

First report on WG meetings

10/06

public

Second report on workshop

01/08

public

Second report on WG meetings

12/08

public


The goal of the first workshopQuestions to be answered:What is the European situation in terms of projects, facilities and teams? What is the present available instrumentation and human potential?What are the research capabilities of the existing LSF and of the other laboratories ? How to enhance involvement in the future RIB facilities?What are the needs for new instrumentation and techniques; for existing solutions in other fields?Does this network sound meaningful to European research ?Perspectives in European nuclear astrophysics


Program of the first workshopPerspectives in European nuclear astrophysics(39 registered) 37 participants from 10 EC countries and Associated statesProgram: review talks, working group sessions (all plenary) 5 review talks: Astrophysical models explosive burning (M. Hernnz, Barcelona) Astrophysical models quiescent burning/AGB (M. Busso, Perugia) Nuclear models for astrophysics (P. Descouvemont, Brussels) Experiments using RIB at European LSF (K. Smmerer, Darmstadt) Experiments at European non-EURONS facilities (M. Heil, Karlsruhe)

Working group sessions: short talks + round table discussions Summary Election of the Steering Committee


Quests in Nuclear AstrophysicsLarge variety of problems large variety of methodsBeams of electrons, neutrons, light and heavy ions (stable and unstable).Energies: from ten of keV to multi-GeV.Facilities: university and small labs accelerators, table-top underground labs, large-scale facilities

Specific tools: Big Bang nucleosynthesis, pp-chain, CNO cycleRecoil separators, forward magnetic spectrometers, high-efficiency gamma detectorsExplosive scenarios (hot CNO, rp process, etc)Low-energy, intense & pure radioactive beams (ISOL-type)High beam energies, purity and speed of separation (fragmentation + in-flight)


Facilities for Nuclear AstrophysicsLarge number of small- and medium-scale facilities which are beneficial to the field (attract students, act as feeders to large-scale facilities).A few important reactions in quiescent burning: still to be investigated. But the scientific interest will move towards astrophysical sites involving radioactive species.In the future, two large-scale radioactive beam facilities: ISOL-type: EURISOL Fragmentation: Super-FRS @ FAIRBoth have nuclear astrophysics in their agenda. but:How much beam time can be devoted to nuclear astrophysics at these large and expensive facilities that cater to a very broad range of physics interest?The long time-span until they become fully operational does matter.


How to fulfil the needs in the near future? (I)How to fulfil the needs of the European NA community, at least in the years of about 2008-2015? CARINA proposes a three-tiered intermediate step:To identify and to secure the long-term availability of: Key facilities for specific experiments Key theoretical institutes

To combine in a network these key facilities/institutes to assure the coherence of the scientific activities and to secure:Technical know-howManpower


How to fulfil the needs in the near future? (II)To establish a flagship ISOL-type facility providing: High-intensity, high-purity light- to medium-mass radioactive beams. Equipped with a full range of experimental tools (more on that later). It could be established cost-efficiently at one of the existing European ISOL-facilities (or their upgrades): CRC at Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium) orREX-ISOLDE (CERN) or,SPIRAL at Caen (France)The main constraint of this flagship ISOL-type facility:Sufficient financial investmentMajor commitment towards the field of nuclear astrophysics


Instrumentation for nuclear astrophysicsA survey of instrumentation available in present-day laboratories active in experimental nuclear astrophysics suggests the following required devices:Gas targets (recirculation for rare gases; continuous luminosity monitoring)A multi-stage fusion-product recoil separator (high leak-beam suppression, high rate focal plane detectors)A high-resolution magnetic forward spectrometer (high rate focal plane detectors)Large-area, fine-granularity solid-state detectors or telescopes (on sharing basis; standard electronics and DAQ systems)A dedicated high-resolution, high-efficiency gamma-ray detection systemThe flagship ISOL type facility must have these tools available for the nuclear astrophysics community.


Theory for nuclear astrophysicsA tentative list of theoretical models of interest to nuclear astrophysics:Shell modelHauser FeshbachMicroscopic models, Indirect methods (Trojan Horse, ANC, ..) R-matrixPlus astrophysical modelsA tentative list of stellar processes and sites


Stellar processes and sitesBig BangMain sequence starsHelium burning3-a process, 12C(a,g)16O, other (a,g) and (a,n) reactions

Red Giants starsAsymptotic branch starsExplosive burningHot CNOrp process (rapid p capture)NovaeSupernovaeX-ray burstNucleosynthesis beyond Irons process (slow neutron-capture)r process (rapid neutron capture) p process (p capture)

AGB starsSupernovae II??Hydrogen burning pp chainsCNO cycleNe-Na chainMg-Al chain


Nuclear reactions at extreme conditionsUnder extreme stellar conditions of T and density: any nucleus can undergo a series of light particle captures forming a nucleus far from stability (loosely bound, short b-decay lives): nuclear reactions rates b-decay intrinsic rates or photodissociation (balance)Hundreds of different reactions involving unstable nuclei may lie on the reaction pathWhat nuclear information is needed in the astrophysical models?nuclear masses,excited state properties,decay properties and lifetimes,electron capture rates,neutrino and photon interaction rates, light particle reaction rates.

But our current knowledge is very incompleteExperimental challenge !Information inaccessible for many years to come (specially on the r-process path)


Explosive burning - astrophysical sitesIn explosive astrophysical sites such as the binary systems novae and X-ray bursters, nucleosynthesis [ up to A ~ 60 (nova) and A ~ 80 100 (X-ray burst) ] is thought to be provided by hydrogen and helium burning at high temperatures and densities. [J.Jos et al. ApJ (1999), H., Schatz et al., Phys. Rep. (1998) ]

Hydrogen and helium rich material from a companion aging main sequence star piles up onto the surface of a white dwarf (WD in nova) or neutron star (NS in X-ray burst) forming an accretion disk.The temperature and density increase in the surface of the WD (T>108 K, r>103g/cm3) or NS (T>109 K, r>106 g/cm3) generating a sudden increase of the star luminosity.Critical T and r values: reactions involving H and He on nuclei ranging from C to Ca releasing energy in a runaway thermonuclear explosion.Snapshots of a Classical Nova Outburst (cortesy of J. Jos)


Identification of the key nuclei and reactionsThe most important reactions can be identify by studying the sensitivity of the models.For example, at very high T: capture rate photodissociation rate (equilibrium)The reaction path is insensitive to individual reaction rates.The material concentrates at the so-called waiting-point nuclei (and the most important parameters are the masses and b-decay rates). [H., Schatz et al., Phys. Rep. (1998).]However, many individual reaction rates are of critical importance:The statistical model can be used as an estimation, BUT :Q-value is low for nuclei far from stabilityLevel-density is lowerOften, only 1 or 2 states contributing: there is no alternative to the study of the resonance properties.Some innovative experimental techniques (ex. ANC and TH methods) to indirectly determine level information, but often direct measurement is needed.


Reaction path: the hot CNO and beyondunstablestable(exact path depends on given stellar conditions)15O(a,g)19Ne14O(a,p)17F19Ne(p,g)20Na18Ne(a,p)21Na30P(p,g)31Sheavy nuclei beyond S


Experimental ChallengeOne of the main difficulty in experiments related to explosive burning is the implications of instable nuclei.Experiments on reactions involved on explosive burning requires radioactive beam production. Methods :ISOLProjectile fragmentationIN-FLIGHThot CNO, escape to rp-process13N (10 m), 15O (122 s), 17F (65 s), 18F (110 m), 19Ne (17 s) r-process neutron-rich nuclei, far from stability


Radioactive beam facilitiesISOL (Isotope Separation On Line): a radioactive beam is produced practically at rest in a thick target bombarded with a primary beam and post-accelerated.CYCLONE @ Louvain-la-NeuveREX-ISOLDE @ CERNSPIRAL @ Ganil, CaenHRIBF @ Oak Ridge National LabISAC @ TRIUMF, VancouverTwo major projects: RIA in the USA and EURISOL in Europe

Projectile fragmentation: typically a very high energy beam is used and fragmented in a low Z target. From the many reaction products, the desired one is selected in mass, charge and momentum via a fragment separator and transported to the experimental area without acceleration.GANIL @ CaenGSI @ DarmstadtFlerov Laboratory @ DubnaNSCL @ MSURIKEN @ SaitamaIMP @ LanzhouTwo major projects: FAIR @ GSI, RIBF @ RIKEN (under construction)

IN-FLIGHT: a heavy ion at low energy (typically just above the Coulomb barrier) induce single neutron transfer reactions.ATLAS @ Argonne Nat. Lab.CRIB @ RIKENTexas AMUNotre Dame


Experimental quests and toolsFacilitiesAccelerators and beamsTargetsDetectorsGround-state propertiesMasses, b-decay ratesCapture reactionsResonant and non-resonant captureCoulomb dissociationTransfer reactions: type (p,a) and (a,p)Resonant propertiesElastic and inelastic scatteringTransfer reactionsFusion evaporation


Resonant properties: the elastic scattering method in inverse kinematicsWith the acceleration of the first radioactive beam at Louvain-la-Neuve (1990), it was necessary to develop a technique to study in one step low-energy resonances using:Projectile: a RIB of a few 106 - 107 pps (should be enough)Target: a proton-rich foil of very simple handlingThe first elastic scattering experiment in inverse kinematics with a stable and a RIB and a quantitative analysis, was performed in 1991 at Louvain-la-Neuve:13C+p13N+pCross section (in barn/sr) versus c.m. energy at qlab=17One-step energy scanning of wide low lying 1- resonances in 13C+p and 13N+p scatteringTh. Delbar et al., Nucl. Phys. A542 (1992) 263.


