idaho’s forest products industry and timber …ber production in 2011 compared to 94 percent in...

United States Department of Agriculture

Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Resource Bulletin RMRS-RB-19 November 2014

Idaho’s Forest Products Industry and Timber Harvest 2011 with Trends Through 2013

Eric A. Simmons, Steven W. Hayes, Todd A. Morgan, Charles E. Keegan, III, and Chris Witt

Simmons, Eric A.; Hayes, Steven W.; Morgan, Todd A.; Keegan, Charles E., III; Witt, Chris. 2014. Idaho’s forest products industry and timber harvest, 2011. Resour. Bull. RMRS-RB-19. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 46 p.

AbstractThis report traces the flow of Idaho’s 2011 timber harvest through the primary industries; provides a description of the

structure, capacity, and condition of Idaho’s industry; and quantifies volumes and uses of wood fiber. Historical wood prod-ucts industry trends are discussed, as well as changes in harvest, production, employment, and sales.

Keywords: forest economics, mill residue, timber processors, wood utilization

AuthorsEric A. Simmons is a Research Associate, Steven W. Hayes is a Research Forester, Todd A. Morgan is the Director of Forest Industry Research, and Charles E. Keegan, III, is Director Emeritus Forest Industry Research at the Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.

Chris Witt is an Ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, Boise, Idaho.

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Highlights

• Atotalof88PrimarywoodfacilitieswereidentifiedasactiveinIdahodur-ing2011:

• 27Sawmills

• 2Plywood/veneerplants

• 16Loghomefacilities

• 18Residuerelatedproductsfacilities

• 8Cedarproductmanufacturers

• 17Post,pole,andlogfurnitureproducers

• Idaho’s total timberharvest in2011was1.07billionboardfeetScribner,morethan40percenthigherthanthe2009recordlowharvest,andapproxi-mately5percent lower than thepre-recession timberharvestvolumesof2006and2007.

• Timberharvestfromnon-industrialprivatetimberlandsfellfrom31percentofthetotalharvestin2006tojust12percentin2011.Publiclandscontrib-uted42percentoftheharvestin2011comparedto26percentin2006.Statelandsaccountedformorethan30percentofthe2011harvestandNationalForestsaccountedforalmost10percent.

• Sawandveneerlogscomprisedover88percentofthetotalharvest.Clear-water,Benewah,Shoshone,andLatahcountieswerethelargestcontribu-torstothestate’stotalharvestin2011,accountingfor60percentoftotalharvestvolume.

• Idahosawmills recoveredanaverageof1.67board feet lumber tallyperboardfootScribnerofinput,representingthefirstdeclineinsawmillover-runin40years.Idaho’s27activesawmillsproduced1.4billionboardfeetoflumberduring2011.

• Idahosawmillswithaproductioncapacityofover50MillionBoardFeetLumberTally(MMBF)annuallyaccountedfor86percentofIdaho’slum-berproductionin2011comparedto94percentin2006andjust39percentin1995.

• Idaho’sprimary forestproducts industryshippedproductsvaluedat$1.4billion(fobtheproducingmill)in2011.Lumberandplywood/veneercon-tributed36percentoftotalsaleswhileresiduerelatedproductssuchaspulpandpaper,particleboard,andotherproductsrepresented56percent.

• Sawmills, alongwithplywoodandveneer facilities,generatedover1.14millionbone-dryunits(bdu)ofwoodresidueduring2011ofwhichmorethan99percentwasutilized.

• Idaho’sloghomeindustrywasseverelyimpactedbytheGreatRecessionandU.S. housingbust of 2007-2009, and sloweconomic recovery sincethen.Loghomesalesduring2011weredownabout80percentfrom2006levels,andtimberusebyIdaho’sloghomesectorwasdownnearly90per-cent.

i

Contents

Highlights ...................................................................................................................... i

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1

Forest Industries Data Collection System .................................................................... 1

The Operating Environment of Idaho’s Forest Products Industry ................................ 2

Idaho’s 2011 Timber Harvest, Products, and Flow .......................................................... 3

Harvest Trends 1947 through 2013 ............................................................................. 4

