identification of seeds to genus - ista online · identification of seeds to genus ... malvaceae...

ISTA Purity Seminar15. June 2009 Zürich

Identification of seeds to genusIdentification of seeds to genus and species leveland species level

bby

Norbert Leist and Andrea Jonitz

Prof. Dr. Norbert LeistBrahmsstr.25

Dr. Andrea JonitzLTZ AugustenbergNeßlerstr.23

76669 Bad Schö[email protected]

Neßlerstr.2376227 [email protected]

From flower to seedFrom flower to seed

Pulsatilla vernalis

From flower to seed

Pulsatilla

SeedSeed development

Plant systematics, Judd et al.

Can we find botanical characters which allow a systematic searchleading to the families first, than to the genera and at least to the species?

Mostly you can find the following structures more or less well visible:Mostly you can find the following structures, more or less well visible:Testa developed from the integument. The hole between the integument remains as micropyle, in every seed this is the point where the radicle emerges. The funiculus growth a shorter or larger part together with the integument, this part is the raphe. The breaking point of the funiculus at ripeness is the hilum. The

f f fregion where the funiculus enters the integument for nutritition of the embryo is the chalaza.

Hilum

--Integument

Cardiospermum halicacabum

Definition of seed• A seed is a matured ovule that contains an

b d fembryo and often nutritive tissue (endosperm, perisperm) Judd et al. Plant Systematics

• Achene: Asteraceae (Carex, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rumex)

• Caryopsis: Poaceae

• Drupe: Celtis, Cocos, Prunus

• Nut: Castanea, Corylus, Fagus, Quercus

• Samara: Ailanthus Betula Fraxinus Liriodendron Ulmus Carya ovataSamara: Ailanthus, Betula, Fraxinus, Liriodendron, Ulmus

• Schizocarp: Acer, Apium, Daucus, Erodium, Euphorbia, Lamium, Malva

• Utricle: Amaranthus, Chenopodium

Carya ovata

• Seed units are commonly found dispersal units ISTA Rules 2009

Abrus precatorius

Caryopsis SchizocarpAlAlopecurus gerardii

Euphorbia verrucosa

Echinochloa crus-galli

Aethusa cynapium

crus galli

BromusAbelmoschus

Bromus mollis

esculentus

Achaene

Bidens pilosa

Leontodon hispidus

Taraxacum RumexTaraxacum officinale

Rumex crispus

Seed Unit

Tragopogon or Taraxacum ?

Seed charactersSeed charactersColor : black, brown, yellowish, white, different colored, shiny, dull

Shape, size : round, edged, flat, triangular, fourthsized, barrelshaped

Testa surface: smooth, ribbed, striped, edged, winged, furrowed, wrinkled, dimplelike, reticular, humplike, spiny, dotted, flaking, finehirsute, woolly hirsute, shaggy

A d ill l i l i t t hi l i tAppendages : arillus, elaiosom, caruncula, crista, strophiolum, awn, arista, glumes, beak, wing, pappus

Hilum : tiny spotshaped with other colorHilum : tiny, spotshaped, with other color

Raphe : Strophiolum

Micropyle : CarunculaMicropyle : Caruncula

Types of seed units d i th d k f B Stählias used in the seed key of Brouwer, Stählin

1. Seed unit with edges or borders, spiny points (35 families)

2. Seed unit with caruncula, often with clear raphe (2 families)

3. Seed unit winged (9 families)g ( )

4. Seed unit with hairs, partly as crown, tuft or scale (6 families)

5. Seed unit bottleshaped (2 families)5. Seed unit bottleshaped (2 families)

6. Seed unit stickshaped, at least 4 times as long as wide (4 families)

7 Seed unit with shiny testa or special structures of surface (6 families)7. Seed unit with shiny testa or special structures of surface (6 families)

8. Seed unit enrolled, therefore kidney – or hornshaped (3 families)

9 S d it thi d fl t tl b d d d/ ith ll i i (49. Seed unit thin and flat, partly bended and/or with small wing ring (4 families)