The methodTypical spectrum for a =0 resonant stateBeam important energy loss in the target spectacular changes in the recoil proton spectraRecoil protons negligible energy loss in the target sensitivity to presence of a resonant stateProton spectra information on the resonance energy, orbital momentum, and proton widthMain features


The choice of the targetA very thick target, that will stop the beam, can be used to obtain a general overview of a nuclei level scheme

A thinner target must be used if precise information on energy, width and spin of one or of a few states are searched


On-line spectra and data analysis: (i) from raw spectraThe energy resolution is limited: the resonance widths must be larger than a few keVAbove a certain large value of the width, the spectra are independent of the energy resolutionFor very thick targets, only the detection at small angles is appropriateLimitationsJ.S. Graulich et al., Phys. Rev. C63, 011302(R)(2000).An example: 1H(18F,p)18F


to the theoretical analysisA.N. Lane and R.G. Thomas, Rev. Mod. Phys. 30 (1958) 257-353.The R-matrix formalismAn alternative parameterization to easily switch between formal and experimental parameters is presented in C. Angulo and P. Descouvemont, Phys. Rev. C61 (2000) 064611(A generalization of this procedure is in C.R. Brune, Phys. Rev. C 66 (2002) 044611)The usual procedure to related these quantities is not direct!


Capture reactions: (p,g) and (a,g)Involved in quiescent and explosive burningMost of the important capture reactions involving stable isotopes have been studied using intense p and a beams.Main disadvantages of direct measurement: Low efficiency of gamma detectorsRadioactivity of the target materialBackground sourcesUse inverse kinematics and detect the recoiling reaction products in recoil separatorsARES @ Louvain-la-Neuve Daresbury Recoil Separator @ Oak Ridge DRAGON @ TRIUMFERNA @ Bochum FMA @ Argonne Nat. Lab.


The ARES recoil separatorwg 15.2 eV (90% c.l.) Tough job ! First 19Ne radioactive beam from CYC44 Study of the 2.643 MeV level in 20NaM. Couder, PhD Thesis, 2004


ARES-II (2006 - )Improvements on the ARES beam-lineCYCLONE 44 beamInstallation of a beam monitoring system and an additional analyzing magnet.ARES efficiencyNew simulations including all beam line elements; modifications of some elements along the beam line.ARES rejection powerInstallation of an additional dipole magnet.Reactions:19Ne(p,g)20Na13N(p,g)14O11C(p,g)12N15O(a,g)19Ne7Be(a,g)11C


TargetsGas cells, windowless gas targets, polyethylene foilsNew alpha-implanted targets [F. Vanderbist et al., NIM (2004)] Requirements: Low Z substrateThick enoughSelf-supportingHigh 4He concentrationHomogeneity and uniform concentration


Alpha-implanted targets1st campaignTest of substrate resistance during implantation (C, Al, Ni, Cu, Si, Sn): best results with AlStudy of evolution of content versus dose2nd campaignStudy of implantation profile : Analysis of homogeneity (ERDA) and content (RBS)Implantation of very thing Al foils to study (a,g) resonances: 50 & 100 g/cm2


Use of alpha implanted targetsFirst experimental approach to 15O+a and 15N+a elastic scattering using solid alpha implanted targetsFinal goal: Study of 15O(a,g)19Ne with ARESStudy of a state Jp = 1/2+, Ex = 6.250 MeV state in 19F by 15N+a elastic scatteringGa = 8 keV [Smotrich et al., PR(1961); re-analysis (R-matrix): Bardayan et al., PRC (2005)].


15N+a with alpha implanted targetsGa = 4.0 0.7 keVGa = 3.2 0.7 keV


Some key reactions18F(p,a)15OThe competition between the 18F(p,a)15O and the 18F b-decay has consequences regarding a possible observation of the 511 keV g-ray from novae (ex. INTEGRAL): g-rays from novae have not been detected yet.Many experiments. (more recent works: see later)

17O(p,g)18F , 17O(p,a)14N17O (and perhaps 19F): galactic chemical evolution; it is believed that 17O on earth or in our bodies was made in novaeC, N, O elemental abundances are observed in emission spectra of nova ejecta; isotopic ratios 12C/13C and 14N/15N are observed in pre-solar grains that originated from nova explosionsRecent experiments at LENA @ NC (Iliadis, Champagne et al.); CSNSM @ Orsay (Tatischeff et al.)


Some key reactions14O(a,p)17FThe reaction is thought to play an important role in advanced stages of hydrogen burning, either as: a way of bypassing the slow positron decay of 14O (t1/2 = 70.6 s) in the hot CNO cycle or as a starting point to break out the cycle through the subsequent 17F(p,g)18Ne(a,p)21Na reactions. Recent experiment at RIKEN; project at LLN

15O(a,g)19NeOne of the main breakout reaction from the hot CNO cycle. No direct measurement ever performed: Very low cross section: very intense 15O beam needed (< 1012 pps)Presently, 15O beam intensity is ~ 107 pps.


Some key reactions

22Na(p,g)23MgPeak fluxes for the 1275 keV g-ray line (22Na decay) might be detectable by near future g-ray satellites (i.e. INTEGRAL) if an ONe nova explodes within a distance of less than ~ 0.5 kpc.

30P(p,g)31SiNuclear activity in the Si-Ca region is powered by a leakage from the NeNa-MgAl region, where the activity is confined during the early stages of the outburst. This is the main reaction that drives nuclear acitivity towards heavier species beyond S.Uncertainties affecting 30P(p,g)31S influence Si yields (relevant for the identification of presolar nova candidate grains) and the nuclear activity beyond S (J. Jos, 2004)


The role of 18F(p,a)15O in the nova nucleosynthesis[J.S. Graulich et al. Phys. Rev. C63, 011302(R) (2001), and references therein.]Influence of the low-energy levels? Interferences ? 6.449 MeV (3/2+) 6.437 MeV (1/2-) 6.419 MeV (3/2+) other states below threshold ?The 18F(p,a)15O rate is largely uncertain: up to 300 on the g-ray flux due to the unknown low-energy resonance strengths (A. Coc et al. A&A 2000)Previous studies at Louvain-la-Neuve, Oak Ridge and Argonne concentrated mainly on two 19Ne states: 7.066 MeV (3/2+) 6.742 MeV (3/2-)


The 18F(p,a)15O S-factorNeed to determine the proton widths of the 3/2+ and 1/2- states below 0.2 MeV


18F(d,pa)15N: an indirect way to investigate 18F(p,a)15O19Ne levels of interestA 14 MeV 18F beam (2 x106 pps) on a CD2 targetCoincidences p (LAMP) and 15N or a (LEDA)Experimental set up:Study the analog levels in 19F by the transfer reaction d(18F,p)19F(a)15N


18F(d,p)19F*(a)15Ne: resultsTwo 3/2+ astrophysical levels isolated (but not resolved: FWHM 100 keV).Coincidence spectrumDWBA analysis Spectroscopic factors: S(6.528) + S(6.497) 0.2


N. de Srville, Ph.D Thesis, 2003.18F(d,pa)15O also investigated at Oak Ridge at higher beam energies [Kozub et al., PRC (2005)] (a bit different conclusions).