Harvest by Geographic Source ..................................................................................... 5

Harvest by Ownership and Product Type..................................................................... 8

Harvest by Species ....................................................................................................... 10

Species Composition of Product Types ........................................................................ 11

Movement of Timber Products .................................................................................... 12

End Uses of Idaho’s Timber ......................................................................................... 15

Structure of Idaho’s Forest Products Industry ................................................................ 17

Structure and Location ................................................................................................ 17

Sales Value of Primary Wood Products ........................................................................ 20

Timber Received by Idaho Mills ................................................................................... 21

Sawmill and Plywood/Veneer Sector ........................................................................... 23

Residue-Related Products Sector ................................................................................. 28

Other Primary Manufacturers ..................................................................................... 28

Plant Capacity ............................................................................................................... 30

Sawtimber Capacity and Utilization by Sector ............................................................. 31

Markets for Primary Wood Products .............................................................................. 33

Market Areas by Finished Product Type ...................................................................... 36

Mill Residue: Types, Quality, and Use ............................................................................ 36

Sawmill and Veneer/Plywood Residue ........................................................................ 37

Residues from Other Manufacturers ........................................................................... 40

The Forest Products Industry and the Idaho Economy .................................................... 40

Trends in Forest Products Employment and Workers Earnings ................................... 41

Idaho’s Forest Industry Outlook 2014 ............................................................................ 44

References .................................................................................................................... 45

ii

USDA Forest Service Resour. Bull. RMRS-RB-19. 2014 1

Introduction

ThepurposeofthisreportistodescribetheutilizationofIdaho’s2011timberharvestandtheconditions,structure,andoperationsofthestate’sprimaryforestproducts industry.Primary forest productsmanufacturers arefirms that processtimberintomanufacturedproductssuchaslumber,andfacilities,suchaspulpandpapermillsandparticleboardplants,thatusethewoodfiberresiduedirectlyfromtimberprocessors.This report alsodescribes recent andhistorical trends in thestate’stimberuseincludingrawmaterialsources,inventory,growth,andharvest.OtherareascoveredinthereportincludetheextentandefficiencyofIdaho’spro-cessinginfrastructureandthevolumeandvalueoffinishedproductsandresidues.

Informationinthisreport isprimarilygeneratedthroughastatewideperiodiccensusofIdaho’smanufacturersofprimaryforestproducts.ThemillcensusalsoincludesfirmsinadjacentstatesutilizingrawmaterialfromIdahoduringthe2011calendaryear.Althoughgreateffort ismade tocollectdata fromeveryprimaryfacilitythatoperatedduringacensusyear,facilitiesmaybeaddedinsubsequentsurveys.Whereverappropriate,datafrompreviousreportshavebeenupdatedtomakecomparisonswithnewresults.

This census is conducted in cooperation with the University ofMontana’sBureauofBusinessandEconomicResearch(BBER)andtheUSDAForestService,InteriorWestForestInventoryandAnalysis(IW-FIA)program.

The2011reportfocusesprimarilyonchangessincethe2006millcensuswithupdatedinformationthrough2013whereavailable.Importantrelationshipsofcur-rentdatatofindingspriorto2006havebeennoted.ForamoredetaileddiscussionofhistorictrendsintimberharvestingandprocessingforIdahosee“Idaho’sForestProductsIndustryandTimberHarvest,2006”(Brandtandothers2012).

Forest Industries Data Collection System

TheForestIndustriesDataCollectionSystem(FIDACS)wasdevelopedbytheBBERincooperationwiththeFIAprogramsintheRockyMountainandPacificNorthwestresearchstationstocollect,compile,andreportdatafromprimaryfor-estproductsmanufacturers.