10 Seed unit ball-to oval rounded hilum visible (2 families)10. Seed unit ball to oval rounded, hilum visible (2 families)

11. Seed unit flat and smooth, often like amphora (1 family)

1. Seed unit edged or with border, point spine (35 f ili )

Amranthaceae Apiaceae Aristolochiaceae

(35 families)

AsclepiadaceaeBrassicaceaeChenopodiaceae

pAsteraceaeCampanulaceaeConvolvulaceae

BoraginaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCoriariaceaeChenopodiaceae

CucurbitaceaeEuphorbiaceae

ConvolvulaceaeCyperaceaeFabaceae

CoriariaceaeDipsacaceaeFumariaceae

GeraniaceaeLiliaceaePapaveraceae

IridaceaeMalvaceaePlantaginaceae

LamiaceaeOnagraceaePlumbaginaceaePapaveraceae

PoaceaeRosaceae

PlantaginaceaePolygonaceaeRubiaceae

PlumbaginaceaePrimulaceaeRutaceae

SantalaceaeTropaeolaceae

ScrophulariaceaeValerianaceae

SolanaceaeZygophyllaceae

2. Seed unit with caruncula, often with clear rapheEuphorbiaceae Polygalaceae

Violaceae ChelidoniumViolaceae Chelidonium

3. Seed unit wingedAsclepiadaceae Asteraceae BrassicaceaeAsclepiadaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae

Caryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Cyperaceae

Liliaceae Gentianaceae Iridaceae

4. Seed unit enrolled, therefore kidney – or hornshapedAsteraceae CaryophyllaceaeAsteraceae Caryophyllaceae

Chenopodiaceae Fabaceae

How stable are these seed characteristics?

Depending on the type of reproduction:

Apogamie =Apomixis, parthenogenesis without pollinationAlchemilla, Amelanchier, Hieracium, Poa, Rubus, Sorbus, Taraxacum (2000 microspecies)( 000 c ospec es)Autogamie – selfpollination, cleistogamyViolaHeterogamie - self incompatible pollination by other plant of the sameHeterogamie - self incompatible, pollination by other plant of the same speciesPrimula, AstragalusPolyploidie multiplication of the chromosome numberPolyploidie - multiplication of the chromosome numberBiscutellaHybridisation – pollination between speciesA il i A B t l C E il bi P i P RAquilegia, Avena, Betula, Carex, Epilobium, Paeonia, Poa, Rumex, Salix(worldwide 70.000 naturally occurring interspecific plant hybrids are estimated)

How stable are these seed characteristics?

These characteristics are genetically controlled, but some factors

l d b l i l dmay lead to abnormal or untypical seeds:

nutritition of the plant

insect damage of the seed unitinsect damage of the seed unit

fungi infection

environmental stress conditions

Equipment for seed identification

• Pincette

• Scalpel

• Small boxesSmall boxes

• Tubes, adhesive papel, pencil

• Magnifying lensMagnifying lens

Tools for seed identification• Binocular 10‐60 fold

Mi• Microscope– Light microscope

– Electron microscope

– Special types likeSpecial types like Keyence

The KEYENCE‐Microscope (VHX‐500) Key of ScienceKey of Science

Irreplaceable

Training Training ExperiencePatiencePatience

If Seed identification with morphological characters is not successful ?

Check for alternative methods:

• Anatomy of the seed (type of endosperm)

• Seedling (Rumex)

• Chemical reactions (phenol, sulphuric acid..)

– Lolium, Poa, Phleum, Cuscuta, Orobanche, Vicia

– Ultraviolet radiation

• Seedproteins, electrophoresis

Anatomy of seed units to be observed by a transverse cut

Characteristics :With or without endosperm, perisperm,( endosperm oily (ol), with starch (st), fleshy (fl)); embryos place on the side, inner part; embryo straight or bended

Perisperm Endosperm large Endosperm small None or nearly noPerisperm Endosperm large Endosperm small None or nearly no endosperm

AmaranthaceaeCaryophyllaceae

ApiaceaeAristolochiaceae (fl)