15N(a,a)15N scattering data from Smotrich et al, (1961) re-analized by Bardayan et al., PRC (2005).Uncertainty reduced by a factor of about 5 in the nova temperature range


Interference effectsBetween the two 3/2+ resonances (at Ecm = 38 and 665 keV) can significantly alter the rate of 18F destruction in novae.Data from Bardayan et al 2002, resonance strength from de Srville et al. 2003.Remaining nuclear uncertainties: a-width for low energy resonances Interference sign between 3/2+ states Missing states ?A new experiment at the CYCLONE RIB facility


The RIB facility at Louvain-la-NeuveProduction & acceleration of isobarically pure and intense low-energy radioactive ion beams specially suitable for nuclear astrophysicsCYCLONE44ARESLEDA beam lineCYCLONE30CYCLONE110E: 0.2 - 0.8 MeV/AM/Q: 4 to 14


Particle detector arrays at Louvain-la-NeuveLarge area, highly segmented silicon strip detector arrays LEDA and CD-PAD: they can be used in many configurations to cover the required angular range

Developed and largely used at Louvain-la-NeuveUse at present at many laboratories worldwide (Oak Ridge, TRIUMF, REX-ISOLDE)

Solid angle: 10% of 4pLEDA type16 strips in q300 mm or500 mm16 strips x 4 DSSD50 mm or 500 mm4 x PAD 1.5 mmCD typeDavinson et al., NIM A 2000Ostrowski et al., NIM A 2002


A new 18F(p,a) direct measurementMay 17 25, 2005 @ Louvain-la-Neuve nominal 18F beam energy: 13.8 MeV beam intensity ~ 106 pps a 70 mg/cm2 CH2 target several energies using degraders: Al foils (of different thickness) total efficiency (incl a-15O coinc.) 30%Also: a proposal at TRIUMF on 18F(p,a)15O (A. Laird, A. Murphy), standing by for 18F beam development.


18F beam production and acceleration at LLNWe got: 17 bunches of 18F over 1.5 week and continuous 18O over the night18F (T1/2 = 110 min):

CYCLONE30: production18O(p,n)18F with a intense p beam @ 30 MeV

UCL / PET group: chemical extraction45 minutes process, CH318F

CYCLONE110: acceleration and mass separation1 bunch of 18F every 2 h (0.5 to 1 Ci) (almost) free of 18O contamination


18F beam purity18O / 18F different energy loss18O / 18F < 1%Measurement at 0 degree (PIPS) check degrader thickness determine beam energy profile at target entrance


Preliminary resultsObjective: sign of interference between 3/2+ states18F beam energies:13.8, 12.6, 9.1, 7.6 MeVFor c.m. energy below 0.2 MeV: beam of less than 4 MeVBut the cross section is order of magnitude lower !! Beam intensities ~ 1010 1012 pps


14O(a,p)17FThe rate is dominated by the resonant contribution from the 1-, 6.15 MeV state in 18Ne, contributions from states in the energy range 7 8 MeV possible.

Indirect studies: By transfer reactions (Garcia et al. 1991, Hahn et al. 1996, Park et al. 1999) By the inverse reaction 17F(p,a)14O at Argonne (Harss et al. 1999, 2004) and Oak Ridge (Blackmon et al. 2002 preliminary)Contribution of the first excited state in 17F?


14O(a,p)17F: direct measurementA recent experiment at RIKEN (Notani et al. 2004) using a 43 MeV 14O beam produced by the 14N(p,n)14O reaction and a novel 4He gas target at 30 K (ten times more density than at room temperature).Set up:


14O(a,p)17F: direct measurement at LLNA new proposal (LEDA coll.) has been accepted to study this reaction.A low-energy 14O beam (expected intensity 5 x105 particles per second) to be produced using a new cyclotron configuration: CYCLONE110 to produce the beam by the 12C(3He,n)14O reactionCYCLONE44 to accelerate the 14O beamARES beam line with a new LEDA chamber and a 4He gas cell


17O(p,a)14N, 17O(p,g)18FOf special interest is the branching ratio at 17O: the probability that this nucleus is destroyed during thermonuclear burning via the (p,a) reaction as opposed to the (p,g) reaction. (p,a) and (p,g) rates are uncertain by several order of magnitude.

The branching ratio (p,a)/(p.g) varies by almost 5 orders of magnitude at the novae temperatures (0.1-0.4 GK).

Consequently, 17O and 18F abundance predictions based on the current 17O+p reaction rates are highly uncertain.Coc et al. 2000; Iliadis et al. 200217O+p NACRE rates:


17O+p: two recent results Observation of a new resonance at Elab,R= 190 keV in 17O(p,g)18F Measured resonance strength wg = (1.2 0.2) meVImportant consequences in final abundances of CNOF isotopes1) Experiment at LENA facility at TUNL, North Carolina


17O+p: two recent results Observation of a new resonance at Elab,R= 194.1 0.6 keV in 17O(p,a)18F Measured resonance strength wg = (1.6 0.2) meVImportant consequences in nova nucleosynthesis2) Experiment at CSNSM, OrsayPhysical Review Letters, in press


The problem of primordial 7Li abundance(h = ratio of the baryon number to the photon number, equivalent to the baryonic density)A problem of the rates of the reactions involved in SBBN ?Coc et al., Fields et al,


The 12 main reactions involved in SBBNPublication: P. Descouvemont, A. Adahchour, C. Angulo, A. Coc, E. Vangioni-Flam, ADNDT 88 (2004) 203-236.A new BBN Compilation R-matrix method Statistical treatment of uncertaintiesUpdate and supersede the NACRE compilation for the reactions:Website: http://pntpm3.ulb.ac.be/bigbang


Other nuclear reactions affecting 7Li production?


What do we know about 7Be(d,p)8Be ?No data at BBN energies! How to extrapolate?


The 7Be+d reactions


New experiment set up7Be beamFC Cup


7Be beam: energy and isobar contamination


Proton spectrag.s. and first excited state in 8BeHigher energy excited states in 8Be: 40% of the counting rate26 hours


Results : astrophysical S-factorKavanagh 1960: measurement at a lab angle of 90O above the BBN energiesLouvain-la-Neuve experiment 2004: measurement at BBN at 16 anglesHigh energy levels (about 40% of total events) not observed previouslyAngular distribution: isotropicC. Angulo et 17, Astrophysical Journal Letters 630 (2005) L105-L108 Negligible effect in BBN: 7Li problem persists


Effective energyIntegral 1Integral 2

Chart2

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Ecm (MeV)

Yield (rel. units)

figure effec energy

Estoppingexp(-2pieta)/stoppingmu=1.56491661712.014101986

1.713.81E-011.29E-171.80E+101.80E+10cm=0.22302017087.01692860980.381364492117992993951.8856