Primaryforestproductsfirmswereidentifiedthroughtheuseofvariousphonedirectories,industryassociations,internetsearches,andthroughpreviouscensus-es.Thewrittenquestionnairesweredistributedbymail, fax,oremailandwereadministeredoverthetelephonewhennecessary.Asinglequestionnairewascom-pletedforeachprocessingfacilityandincludesthefollowinginformation:

• Plantproduction,capacity,andemployment• VolumeofrawmaterialreceivedbyCounty,ownership,andproducttype• Speciesmixandproportionofstandingdeadtimberreceived• Finishedproductvolumes,types,salesvalue,andmarketlocations• Utilizationandmarketingofmanufacturingresidue

2 USDA Forest Service Resour. Bull. RMRS-RB-19. 2014

Similar forest products industry censuses have been conducted periodicallyinthePacificCoastandRockyMountainStatesforover30yearsbytheBBERandForestServiceresearchstations.PreviousFIDACScensuseswerecompletedforIdahoin1979,1980,1985,1990,1995,2001,and2006(Godfreyandothers1980;Keeganandothers1982,1988,1992,and1997;Morganandothers2004;Brandtandothers2012).InformationcollectedthroughFIDACSisstoredattheUniversityofMontana’sBBER.Additional information isavailableby request;however,individualfirm-leveldataareconfidentialandwillnotbereleased.

The Operating Environment of Idaho’s Forest Products Industry

ThelastapplicationoftheFIDACSinIdahodetailedindustryoperationsdur-ing2006,whichmarkedtheendofseveralyearsofveryhighhousingstartsandrecordconsumptionofwoodproducts in theUnitedStates(Woodallandothers2012).Highhousingandwoodproductsdemandwerefuelednotjustbyastrongeconomy,butbyeasycreditandrampantspeculationinhousingmarkets,whichled toa franticbuildingpace in2004and2005.Withgrowingrecognitionofahousingbubble,housingmarketsbegantodecline,theinventoryofunsoldhomesgrew,newhomeconstructionslowed,andhousepricesbeganadownwardspi-ral,ultimatelyresultinginthemostdifficulteconomicconditionssincetheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.

The collapse in homeprices in theUnitedStates, and ultimately throughouttheworld,createdacataclysminthesubprimemortgagemarketandexposedtheweaknessofdebtinstrumentsbackedbythesemortgages.Thelossinconfidenceinthedebtinstrumentscollateralizedbymortgagesbankruptedanumberofmajorinvestmentbanksandwasthecatalystforaglobalfinancialcrisisinthelasthalfof2008.Whileatotalbreakdownoftheglobalfinancialsystemwasaverted,theimpactsonhousingmarketsintheUnitedStatesandmanyothercountriesweredevastating.

Annual U.S. housing starts fell from almost 2.1 million units in 2005 to554,000unitsduring2009, their lowest level inmore thansixdecades (fig.1).Associatedwiththehousingcollapsewasanofficialrecession—oftentermedthe“GreatRecession”—thatofficiallylastedfromDecemberof2007toJuneof2009(NBER2010),buttheimpactsonhomeconstructionanddemandforlumberandotherwoodproductscontinuedinto2010andbeyond.Thechallengingeconomicconditions experienced by the forest products industry in 2009 improved onlyslightlyduring2010and2011.HousingstartsintheUnitedStatesgrewbylessthan6percentduring2010and2011,andremainedamongthelowestlevelssinceannualhousingstartsbeganbeingreportedinthe1950s.LumberconsumptionintheUnitedStatesremainedathistoricallylowlevels.

Throughmuchof2012,theeconomygrewslowlywithlacklusterrecoveryinhousinganddemandforwoodproducts.Woodproductmarketsinlate2012and2013reflectedthepotentialupsidebutalsotheuncertaintyandvolatilityofrecov-eringmarkets.Ashousingstartsincreasedmorethanexpectedinthefourthquarterof2012andfirstquarterof2013,lumberpricesresponded,reachingahighofover$435perMBFlumbertallyinMarchandApril2013,thehighestsince2006andanincreaseofabout$100perMBFfromthesecondquarter2012(RandomLengths


1976-2013).MillsthroughoutNorthAmericagearedupandincreasedproductionbybringing recession-idledcapacityback intooperation.Theadditional supplyoflumberandamid-yearcoolingoftheU.S.housingmarketdrovelumberpricesdown,hittinga2013lowof$330perMBFinJune.