AsclepiadaceaeBoraginaceae

AsteraceaeBrassicaceaeCaryophyllaceae

ChenopodiaceaePlantaginaceae

Aristolochiaceae (fl)EuphorbiaceaePoaceae (st)

BoraginaceaeCampanulaceae (fl)Dipsacaceae

BrassicaceaeCucurbitaceaeFabaceae

Papaveraceae (oil)Plumbaginaceae (st)Polygonaceae (st)

FabaceaeLamiaceaeRosaceae

GeraniaceaeLamiaceaeOnagraceaePolygonaceae (st)

Primulaceae (fl)Rubiaceae

RosaceaeRutaceaeSantalaceae

OnagraceaeTropaeolaceaeValerianaceae

Scrophulariaceae (fl)Solanaceae (fl)Convolvulaceae

Polygalaceae

IridaceaeLiliaceae

If Seed identification with morphological characters is not successful ?

Check for alternative methods:

• Anatomy of the seed (type of endosperm)

• Seedling (Rumex)

• Chemical reactions (phenol, sulphuric acid..)

– Lolium, Poa, Phleum, Cuscuta, Orobanche, Vicia

– Ultraviolet radiation

• Seedproteins, electrophoresis

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

643 Genera, 18.000 Species

Caesalpinioideae 153 Genera, 2.175 Species

Mimosoideae 64 Genera, 2.950 Species

Papilionoideae 426 Genera, 12.150 Species

Lathyrus 160

Vicia 140

Seeds showing one typical characteristic for one certain family onlywell expressed hilum, micropyle, raphne, chalaza

for one certain family only

Fabaceae:Medicago Sophora Melilotus Robinia ViciaMedicago, Sophora, Melilotus, Robinia, Vicia .....

Medicago trunculata Melilotus albaSophora japonica

Seed characteristicsSeed characteristics

Micropyle

Hilum

Phaseolus vulgaris; Micropyle, Hilum, Testa structure

Seedshape: a) globular

b) ovoid

d) rhomboid

e) hatchlike

c) edged f) cylindrical

g) pearshaped

.

Testa surface

Smoothy shining smoothy dull rough velvet like hoarfrostSmoothy shining, smoothy dull, rough, velvet, like hoarfrost, warty structures, pories structures, labyrinth structures.

These characters can be observed with magnification

Testa colour and pattern

Variation from white to light brown, dark to black, greenish and from uniform colour to different patternp

This pattern can be named as: marked - small area spot, speckle reptile pattern marble patternspeckle, reptile pattern, marble pattern.

The micropyle can be well expressed to nearly not visible.

The hilum is more informative with its size, shape, colour, structure and the distance to the micropylestructure and the distance to the micropyle.

The hilum can be:

round-oval, less than 2 x as long as wide(eg. Lathyrus gorgoni Parl.)

elongated-oval, at least 2 x, but not more than 5 x as long as wide(eg. Vicia dumetorum L.);

linear, more than 5 x as long as wide (eg Lathyrus articulatus L )(eg. Lathyrus articulatus L.)

Furthermore, the hilum itself can show the same width in its whole length it can narrow at one or both ends andits whole length, it can narrow at one or both ends and became also lanceolate at one or both ends.

Once more the are a of the hilum can differ in colour. The middle part (M) can be white-light sometimes yellowishmiddle part (M) can be white-light, sometimes yellowish, with the border region (R) darkened, in some species a very li ht li t th hil l th i (L)light line separates the hilum lengthwise (L).

M

R

L

Genus Lathyrus19. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigelow20 L th t B h

1. Lathyrus amphicarpos L.2. Lathyrus angulatus L.3 Lathyrus annuus L

20. Lathyrus montanus Bernh.21. Lathyrus neurolobus Boiss. Et Heldr. in Boiss.22. Lathyrus nissolia L.

3. Lathyrus annuus L.4. Lathyrus aphaca L.5. Lathyrus articulatus L.

23. Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh.24. Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC.25. Lathyrus odoratus L.