1.73.79E-011.30E-171.63E+101.63E+100.38136449211.00E-05

1.693.77E-011.32E-171.47E+101.47E+100.12935169910.0007563826

1.683.75E-011.33E-171.32E+101.32E+100.12935169911.00E-05

1.673.72E-011.35E-171.19E+101.19E+100.34122086132505222660.87742

1.663.70E-011.36E-171.07E+101.07E+100.34122086131.00E-05

1.653.68E-011.37E-179.67E+09

1.643.66E-011.39E-178.69E+09

1.633.64E-011.40E-177.80E+09

1.623.61E-011.42E-177.00E+09

1.613.59E-011.43E-176.27E+09

1.63.57E-011.44E-175.61E+09

1.593.55E-011.45E-175.02E+09

1.583.52E-011.47E-174.48E+09

1.573.50E-011.48E-174.00E+09

1.563.48E-011.49E-173.57E+098.48E+10

1.553.46E-011.50E-173.17E+09

1.543.43E-011.52E-172.82E+09

1.533.41E-011.53E-172.51E+09Eff=0.37

1.523.39E-011.54E-172.22E+09

1.513.37E-011.55E-171.97E+09

1.53.35E-011.56E-171.74E+09

1.493.32E-011.57E-171.54E+09

1.483.30E-011.58E-171.35E+09

1.473.28E-011.59E-171.19E+09

1.463.26E-011.60E-171.05E+09

1.453.23E-011.61E-179.20E+08

1.443.21E-011.62E-178.06E+08

1.433.19E-011.63E-177.05E+08

1.423.17E-011.64E-176.16E+08

1.413.14E-011.65E-175.37E+08

1.43.12E-011.66E-174.68E+08

1.393.10E-011.67E-174.06E+08

1.383.08E-011.67E-173.52E+08

1.373.06E-011.68E-173.05E+08

1.363.03E-011.69E-172.63E+08

1.353.01E-011.70E-172.27E+08

1.342.99E-011.70E-171.95E+08

1.332.97E-011.71E-171.68E+08

1.322.94E-011.72E-171.44E+08

1.312.92E-011.73E-171.23E+08

1.32.90E-011.73E-171.05E+08

1.292.88E-011.74E-178.91E+07

1.282.85E-011.74E-177.56E+07

1.272.83E-011.75E-176.40E+07

1.262.81E-011.76E-175.41E+07

1.252.79E-011.76E-174.56E+07

1.242.77E-011.77E-173.83E+07

1.232.74E-011.77E-173.21E+07

1.222.72E-011.78E-172.68E+07

1.212.70E-011.78E-172.23E+07

1.22.68E-011.79E-171.85E+07

1.192.65E-011.79E-171.54E+07

1.182.63E-011.79E-171.27E+07

1.172.61E-011.80E-171.04E+07

1.162.59E-011.80E-178.57E+06

1.152.56E-011.80E-177.00E+06

1.142.54E-011.81E-175.71E+06

1.132.52E-011.81E-174.63E+06

1.122.50E-011.81E-173.75E+06

1.112.48E-011.81E-173.02E+06

1.12.45E-011.82E-172.43E+06

1.092.43E-011.82E-171.94E+06

1.082.41E-011.82E-171.54E+06

1.072.39E-011.82E-171.22E+06

1.062.36E-011.82E-179.67E+05

1.052.34E-011.82E-177.60E+05

1.042.32E-011.82E-175.95E+05

1.032.30E-011.83E-174.63E+05

1.022.27E-011.83E-173.59E+05

1.012.25E-011.83E-172.77E+05

12.23E-011.83E-172.12E+05

0.992.21E-011.83E-171.62E+05

0.982.19E-011.83E-171.23E+05

0.972.16E-011.82E-179.28E+04

0.962.14E-011.82E-176.96E+04

0.952.12E-011.82E-175.19E+04

0.942.10E-011.82E-173.85E+04

0.932.07E-011.82E-172.83E+04

0.922.05E-011.82E-172.07E+04

0.912.03E-011.82E-171.51E+04

0.92.01E-011.81E-171.09E+04

0.891.98E-011.81E-177.77E+03

0.881.96E-011.81E-175.52E+03

0.871.94E-011.81E-173.89E+03

0.861.92E-011.80E-172.72E+03

0.851.90E-011.80E-171.89E+03

0.841.87E-011.80E-171.30E+03

0.831.85E-011.79E-178.82E+02

0.821.83E-011.79E-175.95E+02

0.811.81E-011.78E-173.98E+02

0.81.78E-011.78E-172.63E+02

0.791.76E-011.77E-171.72E+02

0.781.74E-011.77E-171.11E+02

0.771.72E-011.76E-177.12E+01

0.761.69E-011.76E-174.50E+01

0.751.67E-011.75E-172.81E+01

0.741.65E-011.75E-171.73E+01

0.731.63E-011.74E-171.05E+01

0.721.61E-011.74E-176.32E+00

0.711.58E-011.73E-173.74E+00

0.71.56E-011.72E-172.18E+00

0.691.54E-011.72E-171.25E+00

0.681.52E-011.71E-177.03E-01

0.671.49E-011.70E-173.89E-01

0.661.47E-011.69E-172.12E-01

0.651.45E-011.69E-171.13E-01

0.641.43E-011.68E-175.92E-02

0.631.41E-011.67E-173.03E-02

0.621.38E-011.66E-171.52E-02

0.611.36E-011.65E-177.46E-03

0.61.34E-011.65E-173.57E-03

0.591.32E-011.64E-171.66E-03

0.581.29E-011.63E-177.56E-04

8.67E+10

The results are corrected by 1 effect:g.s. counts at 5.5 MeV --> 61% of total counts, as at low energies

figure effec energy

Ecm (MeV)

Yield (rel. units)

Effective energy

EEcmexp(-2pieta)Estoppingexp(-2pieta)mu=1.56491661712.014101986

5.5451.24E+005.399E-036.68E-031.713.81E-011.29E-171.80E+101.80E+10cm=0.22302017087.0169286098

5.4951.23E+005.205E-036.38E-031.73.79E-011.30E-171.63E+101.63E+10

5.4451.21E+005.015E-036.09E-031.693.77E-011.32E-171.47E+101.47E+10

5.3951.20E+004.828E-035.81E-031.683.75E-011.33E-171.32E+101.32E+10

5.3451.19E+004.644E-035.54E-031.673.72E-011.35E-171.19E+101.19E+10

5.2951.18E+004.463E-035.27E-031.663.70E-011.36E-171.07E+101.07E+10

5.2451.17E+004.286E-035.01E-031.653.68E-011.37E-179.67E+09

5.1951.16E+004.112E-031.643.66E-011.39E-178.69E+09

5.1451.15E+003.942E-031.633.64E-011.40E-177.80E+09

5.0951.14E+003.775E-031.623.61E-011.42E-177.00E+09

5.0451.13E+003.612E-031.613.59E-011.43E-176.27E+09

4.9951.11E+003.452E-031.63.57E-011.44E-175.61E+09

4.9451.10E+003.297E-031.593.55E-011.45E-175.02E+09

4.8951.09E+003.145E-031.583.52E-011.47E-174.48E+09

4.8451.08E+002.996E-031.573.50E-011.48E-174.00E+09

4.7951.07E+002.852E-031.563.48E-011.49E-173.57E+098.48E+10

4.7451.06E+002.711E-031.553.46E-011.50E-173.17E+09

4.6951.05E+002.575E-031.543.43E-011.52E-172.82E+09

4.6451.04E+002.442E-031.533.41E-011.53E-172.51E+09Eff=0.37

4.5951.02E+002.313E-031.523.39E-011.54E-172.22E+09

4.5451.01E+002.188E-031.513.37E-011.55E-171.97E+09

4.4951.00E+002.067E-031.53.35E-011.56E-171.74E+09

4.4459.91E-011.950E-031.493.32E-011.57E-171.54E+09

4.4349.89E-011.924E-031.483.30E-011.58E-171.35E+09

4.160E-024.08E-021.473.28E-011.59E-171.19E+09

Eff = 1.151.463.26E-011.60E-171.05E+09

1.453.23E-011.61E-179.20E+08

1.443.21E-011.62E-178.06E+08

1.433.19E-011.63E-177.05E+08

1.423.17E-011.64E-176.16E+08

1.413.14E-011.65E-175.37E+08

1.43.12E-011.66E-174.68E+08

1.393.10E-011.67E-174.06E+08

1.383.08E-011.67E-173.52E+08

1.373.06E-011.68E-173.05E+08

1.363.03E-011.69E-172.63E+08

1.353.01E-011.70E-172.27E+08

1.342.99E-011.70E-171.95E+08

1.332.97E-011.71E-171.68E+08

1.322.94E-011.72E-171.44E+08

1.312.92E-011.73E-171.23E+08

1.32.90E-011.73E-171.05E+08

1.292.88E-011.74E-178.91E+07

1.282.85E-011.74E-177.56E+07

1.272.83E-011.75E-176.40E+07

1.262.81E-011.76E-175.41E+07

1.252.79E-011.76E-174.56E+07

1.242.77E-011.77E-173.83E+07

1.232.74E-011.77E-173.21E+07

1.222.72E-011.78E-172.68E+07

1.212.70E-011.78E-172.23E+07

1.22.68E-011.79E-171.85E+07

1.192.65E-011.79E-171.54E+07

1.182.63E-011.79E-171.27E+07

1.172.61E-011.80E-171.04E+07

1.162.59E-011.80E-178.57E+06

1.152.56E-011.80E-177.00E+06

1.142.54E-011.81E-175.71E+06

1.132.52E-011.81E-174.63E+06

1.122.50E-011.81E-173.75E+06

1.112.48E-011.81E-173.02E+06

1.12.45E-011.82E-172.43E+06

1.092.43E-011.82E-171.94E+06

1.082.41E-011.82E-171.54E+06

1.072.39E-011.82E-171.22E+06

1.062.36E-011.82E-179.67E+05

1.052.34E-011.82E-177.60E+05

1.042.32E-011.82E-175.95E+05

1.032.30E-011.83E-174.63E+05

1.022.27E-011.83E-173.59E+05

1.012.25E-011.83E-172.77E+05

12.23E-011.83E-172.12E+05

0.992.21E-011.83E-171.62E+05

0.982.19E-011.83E-171.23E+05

0.972.16E-011.82E-179.28E+04

0.962.14E-011.82E-176.96E+04

0.952.12E-011.82E-175.19E+04

0.942.10E-011.82E-173.85E+04

0.932.07E-011.82E-172.83E+04

0.922.05E-011.82E-172.07E+04

0.912.03E-011.82E-171.51E+04

0.92.01E-011.81E-171.09E+04

0.891.98E-011.81E-177.77E+03

0.881.96E-011.81E-175.52E+03

0.871.94E-011.81E-173.89E+03

0.861.92E-011.80E-172.72E+03

0.851.90E-011.80E-171.89E+03

0.841.87E-011.80E-171.30E+03

0.831.85E-011.79E-178.82E+02

0.821.83E-011.79E-175.95E+02

0.811.81E-011.78E-173.98E+02

0.81.78E-011.78E-172.63E+02

0.791.76E-011.77E-171.72E+02

0.781.74E-011.77E-171.11E+02

0.771.72E-011.76E-177.12E+01

0.761.69E-011.76E-174.50E+01

0.751.67E-011.75E-172.81E+01

0.741.65E-011.75E-171.73E+01

0.731.63E-011.74E-171.05E+01

0.721.61E-011.74E-176.32E+00

0.711.58E-011.73E-173.74E+00

0.71.56E-011.72E-172.18E+00

0.691.54E-011.72E-171.25E+00

0.681.52E-011.71E-177.03E-01

0.671.49E-011.70E-173.89E-01

0.661.47E-011.69E-172.12E-01

0.651.45E-011.69E-171.13E-01

0.641.43E-011.68E-175.92E-02

0.631.41E-011.67E-173.03E-02

0.621.38E-011.66E-171.52E-02

0.611.36E-011.65E-177.46E-03

0.61.34E-011.65E-173.57E-03

0.591.32E-011.64E-171.66E-03

0.581.29E-011.63E-177.56E-04

8.67E+10


results from E

countssigma totstats%sys%cos

5.55 MeVtotal2773742130.9925461516

gs + 1st135249363130.956304756

others142151383130.9744254538

solid angle9.85E-02srad5%

beam particles7.14E+107%

1.71 MeVtotal1051.41028

gs + 1st64610.81328

others41390.51628

solid angle9.80E-02srad5%

beam particles1.48E+1126%

D content1.72E+1910%

Sheet3

Ecmsigma(E) (barn)exp(2pieta)*ES(E) (MeV-barn)