Lumberpricesclimbedsteadilyduringlatesummerandfall2013,approaching$400perMBFinthefourthquarterof2013.Domesticdemandforwoodproductsthroughnewconstruction, aswell as repairs and remodeling continuedupwardandinternationalmarketsweresomewhatstrongerthanexpected.Woodproductsmarketsin2014areexpectedtocontinuetoimprove,butwithuncertaintyinthedomesticand internationalmarketsandconsiderableunutilizedcapacity topro-ducelumberinNorthAmerica,woodproductspricesareexpectedtoincreasebutremainvolatile.

Idaho’s 2011 Timber Harvest, Products, and Flow

Idaho Timberlands—About 40 percent of the total land area in Idaho isforestland. Just over 3 million acres of Idaho forestland are reserved throughstatute or administrative designation such as National ForestWilderness areasandNationalParksandMonuments,andnotavailablefortimberproduction.In2011, Idaho had slightly less than 17million acres of nonreserved timberlandsavailablefortimberproduction(USFS2011).TheUSDAForestService’sNationalForest System (NFS) is responsible for the administration of 72.8 percent ofthe state’s timberlands (table1).The remaining timberlandsaredividedamongnonindustrialprivateowners,includingtribal(9.0percent),industrialprivatelands(7.7percent),stateendowmentlandsmanagedbytheIdahoDepartmentofLands(IDL)(6.7percent),FederalBureauofLandManagement(BLM)(3.7percent),andotherpublicownership(0.2percent).

Figure 1—United States housing starts 1980-2013 (source: U.S. Census Bureau 2013).


Ownership of industrial private timberlands in Idaho has undergone majorchangesinthelast10years.Nationwide,manylargeforestproductscompaniesthatoncesoughtahighlevelofverticalintegrationtoreduceoperatingcostshaveconvertedtheircorporatestructurestorealestateinvestmenttrusts(REITs)orsoldtheirtimberlandstotimberlandinvestmentmanagementorganizations(TIMOs).OneresultisthattheFIAprogramnolongerusesthetraditionalindustrial/non-industrial private ownership classifications, replacing themwith corporate/non-corporateclassifications.Together,REITsandTIMOsnowcontrolover1millionacresoflandinIdaho.Inadditiontomanagingforestsforthesaleoftimber,REITsandTIMOsevaluate landparcels for theirhighestandbestuses, including realestatepotentialon theopenmarket.SomeREITsandTIMOsgenerate revenuethroughthesaleofconservationeasementsandrecreationpermitstoallowaccesstotimberlands.

Harvest Trends 1947 through 2013

TheUSDAForestServicehaskeptcomprehensiveannualharvestdatabyown-ership in Idaho since1969.Other sourcesof informationwereused todevelopharvestnumbersfor1947through1969(fig.2).Idaho’stimberharvestclimbedafterWorldWarII,peakingin1976at1.9billionboardfeet.Duringtherecessionyearsoftheearly1980s,harvestfellsharply,butreboundedinthelasthalfofthe1980stoanaveragelevelof1.6billionboardfeet.

Throughoutthe1990sandintothe2000s,Idaho’stotaltimberharvestdeclinedsteadilybecauseofadramaticdeclineinharvestfromNationalForest lands.In2001, theNationalForestharvest for Idahowas the lowest todatesinceWorldWar II and had declined by 629MMBF (89 percent) from 1990. In 1998, theharvestvolumefromotherpubliclandsinIdahosurpassedthevolumeharvestedfrom Idaho’sNational Forests for thefirst timeon record.The volumeof tim-ber harvested from Idaho’s private timberlands remained stable throughout the1990sandinto thenewcentury;however, theproportionof theharvestcomingfromprivate lands increased steadily from45percent (732MMBF) in1990 to72percent(750MMBF)in2001and74percent(834MMBF)in2006.HarvestfromIDLandotherpublicforestlandshasfollowedasimilartrend,withharvestvolumesremainingfairlystable,buttheproportionofthetotalharvestincreasingfrom14percent(259MMBF)in1990tonearly20percent(208MMBF)by2006.

