1. 1. ASSIGNMENT Natural And Man Made Fibers Topic: Fiber Report Submitted To: Imran Raza Malik Submitted By: Iftikharwali Discipline:Textile Science Date:26/03/2015
2. 2. Identification of Fibers 1. BURN TESTS Procedure: Cut a small sample of textile fiber and holding it in a tweezers or forceps cautiously ignite with a matchstick or lighter. Observe the sample carefully, because each fiber type will burn in a specific way, producing different colored smoke, a particular smell and leaving its own kind of residue. To match your findings with the correct fiber compare with the chart below. FIBER Performance at flame Odor Residue Approach to flame In the flame Withdrawn from flame SILK Shrinks away Burns slowly Self extinguishing Burning hair Brittle, swollen, black ash WOOL Shrinks away Burns slowly Self extinguishing Burning hair Brittle, swollen, black ash COTTON No effect Burns readily Continues to burn Burning paper Gray skeletal ash NYLON Shrinks away Burns slowly and melts Often self extinguishing Celery Sometimes perceptible Hard light colored bead ACRYLIC Shrinks away Burns slowly and melts Continues to burn and melt Acrid Brittle black bead POLYPROPYLENE (OLEFIN) LINEN Shrinks quickly Not Defined Burns and melts Not Defined Burns and melt Burns Not defined Not Defined Hard, round bead, maybe light brown Brittle Ashes
3. 3. Polyester Melts Melts Melts Sweetish Hard Ashes 2. SOLUBILITY OF FIBERS Acetone 100% Hydrochloric acid 20% Sulfuric acid 60% Sulfuric acid 70% Chlorine bleach 5% Formic acid 90% ACRYLIC Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble depending on type Insoluble Insoluble COTTON Insoluble Insoluble Slightly soluble Soluble Insoluble Insoluble LINEN Insoluble Insoluble Slightly soluble Soluble Insoluble Insoluble NYLON Insoluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Insoluble Soluble OLEFIN Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble POLYESTER Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble SILK Insoluble Partially Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Partially soluble Wool Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Soluble Insoluble ADDITIONAL SOLUBILITIES Polypropylene (olefin)solublein m-xylene and cyclohexanone.
4. 4. Acrylicsoluble indimethylform amide. Polyestersolublein m-cresol. Nylon 6 is soluble indimethylform amide and nylon 66 is not MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS SILK FIBER Microscopic view of silk fiber Silk fiber Silk: Raw silk fiber, composed of two filaments, has elliptical shape under the microscope. The two fine and lustrous filaments are shown clearly looking like transparent rods with triangular shape. Wild silk or tussah fiber has different appearance than the cultivated silk. It is
5. 5. flattened, coarse, thick and broader fiber having fine, wavy lines all across its surface whereas cultivated silk is narrower fiber with no marks on it. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS WOOL FIBER Microscopic viewof wool Raw wool
6. 6. Wool: Wool fiber has irregular, roughly cylindrical, multi cellular structure with tapered ends. Under a microscope, three basic layers are shown- epidermis (outer layer), cortex (middle layer) and medulla (inner layer). Medulla is seen only in coarse and medium wool fibers and that too under a highly powerful microscope. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS POLYESTER FIBER
7. 7. POLYESTER Polyester: Generally, polyester fiber is smooth, straight. It looks round cross sectionally. However, with various finishing processes, its appearance changes in context of texture and luster. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS NYLON FIBER
8. 8. Nylon: There are many variants of nylon fiber. However, generally it appears fine, round, smooth and translucent. Sometimes it has shiny appearance. If it looks dull, it will also be dotted under the microscope. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS ACRYLIC FIBER Acrylic: It has a bean-shaped cross section its longitudinal appearance is straight and smooth.
9. 9. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS POLY PROPYLENE FIBER
10. 10. Polypropylene: When viewed cross sectionals polypropylene fiber looks somewhat round but it looks straight and smooth when viewed longitudinally. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS COTTON FIBER Microscopic view of cotton fiber Differentlayers in cotton fiber
11. 11. Cotton:The cotton fiber is a single elongated cell. Under a microscope, it looks like flat, spirally twisted ribbon like tube with rough granular surface. However, mercerized cotton doesn't have natural twist. The finishing process makes them swollen, straight, smooth and round with a shining surface. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIBERS LINEN FIBER
12. 12. Linen:Linen fiber, under a microscope, looks like having multiple sided cylindrical filaments with fine pointed edges. The filaments show nodes at intervals. It, in fact, looks like a bamboo stick having joints that result into a little unevenness. DISTINGUISHING OF FIBERS FROM ONEANOTHER DISTINGUISHING POLYESTER FROM OTHER FIBRES: Polyester is soluble in hot Meta cresol; however unlike acetate it is not soluble in acetone, and unlike nylon it is not soluble in concentrated formic acid. DISTINGUISHING ACRYLICS FROM OTHER FIBRES: Acrylic fibers will dissolve in 70 percent solution of ammonium thiocyanate at 130 degree Celsius but the other fibers will not. DISTINGUISHING SILK FROM WOOL: The use of concentrated cold hydrochloric acid will dissolve the silk and the wool fiber swells. DISTINGUISHING NYLON FROM OTHER FIBRES: If the fabric is thought to contain nylon, the fabric may be immersed in a boiling solution of sodium hydroxide. The nylon is insoluble in such a solution DISTINGUISHING LINEN FROM COTTON:
13. 13. Cotton and linen are immersed in a 1% solution of fuchsine in alcohol to give red rose color. Later they are washed and immersed into ammonia, linen retains the red coloration but cotton does not