0.5830.069238327

0.6220.095633132

0.6530.122130037

0.6600.134529339

0.6690.152128543

0.6810.140727539

0.6910.149526740

0.6990.145826138

0.7050.145825737

0.7190.152124738

0.7310.154623937

0.7460.152123135

0.7610.150822234

0.7760.143321431

0.7930.154620632

0.8080.170919934

0.8240.163419332

0.8390.184718735

0.8540.183518133

0.8690.184717633

0.8850.192317133

0.9010.196016633

0.9170.194816131

0.9330.201115732

0.9700.206114831

1.0090.204814029

1.0480.213613228

1.0690.208612827

1.0870.211112627

1.1070.243812330

1.1250.272712033

1.1460.276511732

1.1650.266411430

1.1860.233711226

1.2040.209911023

1.2440.173410518

1.2640.173410318

1.2830.162110216

Cross section and S factor

ElabEcmds/dw (mb/sr)ds/dwx4pi (barn)exp(2pieta)*ESfactormu=1.56491661712.0141019864.9518333324EmaxEminEbinErr1Err2Eeffecsolid anglebeamD contentcountscounts_corrDsigma/Domega(lab)Dsigma/Domega(cm)Sigma_tot (barn)S-factor (MeV-barn)stats%syste%totalerror bar(stat)

0.7490.5835.51E+006.92E-02383277.0169286098all0.380.1310.2490.0120.2370.3689.80E-021.48E+111.51E+191051260.580.590.007469.6all0.090.280.370.97.5

0.80.6227.61E+009.56E-0233132all1.230.990.240.080.161.159.85E-027.14E+101.51E+1927743051.428.8130.740.3863445.0all0.0180.130.150.8386.3

0.8390.6539.72E+001.22E-0130037g.s+1st0.380.1310.2490.0120.2370.3689.80E-021.48E+111.51E+196476.80.350.360.004545.9g.s0.110.280.400.74.5

0.8490.6601.07E+011.34E-0129339g.s.+1st1.230.990.240.080.161.159.85E-027.14E+101.51E+191352186117.5818.750.2356727.4g.s0.0230.130.160.6235.7

0.860.6691.21E+011.52E-0128543

0.8750.6811.12E+011.41E-0127539degcos

0.8890.6911.19E+011.50E-012674070.9925461516

0.8990.6991.16E+011.46E-0126138170.956304756Compared to Paker

0.9060.7051.16E+011.46E-01257370.9744254538ParkerPresentfactor

0.9240.7191.21E+011.52E-0124738120.9781476007beforenow10042.92.3

0.940.7311.23E+011.55E-01239370.97628652730.00600.006210028.53.5

0.9590.7461.21E+011.52E-01231350.32920.3512

0.9780.7611.20E+011.51E-01222340.00390.0038

0.9980.7761.14E+011.43E-0121431averaged Kavanagh27.227.4(present)0.22620.1712

1.0190.7931.23E+011.55E-0120632(0.96-1.20)0.9910.690.495.5 MeV

1.0390.8081.36E+011.71E-01199340.650.611.71 MeV

1.0590.8241.30E+011.63E-0119332

1.0790.8391.47E+011.85E-0118735

1.0980.8541.46E+011.83E-0118133coulomb barrierFINAL RESULTS

1.1170.8691.47E+011.85E-0117633z16

1.1380.8851.53E+011.92E-0117133z24Ecmsig_tot(mbar)err staterr sysS(MeV-b)err staterr systot error

1.1580.9011.56E+011.96E-0116633a112ALL0.377.50.82.110133

1.1790.9171.55E+011.95E-0116131a271.1538675045166

1.1990.9331.60E+012.01E-0115732rho5.8833035351.23333333332.014101986

1.2470.9701.64E+012.06E-0114831Vc5.87425071557.0169286098GS+1st0.374.50.51.36122

1.2971.0091.63E+012.05E-011402928.21.1523643127144

1.3471.0481.70E+012.14E-011322828

1.3751.0691.66E+012.09E-011282726Gamow window for T=0.1-1 GK

1.3981.0871.68E+012.11E-0112627260.1435.0

1.4231.1071.94E+012.44E-0112330290.4735.0

1.4471.1252.17E+012.73E-011203332

1.4731.1462.20E+012.76E-011173232

1.4981.1652.12E+012.66E-011143030

1.5251.1861.86E+012.34E-011122626

1.5481.2041.67E+012.10E-011102323

1.61.2441.38E+011.73E-011051818

1.6251.2641.38E+011.73E-011031827.2

1.6491.2831.29E+011.62E-0110216

Cross section and S factor

2.85428519952.85428519951.82137118681.8213711868

5.91215062395.91215062393.6221929493.622192949

kavanagh60

c.m. energy (MeV)

S-factor (MeV barn)

T = 0.8 GK

figures poster debrecen


c.m. energy (MeV)

sigma (mb)

figures poster debrecen

26.5041478822125.86711651559.62573803320.85752890040.85752890040.66949001310.669490013135

31.68580138327.441173664544.98553059750.8143728310.8143728310.63604551390.636045513935

36.6183836348

39.3402842126

43.3361384297

38.7397178388

39.881469139

38.0290788321

37.4567170455

37.611857506

37.0013814796

35.0549336645

33.5242251944

30.6931777796

31.9008919277

34.0812231565

31.5139046851

34.5094400256

33.2778001401

32.560640154

32.8676453577

32.5793394746

31.4545079275

31.620404119

30.511068301

28.6002619322

28.2451198931

26.7938446023

26.5010589659

29.8714728938

32.6704356404

32.3505501984

30.4977476689

26.1509142636

23.0391867488

18.2754094767

17.9355116086

16.4747983756

Kavanagh

Present, partial

Present, total

c.m. energy (MeV)

S-factor (MeV barn)

T = 0.8 GK

angular distri

angular distribution

totalgs+1st2nd+3rd

anglemb/srmb/srmb/sr

164.77.655614.125722498941153.7584202132

163.38.376817.183021755950184.1452408562

161.89.0914035.445141513799415.9535822421

160.49.819148.457090788127646.961112755

159.010.5124562.2951198377165807.8927257546

157.611.2224762.9532060556173747.9343056442

156.211.9221655.190066345150667.4290017058

154.812.6225765.8406740697176818.1142266464

153.413.3223159.3465094728156757.7036685724

152.014.0125766.2198083119171868.137555426

150.614.6921655.8247995309152647.4715995296

149.215.3826267.93280682180828.2421360593

147.916.0620753.8516958673145627.3383714724

146.516.7315139.418510581397546.2784162479

145.217.4307.859655241819112.8035076675

angular distri

Sheet1

Ebeam = 5.3 MeV in LAB = 1.18 MeV in CM5.79E+05

5 degrees12 degrees5.81E+05

thicknessthicknessafter target (keV)after target (keV)5.85E+05

ug/cm2umEbeamEcmEbeamEcm5.91E+05

6506.99129028712002675.88E+05

7508.067401646801514.14E+05

8008.605201164621035.79E+05

9009.6820044146325.54E+05

100010.757.82006.21E+05

6.19E+05

593075.10

5.63E+05

At 5 degrees:5.80E+05

A beam of 5.3 MeV produces a 21.66 MeV proton, after a in 6.45 um (0.6 mg/cm2) it ends with 21.65 MeV5.90E+05

A beam of 5.3 MeV 7Be ends with 1.63 MeV after the target and produces a proton of 18.19 MeV5.91E+05

In a 300 um Si (LEDA):5.92E+05

A proton of 21.65 MeV loses 1.35 MeV5.83E+05

A proton of 18.19 MeV loses 1.60 MeV5.84E+05

If we put a Mylar foil of 12 um before the detector:5.80E+05

A proton of 18.19 MeV loses 40 keV6.11E+05


This is negligible.5.79E+05

If we put an Al foil of 10 um5.97E+05



This is negligible.6.06E+05

5.70E+05

At 12 degrees:5.71E+05

A beam of 5.3 MeV produces a 21.28 MeV proton, after a in 6.45 um (0.6 mg/cm2) it ends with 21.65 MeV5.79E+05