Ownership classNational Forest 12,210,340 72.8Undifferentiated private 2,796,786 16.7State 1,116,072 6.7Bureau of Land Management 616,546 3.7Other public 31,915 0.2All owners 16,771,659 100 1

1 Total does not not sum to 100 due to rounding

Table 1--Idaho timberland by ownership class. (Source: FIA, FIDO online tool)

AcresPercentage of Non-reserved

timberland


TheGreatRecessionanddramaticdeclinesinU.S.housingstartsdroveprivatelandstimberharvestdownsteeplyin2008and2009.The2009totaltimberharvestinIdahowaslessthan750MMBF,thelowestsincetheendofWorldWarII.By2011,statewidetimberharvesthadrecoveredtothepre-recessionlevelofjustover1billionboardfeet,aidedsignificantlybytheincreasedsustainedyieldcalculationand harvesting programon theState of Idaho’s endowment timberlands. Idahotimberharvestsfor2012and2013weresimilartothenearly1.1billionboardfeetharvestedin2011.

Harvest by Geographic Source

From1979to1990,between76and78percentofIdaho’stotaltimberharvestcamefromnorthoftheSalmonRiver(table2).ForestsnorthoftheSalmonRivernowprovidenearly90percentofIdaho’stimberharvest.SouthernIdaho’sharvestvolumeshavedroppeddramaticallyfrom440MMBFin1979to113MMBFin2011.

ClearwaterCountycontinuedtoleadthestateintimberharvestwith222MMBFin 2011—about 21 percent of Idaho’s harvest. Other leading timber-producingcounties were Benewah with 156 MMBF, Shoshone with 137 MMBF, Latahwith130MMBF,Bonnerwith98MMBF,Idahowith88MMBF,andKootenaiwith70MMBF.Together,thesesevencountiesinnorthernIdahosuppliedalmost85percentofIdaho’s2011timberharvest.ValleyCountyhadthelargestharvest

Figure 2—Idaho’s timber harvest by ownership, 1947 through 2013 (sources: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, The University of Montana-Missoula; USDA Forest Service Region One, Missoula, Montana).


insouthernIdahoat47MMBF,whichwas4.4percentofthestate’stotalharvest.Valley,Adams,andBoisecountiescontributedacombined9.2percentofthe2011totalstate’sharvest.

Harvestvolumesin2011forbothnorthernandsouthernIdahowerelowerthan2006buthigherthanin2001.Since1979,theharvesthasdeclinedby456MMBF(32percent) innorthern Idahoand328MMBF(75percent) in southern Idaho.Comparedto2006,the2011harvestwasdown2percent(23MMBF)innorthernIdahoand23percent(32MMBF)insouthernIdaho.

NorthernIdaho’smostdramaticcounty-levelchangesfrom1979to2011oc-curred in Clearwater and Idaho counties where the combined harvest droppedby495MMBF(67percent),370MMBFinClearwaterCountyand125MMBFin IdahoCounty.From1979 to1990, theharvest inClearwaterCounty fell by182MMBF(56percent)fromprivatelandsand89MMBF(66percent)dropintheNationalForestharvest.Since1990,ClearwaterCounty’sharvesthasdeclinedby84percentonNationalForestlands,by48percentonstatelands,andby4percentonindustriallands.InIdahoCounty,theharvestfromNationalForestlandsfell90percentsince1990anddeclinedby30percentfromotherownershipsduringthattime.

SouthernIdaho’smostdramaticharvestdecreasesoccurredin thesouthwest-erncountiesofAdams,Boise,andValley,wheretimberharvesthasdecreasedby146MMBF(33percent)since1990(table2).Virtuallyallofthedecreasecanbeattributed tosharplydecliningharvest levels fromNationalForest lands,whichdeclinedbyapproximately87percentsince1990.Theharvestfromotherowner-shipshasremainedessentiallyunchangedoverthesameperiod.