6. Lathyrus aureus (Steven) Brandza7. Lathyrus bauhinii Genty8. Lathyrus cicera L.

y26. Lathyrus Pannonicus (Jacq.) Garcke

ssp. varius

27. Lathyrus pisiformis L.y9. Lathyrus clymenum L.10. Lathyrus davidii Hance11 Lathyrus digitatus (Bieb ) Fiori

28. Lathyrus pratensis L.29. Lathyrus roseus Steven30 Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd11. Lathyrus digitatus (Bieb.) Fiori

12. Lathyrus gorgoni, Parl.13. Lathyrus heterophyllos L.

30. Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd.31. Lathyrus sativus L.32. Lathyrus sphaericus Retz.33 L th l t i L14. Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Boiss.

15. Lathyrus hirsutus L.16. Lathyrus inconspicuus L.

33. Lathyrus sylvestris L.34. Lathyrus tingitanus L.35. Lathyrus tuberosus

17. Lathyrus latifolius L.18. Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) O. Kuntze

36. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. in Koch37. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.

Example for a key to determine seed of Vicia and Lathyrus species

Seed small, not more than 2 mm I

to determine seed of Vicia and Lathyrus species

Seed larger > 2 mm II

I1 Whole testa with clear wart structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

1´ Testa with structures like pores or labyrinnth in no case warts 4pores or labyrinnth,in no case warts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

2 seeds globular, egg shaped-oval or cylindrical;hilum more than 0,5 mm long, round-oval measuring 1/8 to 1/9 of seed perimeter; chalaza is near by the hilum less than 0,5 mm formed as a small bulge; testa surface with some single warts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L. nissolia L.

2´ seed mostly edged-hatchet like, hilum very small, not more than 0,5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Lathyrus

L h L i L t i L ti l tL. ochrus L. pannonicus L. pratensis L. articulatus

L. tingitanus L. angulatus L. nissolia L. rotundifolius ssp. rotundifolius ssp. miniatus

Genus Vicia

V b i V h l V iV. narbonnensis V. ochroleuca V. peregrina

V. villosa V. lathyroides V. sativa V. grandiflora

V. tenuissima V. pubescens V. sepium

Vicia cracca Vicia articulataVicia cracca Vicia articulata

Vicia sativa Vicia monantha

Vicia tetrasperma Lathyrus tuberosus

Vicia villosa Vicia hirsuta Vicia angustifolia Vicia sativa

Partzsche et al.

ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae


Veronica 180 (since 2003 the genus belongs to the Plantaginaceae)

G d l tGarden plants

Veronica paniculata, longifolia, spicata, aphylla…..p , g , p , p y

Weeds

Veronica hederifolia, cymbalaria, persica, filiformis, opaca, agrestis, polita, triphyllos, dillenii, verna, peregrina, arvensis….

Scrophulariaceae

Veronica teucrium Veronica hederifoliaVeronica teucrium Veronica hederifolia

Veronica agrestis Veronica arvensis

Scrophulariaceae

Veronica filiformis Veronica persica Veronica triphyllosVeronica filiformis Veronica persica Veronica triphyllos

Veronica polita Veronica agrestis Veronica praecox Veronica hederifoliaPartzsch et al. Acker- und Gartenunkräuter

ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae


Chenopodium 100

Atriplex 300

Chenopodium albumChenopodiaceae

Chenopodium polyspermum

Chenopodiaceae

p p y p

Chenopodiaceae

Atriplex patula Chenopodium hybridum Ch. albump p p y

Chenopodium polyspermum Ch. ficifolium Ch. glaucum Portulaca oleracea

Partzsch et al. Acker- und Gartenunkräuter

shapeshape

Sil ti Sil di h tSilene cretica Silene dichotoma

Silene dioica Silene latifolia

Silene noctiflora

There is still much effort needed go come fromThere is still much effort needed go come from

seed images to seed tablesseed images to seed tables

which can be used for comparison of unknown seedswhich can be used for comparison of unknown seeds

worldwide and not only of weed seedsworldwide and not only of weed seeds

Hypochaeris radicata

Thank you very much for your y y yattention !

Silene pusilla

identification of seeds to genus - ista online · identification of seeds to genus ... malvaceae...

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