A beam of 5.3 MeV 7Be ends with 1.63 MeV after the target and produces a proton of 18.00 MeV5.95E+05

The situation is similar as with 5 degrees5.90E+05

6.04E+05

6.03E+05

5.76E+05

5.94E+05

6.01E+05

6.12E+05

6.18E+05

5.89E+05

6.06E+05

5.70E+05

6.04E+05

6.13E+05

5.95E+05

5.82E+05

6.05E+05

5.59E+05

5.81E+05

5.92E+05

5.81E+05

5.94E+05

5.97E+05

6.24E+05

5.77E+05

5.94E+05

5.95E+05

5.85E+05

5.76E+05

5.92E+05

5.63E+05

6.06E+05

6.09E+05

5.92E+05

5.86E+05

5.80E+05

5.93E+05

5.91E+05

5.99E+05

6.17E+05

5.93E+05

5.88E+05

5.89E+05

5.87E+05

6.03E+05

5.83E+05

5.91E+05

5.90E+05

6.02E+05

5.90E+05

5.99E+05

5.68E+05

6.09E+05

5.98E+05

6.01E+05

5.83E+05

5.89E+05

5.76E+05

5.75E+05

5.90E+05

5.84E+05

5.99E+05

6.12E+05

5.61E+05

5.91E+05

5.67E+05

6.05E+05

5.75E+05

5.68E+05

5.97E+05

5.76E+05

0.588

T = 1 GK

T = 0.5 GK

Gamow window

Sheet2

for a CD de 500 um at 12 cm from target (4.8-18 deg) followed by a LEDA of 300 um at 60 cm from target (4.8-11.8 deg)irradiation beam 6.72E10 7Be particles

lab angEpDE1E1time/mTOF at 48 cm time 39852 s

521.662.3119.3516.377.91 average 1.6875E6 part / s

621.632.2819.3516.377.91

721.582.3619.2216.427.91protons detected 2774

821.542.3219.2216.427.91

921.482.3419.1416.467.91solid angle 9.8482E-2 srad 5 % error

1021.472.3719.1016.477.91

1121.42.4218.916.557.91cross section

1221.32.3319.016.547.91 tot g.s. + 1st rest

mbarn 2.7846E+01 1.9083E+01 8.7634E+00

error 0.17 0.17 0.16

Sheet2

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Delta E MeV (in 500 um)

TOF (ns) for 48 cm

picture for 300+500 um

CD labEpEp after 500 umtime/mTOF (70 cm)DE(1)LEDA labEp(2)DE(2)9.84E+061.1777777778

at 62 cm(after 300 um)9.79E+06

4.821.719.416.3511.442.310.40.5695844.917.911.499.81E+06

5.721.619.316.3911.482.410.50.805855.317.791.509.87E+06

6.721.619.316.4111.482.310.61.0266645.817.81.469.85E+06

7.621.619.216.4211.502.310.71.2320266.217.691.531.01E+07

8.521.519.116.4611.522.410.81.4219366.717.581.559.94E+06

9.521.519.116.4711.532.310.91.5963947.217.561.569.82E+06

10.421.419.016.5111.562.4111.75547.617.481.539.83E+06

11.321.318.916.5511.592.411.11.8989548.117.361.561.00E+07

12.221.318.916.5611.592.411.22.0270568.517.361.559.85E+06

13.121.218.816.6211.632.411.32.1397069.017.241.539.70E+06

14.021.118.616.6811.672.511.42.2369049.417.021.629.94E+06

14.921.018.516.7211.712.511.52.318659.916.911.631.00E+07

15.821.018.516.7411.722.511.62.38494410.316.911.599.80E+06

16.720.918.416.7911.752.511.72.43578610.816.821.579.90E+06

17.620.818.316.8411.792.511.82.47117611.216.71.579.83E+06

18.420.718.216.8911.822.511.92.49111411.716.581.599.80E+06

9.96E+06

9.98E+06

9.90E+06

9.83E+06

9.88E+06

9.89E+06

9.93E+06

1.01E+07

9.92E+06

9.86E+06

9.95E+06

1.00E+07

9.73E+06

9.83E+06

9.82E+06

1.00E+07

9.91E+06

9.89E+06

9.72E+06

9.67E+06

9.76E+06

9.94E+06

9.75E+06

9.80E+06

9.68E+06

9.92E+06

9.88E+06

9.88E+06

9.80E+06

9.88E+06

9774737.0000

9.94E+06

9869626.4802193250.32888889

6.5

LEDAEp(2)LEDA

CD labEpEp aftertime/mTOFDE(1)usedafterDE(2)labsolid ang

at 3 cm500 um(at 6.5 cm)in 500 umat 9.5 cm300 umin 300 umat 9.5 cm(sr)

18.420.718.216.891.102.527.80.004881

21.820.317.717.131.112.630.10.007681

25.019.817.017.441.132.832.30.009941

28.119.416.517.721.152.827.814.561.9534.40.0117412.841.95

31.018.915.818.111.183.130.113.742.0636.40.0121113.082.06

33.718.415.118.521.203.334.412.832.2938.30.0124813.32.29

36.318.014.618.881.233.436.412.22.3540.10.0128213.412.35

38.717.513.819.361.263.738.311.242.5941.80.0131513.72.59

40.917.113.219.801.293.940.110.412.8143.50.0134313.92.81

43.016.712.620.281.324.143.59.4863.11445.00.0136714.133.114

45.016.412.120.741.354.345.08.7623.28846.50.0138514.33.288

46.816.011.321.391.394.746.57.6113.71947.90.0139514.683.719

48.615.710.821.941.434.947.96.7963.97449.20.0139714.93.974

50.215.410.222.581.475.250.45.6024.56850.40.0138715.214.568

51.715.19.523.311.525.651.64.3115.22951.60.0136515.565.229

53.114.88.824.221.576.052.82.656.18552.80.0132816.0056.185

angle = 28.1Ep(2)

ElabEpEp aftertime/mTOFDE(1)afterDE(2)

7Be500 um(at 6.5 cm)in 500 um300 umin 300 um

5.319.416.517.721.152.814.561.951.92

5.019.216.317.861.163.014.341.911.94

418.615.618.241.193.013.562.0152.015

317.9214.818.751.223.212.652.12.13

2.517.5814.418.961.233.212.212.212.17

217.2213.919.291.253.311.622.312.24

1.516.8313.519.631.283.411.162.32.3

116.413.019.981.303.410.562.422.42

0.816.212.820.161.313.410.362.42.4

0.615.9912.520.391.333.59.992.482.48

0.515.8812.420.451.333.59.872.522.52

angle = 41

p0Ep(2)

ElabEpEp aftertime/mTOFDE(1)afterDE(2)

7Be500 um(at 6.5 cm)in 500 um300 umin 300 um

5.317.313.519.571.273.810.812.72.72

5.017.213.419.671.283.810.672.72.73

416.812.920.051.303.9102.92.9

316.412.420.441.334.09.463.02.95

2.516.212.220.621.344.09.23.02.99

21611.920.841.354.18.823.13.12

1.515.811.721.031.374.18.63.13.12

115.511.321.411.394.28.043.33.27

0.615.3211.121.631.414.27.763.33.32

0.5215.2811.121.651.414.27.763.33.3

p1

5.314.39.623.231.514.75.64.0

5.014.179.523.341.524.75.524.0

413.88.924.081.574.94.534.4

313.458.524.671.604.93.864.7

2.513.268.225.221.645.13.3144.8

213.077.925.631.675.22.625.3

1.512.877.626.121.705.31.885.7

112.667.326.651.735.40.9746.3

0.612.487.027.231.775.50.2686.7

0.5212.446.927.471.795.60.16.8

picture for 300+500 um

TOF (ns)

DE in 500 um Si (MeV)

500um + 300um

DE in 300 um de Si (MeV)


500um+1.5mm

TOF (ns)


CD at 3 cm, LEDA at 9.5 cm (lab angles 28 to 53 deg)

picture for 500um+1.5mm

DE1 in 500 mm of Si (MeV)