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Harvest by Ownership and Product Type

TotalharvestinIdahoin2011was1,066millionboardfeet(MMBF)Scribnerlogscale,adecreaseofapproximately5percent(54MMBF)frompre-recession2006,andalmost43percenthigher than the2009 lowpoint (750MMBF)dur-ingtheGreatRecession.Privateindustrialtimberlandsheldstablearound46per-cent(484MMBF)ofharvest.Timberharvestedfromnon-industrialprivateforest(NIPF)landsfellfrom31percentofthetotalharvestin2006tojust12percentfor2011(from348MMBFto130MMBF).Publiclandscontributed42percentoftheharvestin2011comparedto26percentin2006.HarvestfromIDLlandsincreasedfrom18.6percentto32.6oftotalharvestvolumefor2011,140MMBFover2006(from208MMBFto348MMBF).NationalForestharvest(103MMBF)increasedfrom7percentoftotalharvestin2006to9.7percentin2011.TheNationalForestharvest in2011representeda36percent increaseover2006(76MMBF)anda29percentincreaseover2001(80MMBF)(table3).

Historically,themajorityofIdaho’stimberharvesthasbeenprocessedintolum-berandplywood,andin2011,about89percentofIdaho’sharvestwasusedtoproduce theseproducts.Private landscontinue tobe theprimarysourceof rawmaterialforsawandveneerlogs,providing52percent(549MMBF)ofthetotalsupplyin2011(table4).Privatelandsaccountedforabout76percentofthesawandveneerlogsinboth2006and2001.Priorto1995,datashowedprivatelandsprovidinglessthanhalfofIdaho’ssawandveneerlogharvest(Keeganandothers1997;Morganandothers2004).

Although substantial harvest declines from National Forests since the mid-1990shavecontributedtotheincreaseintheportionofharvestfromprivatelands,2011 saw a small reversal. In 2011, the National Forest provided 8.5 percent(90.5MMBF)ofIdaho’ssawandveneerlogharvestcomparedtojust6percent(63MMBF)and7percent(71MMBF)in2006and2001,respectively.

Idaho’spulpwoodharvestin2011was74MMBF,anincreaseof45percentover2006 (51MMBF).Pulpwood represented6.9percentof the2011harvest com-paredto4.5percentin2006.Strongpulpwoodmarketsoftenoccurwhenlumberproductionandpricesaredown.Thisisbecausesawmillresiduesuppliesshrinkandresidueusers,suchasthepulpandpaperindustry,turntochippedroundwoodfortheirfiberneeds.Thepulpandpapersectortypicallyreliesonprivatelandsforalargeportionoftheirroundwoodreceipts.Privatetimberlandssupplied64per-centofthepulpwoodvolumein2011versus77percentin2006,and80percentin2001.Thedifferenceintheprivateharvestofpulpwoodamongstudyyearsindi-catesthestrengthofthepulpmarketduringthoseyears.Nationalforestsprovided10percentofthe2011pulpwoodharvestandstatelandsprovided23percent.

In2011,thecombinedharvestforcedarproducts,houselogs,posts,poles,rails,utilitypoles,andotherproductstotaled47.5MMBF.Previousmillcensusesindi-catedthattheharvestfortheseproductswas46MMBFin2006and43MMBFin2001.Public timberlandsprovided63.8percentof theharvest for thisgroupofproductsin2011.Thisisaboutthesameas2006(63percent)andhigherthan2001(52percent).Thetotalharvestofcedarproductsin2011(30.5MMBF)in-creased35percentfrom2006(22.6MMBF)andwas3percenthigher thanthe2001harvest (29.5MMBF).The totalharvest forpost,poles,utilitypoles, and


Ownership class 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 2006 2011

Private 808,749 779,109 754,978 829,417 750,590 833,797 615,012 Industrial 455,721 467,474 364,178 467,518 443,029 485,590 484,176 Non-industrial privatea 353,028 311,635 390,800 361,899 307,561 348,207 130,836Public 1,041,719 814,787 937,560 540,296 256,704 286,813 450,893 National Forest 866,455 631,003 700,715 301,277 77,863 78,613 102,937 Other publicb 175,264 183,784 236,845 239,019 178,841 208,200 347,956All ownersb 1,850,468 1,593,896 1,692,538 1,369,713 1,007,294 1,120,610 1,065,905

Private 43.7 48.9 44.6 60.6 74.5 74.4 57.7 Industrial 24.6 29.3 21.5 34.1 44.0 43.3 45.4 Non-industrial privatea 19.1 19.6 23.1 26.4 30.5 31.1 12.3Public 56.3 51.1 55.4 39.4 25.5 25.6 42.3 National Forest 46.8 39.6 41.4 22.0 7.7 7.0 9.7 Other publicb 9.5 11.5 14.0 17.5 17.8 18.6 32.6All ownersb 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a Non-industrial private includes Tribal harvest.