Lab angles covered: 28 - 53 degrees



lab angle: 28 deg

2.771893.96763

2.777673.98121

2.783513.99489

2.78944.00868

2.795354.02262

2.801364.03693

2.807434.0514

2.813554.06601

2.819734.08077

2.825964.09568

2.832254.11073

2.83864.12593

2.8454.14127

2.851454.15674

2.857974.17236

2.864564.18842

2.87134.20503

2.878114.22205

2.884984.23931

2.891914.2568

2.897984.27451

2.903824.29245

2.909654.31062

2.915624.3291

2.921734.34787

2.927874.36688

2.934014.38613

2.940174.40602

2.946344.4263

2.952524.4469

2.95874.46782

2.96494.48905

2.971114.5106

2.977334.53245

2.983554.55462

2.989784.5771

2.996024.59994

3.002264.62358

3.00854.64762

3.014754.67207

3.021014.69692

3.027274.72234

3.033524.74838

3.039784.77495

3.046044.80203

3.05234.82965

3.058564.85801

3.064824.88696

3.071074.9165

3.077324.94665

3.083574.97781

3.089815.00973

3.096055.04239

3.102435.07583

3.109035.11033

3.115655.14571

3.122285.18228

3.129535.22006

3.136935.25927

3.144385.29966

3.15195.34122

3.159475.38457

3.167095.42938

3.174775.47484

3.182095.52085

3.189445.56864

3.196825.61803

3.204245.66953

3.211685.72334

3.219155.77937

3.226655.83838

3.234195.90041

3.241745.96609

3.249336.03592

3.256946.11015

3.264586.18999

3.272246.27713

3.279936.37207

3.287646.47694

3.295386.59629

3.303146.73696

3.310926.91982

3.318947.14545

3.327237.11365

3.335577.08183

3.343957.04999

3.352387.01814

3.360866.98612

3.369386.95383

3.377956.9215

3.386566.88913

3.395226.85673

3.40391

3.41265

3.4214

3.43017

3.43897



lab angle: 41 deg

Ep iniDE1DE2DE1+DE2Ep iniDE1DE2DE1+DE2De1 carDe2 car17.30383.837622.77189

500um300um17.30383.837622.771896.609513.772.726.4917.28313.841342.77767

19.97932.3681982.303764.67195817.28313.841342.777676.619013.82.736.5317.26233.845032.78351

19.95852.3694582.308334.6777880.717.26233.845032.783516.628543.92.96.817.24163.848712.7894

19.93782.3707042.312934.68363417.24163.848712.78946.638113.992.956.9417.22083.852372.79535

19.9172.3719432.317584.68952317.22083.852372.795356.647724.012.99717.20013.856012.80136

19.89632.3731752.322264.69543517.20013.856012.801366.657374.063.127.1817.17943.859632.80743

19.87562.3743932.326984.70137317.17943.859632.807436.667064.083.127.217.15863.863242.81355

19.85482.3755972.331744.70733717.15863.863242.813556.676794.193.277.4617.13793.866822.81973

19.83412.3767942.336534.71332417.13793.866822.819736.686554.243.327.5617.11713.870392.82596

19.81332.3779772.341364.71933717.11713.870392.825966.696354.223.37.5217.09643.873952.83225

19.79262.3791532.346234.72538317.09643.873952.832256.706217.07573.877482.8386

19.77192.3803152.351144.73145517.07573.877482.83866.716084.694.018.717.05493.880992.845

19.75112.381472.355954.7374217.05493.880992.8456.725994.6548.6517.03423.884492.85145

19.73042.3826182.360144.74275817.03423.884492.851456.735944.864.419.2717.01343.887972.85797

19.70962.3837452.364344.74808517.01343.887972.857976.745944.934.669.5916.99273.891532.86456

19.68892.3848722.368534.75340216.99273.891532.864566.756095.114.8369.94616.9723.895412.8713

19.66822.3859782.372714.75868816.9723.895412.87136.766715.1785.27210.4516.95123.89932.87811

19.64742.3870842.37694.76398416.95123.89932.878116.777415.275.7210.9916.93053.903192.88498

19.62672.3881692.381084.76924916.93053.903192.884986.788175.366.32611.68616.90973.907082.89191

19.60592.3892542.385254.77450416.90973.907082.891916.798995.496.72212.21216.8893.912012.89798

19.58522.3903182.389434.77974816.8893.912012.897986.809995.576.7712.3416.86833.917262.90382

19.56452.3913822.39364.78498216.86833.917262.903826.8210816.84753.922572.90965

19.54372.3924252.397774.79019516.84753.922572.909656.8322216.82683.927942.91562

19.5232.3934682.401944.79540816.82683.927942.915626.8435616.8063.933382.92173

19.50222.394492.40614.8005916.8063.933382.921736.8551116.78533.938882.92787

19.48152.3955122.410264.80577216.78533.938882.927876.8667516.76463.944442.93401

19.46082.3965132.414424.81093316.76463.944442.934016.8784516.74383.950072.94017

19.442.3975072.418584.81608716.74383.950072.940176.8902416.72313.955762.94634

19.41932.3986832.422494.82117316.72313.955762.946346.902116.70233.961512.95252

19.39852.400652.425384.8260316.70233.961512.952526.9140316.68163.967322.9587

19.37782.4026452.428224.83086516.68163.967322.95876.9260216.66093.97322.9649

19.35712.4046752.430984.83565516.66093.97322.96496.938116.64013.979142.97111

19.33632.4067332.433684.84041316.64013.979142.971116.9502516.61943.985142.97733

19.31562.4088262.436324.84514616.61943.985142.977336.9624716.59863.991212.98355

19.29482.4109472.438894.84983716.59863.991212.983556.9747616.57793.997342.98978

19.27412.4130962.44144.85449616.57793.997342.989786.9871216.55724.003532.99602

19.25342.415282.443834.8591116.55724.003532.996026.9995516.53644.009783.00226

19.23262.4174992.446214.86370916.53644.009783.002267.0120416.51574.01613.0085

19.21192.4197392.448514.86824916.51574.01613.00857.024616.49494.022483.01475

19.19112.4220142.450754.87276416.49494.022483.014757.0372316.47424.028933.02101

19.17042.4243242.452924.87724416.47424.028933.021017.0499416.45354.035433.02727

19.14972.4266552.455024.88167516.45354.035433.027277.062716.43274.0423.03352

19.12892.4290212.457054.88607116.43274.0423.033527.0755216.4124.048633.03978

19.10822.4314152.459014.89042516.4124.048633.039787.0884116.39124.055333.04604

19.08742.4338442.46094.89474416.39124.055333.046047.1013716.37054.062093.0523

19.06672.4363012.462724.89902116.37054.062093.05237.1143916.34984.068913.05856

19.0462.4387862.464474.90325616.34984.068913.058567.1274716.3294.075793.06482

19.02522.4412992.466154.90744916.3294.075793.064827.1406116.30834.082743.07107

19.00452.4438472.467764.91160716.30834.082743.071077.1538116.28754.089753.07732

18.98372.4464232.46934.91572316.28754.089753.077327.1670716.26684.096823.08357

18.9632.4490272.470984.92000716.26684.096823.083577.1803916.24614.103963.08981

18.94232.4516592.473764.92541916.24614.103963.089817.1937716.22534.111163.09605

18.92152.4543262.476544.93086616.22534.111163.096057.2072116.20464.118423.10243

18.90082.4570212.479314.93633116.20464.118423.102437.2208516.18384.125743.10903

18.882.4597442.482084.94182416.18384.125743.109037.2347716.16314.133133.11565

18.85932.4624952.484834.94732516.16314.133133.115657.2487816.14244.140583.12228

18.83862.4652742.487584.95285416.14244.140583.122287.2628616.12164.147813.12953

18.81782.4680812.490334.95841116.12164.147813.129537.2773416.10094.155053.13693

18.79712.4709232.493064.96398316.10094.155053.136937.2919816.08014.162333.14438

18.77632.4737862.495784.96956616.08014.162333.144387.3067116.05944.169663.1519

18.75562.4766842.498494.97517416.05944.169663.15197.3215616.03874.177033.15947

18.73492.479612.501194.980816.03874.177033.159477.336516.01794.184453.16709

18.71412.4825572.503884.98643716.01794.184453.167097.3515415.99724.191913.17477

18.69342.4855392.506564.99209915.99724.191913.174777.3666815.97644.19793.18209

18.67262.4885492.509224.99776915.97644.19793.182097.3799915.95574.203873.18944

18.65192.4915872.511875.00345715.95574.203873.189447.3933115.9354.209823.19682

18.63122.4946532.51455.00915315.9354.209823.196827.4066415.91424.215743.20424

18.61042.4977472.517125.01486715.91424.215743.204247.4199815.89354.221653.21168

18.58972.5008762.519725.02059615.89354.221653.211687.4333315.87274.227533.21915

18.56892.5039562.522495.02644615.87274.227533.219157.4466815.8524.233393.22665

18.54822.5068332.52595.03273315.8524.233393.226657.4600415.83134.239233.23419

18.52752.5097172.529345.03905715.83134.239233.234197.4734215.81054.245053.24174

18.50672.5126152.532815.04542515.81054.245053.241747.4867915.78984.250843.24933

18.4862.5155342.53635.05183415.78984.250843.249337.5001715.7694.256613.25694

18.46522.518462.539825.0582815.7694.256613.256947.5135515.74834.262353.26458

18.44452.52142.543375.0647715.74834.262353.264587.5269315.72764.268083.27224

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12.7413.7614226.189999.951412

12.72033.7690736.2771310.046203

12.69953.7767386.3720710.148808

12.67883.784416.4769410.26135

12.6583.7921036.5962910.388393

12.63733.799816.7369610.53677

12.61663.8075316.9198210.727351

12.59583.8152597.1454510.960709

12.57513.8230017.1136510.936651

12.55433.8307577.0818310.912587

12.53363.8385277.0499910.888517

12.51293.8463047.0181410.864444

12.49213.85426.9861210.84032

12.47143.8622856.9538310.816115

12.45063.8703986.921510.791898

12.42993.8785396.8891310.767669

12.40923.8867016.8567310.743431

12.38843.8948916.8242910.719181

12.36773.9031026.7918210.694922

12.34693.9113416.7593110.670651

12.32623.9196016.7267710.646371

12.30553.9278896.6941910.622079

12.28473.9361916.6615910.597781

12.2643.9445216.6289510.573471

12.24323.9528726.5962810.549152

12.22253.9612446.5635810.524824

12.20183.9696376.5308510.500487

12.1813.9780516.4980910.476141

12.16033.986646.4650810.45172

12.13953.9952716.4320110.427281

12.11884.0039376.3988910.402827

12.09814.0126386.3657210.378358

12.07734.0213816.3324910.353871

12.05664.0301526.2992210.329372

12.03584.0389656.2658910.304855

12.01514.0478136.2325110.280323

11.99444.056786.1989610.25574

11.97364.0662236.1647310.230953

11.95294.0757296.1304110.206139

11.93214.0852916.0960110.181301

11.91144.0949096.0615310.156439

11.89074.104596.0269610.13155

11.86994.1143555.9922710.106625

11.84924.1243025.9573210.081622

11.82844.1343195.9222710.056589

11.80774.144425.887110.03152

11.7874.1545915.8518310.006421

11.76624.1648395.816459.981289

11.74554.1751575.780979.956127

11.72474.1855525.745389.930932

11.7044.1960245.709689.905704

11.68334.2065595.673899.880449

11.66254.2171715.637999.855161

11.64184.227865.601989.82984

11.6214.2386125.565889.804492

11.60034.2494415.529679.779111

11.57964.2603685.493329.753688

11.55884.2715195.456659.728169

11.53814.2827685.419849.702608

11.51734.2941085.38299.677008

11.49664.3055395.345839.651369

11.47594.3170685.308629.625688

11.45514.3286885.271289.599968

11.43444.3403925.233829.574212

11.41364.3521945.196229.548414

11.39294.3640875.158499.522577

11.37224.3760645.120649.496704

11.35144.3881325.082669.470792

11.33074.4002915.044559.444841

11.30994.4125415.006319.418851

11.28924.4250644.967689.392744

11.26854.4377484.928829.366568

11.24774.4505444.88989.340344

11.2274.4634664.85069.3140660.06625064970.153781008

11.20624.4765074.811239.287737

11.18554.489664.77179.261361.33E+07

11.16484.5029324.7329.2349321.36E+07

11.1444.5163164.692149.2084561.34E+07

11.12334.5298194.652119.1819291.35E+07

11.10254.5434414.611919.1553511.35E+07

11.08184.5571754.571559.1287251.35E+07

11.06114.5710214.531039.1020511.36E+07

11.04034.5850354.490279.0753051.36E+07

11.01964.5994064.4499.0484061.33E+07

10.99884.6139314.407519.0214411.35E+07

10.97814.6284914.365978.9944611.35E+073.8

10.95744.6432054.324218.967415

10.93664.6580524.282268.940312

10.91594.6730534.240098.913143

10.89514.6881944.197728.885914

10.87444.7034754.155158.858625

10.85374.7189034.112378.831273

10.83294.7344714.069398.803861

10.81224.7501794.026218.776389

10.79144.7661323.982688.748812

10.77074.7824353.938658.721085

10.754.798923.894368.69328

10.72924.8155873.849818.665397

10.70854.8324363.8058.637436

10.68774.849463.759948.6094

10.6674.8668063.714428.581226

10.64634.8844183.668528.552938

10.62554.9022543.62238.524554

10.60484.9203283.575748.496068

10.5844.9386333.528858.467483

10.56334.9572043.481588.438784

10.54264.9760973.433858.409947

10.52184.9952633.385738.380993

10.50115.0146883.337248.351928

10.48035.0343793.288378.322749

10.45965.0543643.239088.293444

10.43895.0748183.189128.263938

10.41815.0956083.138688.234288

10.39745.116723.087788.2045

10.37665.1381613.036418.174571

10.35595.1599732.984518.144483

10.33525.1822612.931938.114191

10.31445.2049272.878818.083737

10.29375.2279712.825158.053121

10.27295.2513932.770958.022343

10.25225.2753822.715947.991322

10.23155.2999522.66017.960052

10.21075.3250122.603567.928572

10.195.3505552.546337.896885

10.16925.376632.488347.86497

10.14855.4034822.429247.832722

10.12785.4309292.369297.800219

10.1075.4589712.308497.767461

10.08635.4876152.246837.734445

10.06555.5173092.183677.700979

10.04485.5477662.119427.667186

10.02415.5789792.054097.633069

10.00335.6110251.987577.598595

9.982585.6443031.919297.563593

9.961845.6785331.849657.528183

9.94115.7138551.778457.492305

9.920365.7506051.705217.455815

9.899625.7887621.629967.418722

9.878885.8284871.552477.380957

9.858145.8700391.472377.342409

9.83745.9135721.389447.303012

9.816665.959171.303567.26273

9.795926.0073091.214057.221359

9.775186.0587241.119867.178584

9.754446.1134991.020877.134369

9.73376.1723690.916037.088399

9.712966.2359010.8045347.040435

9.692226.3061320.6834586.98959

9.671486.3850570.5499736.93503

9.650746.4778490.3966666.874515

7Be

p

DE1

DE2

p0

p1

target

DE1 + DE2 (MeV)


lab angle: 41 deg

6.60951

8.63784

6.61901

8.65812

6.62854

8.67851

6.63811

8.69903

6.64772

8.71972

6.65737

8.7408

6.66706

8.76206

6.67679

8.78347

6.68655

8.80505

6.69635

8.8268

6.7062

8.8487

6.71608

8.87077

6.72599

8.893

6.73594

8.91537

6.74594

8.93791

6.75609

8.96144

6.76671

8.98593

6.77741

9.01089

6.78817

9.03615

6.79899

9.06169

6.80999

9.08751

6.82108

9.11362

6.83222

9.14001

6.84356

9.16694

6.85511

9.19437

6.86675

9.2221

6.87845

9.25015

6.89024

9.27891

6.9021

9.30814

6.91403

9.33776

6.92602

9.36777

6.9381

9.39816

6.95025

9.42894

6.96247

9.4601

6.97476

9.49165

6.98712

9.52359

6.99955

9.55596

7.01204

9.5892

7.0246

9.62291

7.03723

9.6571

7.04994

9.69177

7.0627

9.72708

7.07552

9.76309

7.08841

9.79969

7.10137

9.83688

7.11439

9.87469

7.12747

9.9133

7.14061

9.95258

7.15381

9.99252

7.16707

10.03315

7.18039

10.07485

7.19377

10.11739

7.20721

10.16074

7.22085

10.20495

7.23477

10.25029

7.24878

10.29658

7.26286

10.34447

7.27734

10.39374

7.29198

10.44455

7.30671

10.49663

7.32156

10.54997

7.3365

10.60521

7.35154

10.66201

7.36668

10.71898

7.37999

10.77563

7.39331

10.83408

7.40664

10.89416

7.41998

10.95638

7.43333

11.02093

7.44668

11.08773

7.46004

11.15753

7.47342

11.23038

7.48679

11.3069

7.50017

11.38759

7.51355

11.47271

7.52693

11.56345

7.54032

11.66152

7.5537

11.76741

7.56709

11.88324

7.58047

12.01358

7.59386

12.16526

7.60723

12.35915

7.62083

12.59582

7.63466

12.57508

7.64852

12.55434

7.6624

12.5336

7.67629

12.51286

7.69021

12.49212

7.70414

12.47138

7.7181

12.45064

7.73207

12.4299

7.74606

12.40916

7.76005

7.77406

7.78816

7.80241

7.81667

3.83762

4.67021

3.84134

4.67691

3.84503

4.68362

3.84871

4.69035

3.85237

4.6971

3.85601

4.70387

3.85963

4.71066

3.86324

4.71746

3.86682

4.72428

3.87039

4.73112

3.87395

4.73797

3.87748

4.74484

3.88099

4.75173

3.88449

4.75863

3.88797

4.76555

3.89153

4.77302

3.89541

4.7809

3.8993

identifying key studies in nuclear astrophysics through the carina network

Documents

carina workshop

carina webpage

carina coordinator

role of carina

eurons lsf conveners

nuclear astrophysics

carina networkcarmen

nuclear astrophysicsi3