- - - - - - Thousand board feet, Scribner - - - - - -

Table 3-- Idaho timber harvest (MBF, Scribner) by ownership class, selected years (sources: Keegan and others 1982, 1988, 1992, 1997; Morgan and others 2004; Brandt and others 2012).

bOther public refers to state owned timberlands and Bureau of Land Management timberlands.

- - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 4--Idaho timber harvest by ownership class and timber product 2011.

Ownership classSaw and

veneer logsaHouselogs

Cedarproducts

Othertimber

productsb

Allproducts

Private timberlands 549,247 127 11,039 54,599 615,012 Industrial 441,205 57 1,476 41,438 484,176 Non-industrial privatec 108,042 70 9,563 13,161 130,836Public timberlands 394,989 283 19,461 36,161 450,893 National Forest 90,501 178 2,300 9,958 102,937 State 300,631 105 15,028 25,703 341,467 BLM 3,857 - 2,133 500 6,490All owners 944,236 410 30,500 90,760 1,065,905

Private timberlands 51.5 0.01 1.0 5.1 57.7

Industrial 41.4 0.01 0.1 3.9 45.4 Non-industrial privatec 10.1 0.01 0.9 1.2 12.3Public timberlands 37.1 0.03 1.8 3.4 42.3 National Forest 8.5 0.02 0.2 0.9 9.7 State 28.2 0.01 1.4 2.4 32.0 BLM 0.4 - 0.2 0.05 0.6All owners 88.6 0.04 2.9 8.5 100a Saw and veneer logs combined to prevent disclosure of firm level data.

b Other timber products include logs used for pulpwood, posts and poles, utility poles, furniture logs, and energywood logs.c Non-industrial private includes Tribal harvest.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent of harvest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - Thousand board feet, Scribner - - - - - - - - - - - - -


railsdecreased8.6percentfrom19.4MMBFin2006(adjustedtoreflectadditionalfacilities)to16.7MMBFin2011.Publiclandprovided63.8percentoftheharvestforcedarproductsand63.7percentoftheharvestforposts,poles,utilitypoles,andrails.AsaproductoftheGreatRecessionandthecollapseoftheconstructionboom,harvestingforhouselogsplummetedfrom14MMBFin2006tojust410MBF.In2006,88percentofthehouselogharvestcamefromNationalForests.In2011,43percentcamefromNationalForests,31percentfromprivatelands,and26percentfromIDL.

Harvest by Species

Truefirs(Abies spp.)—grandfir(Abies grandis)andsubalpinefir(Abies lasio-carpa(Hook.)Nutt.)—werethelargestcomponent(35percent)ofIdaho’s2011timber harvest, whichwas similar to 2006 (table 5). Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)Franco)at24percentwasthesecondlargestcomponentofthe2011harvest.Asin2006,westernredcedar(Thuja plicataDonnexD.Donn)andponderosapine(Pinus ponderosaDougl.exLaws.)roundedoutthetopfourmostharvested species.These four species comprised82 and81percentof the totalharvestin2006and2011respectively.Thedeclineintheharvestofwesternwhitepine(Pinus monticolaDougl.exD.Don)hasbeenthegreatestchangetooccurinthespeciescompositionofthetimberharvestinIdahoduringthelast30years.In1969,thewhitepineharvestwasabout343MMBFandaccountedfor19percentofIdaho’stimberharvest;by2001thewhitepinetimberharvesthaddroppedto39MMBFor4percentofthetotalharvest.In2006andagainin2011,thewest-ernwhitepineharvestinIdahohaddeclinedfurther,makingupjust1percentofIdaho’stimberharvest.Thischangeistheresultofseveralinteractingfactorsbutbyfarthebiggestblowtowhitepinewasdealtbywhitepineblisterrust,anexoticdisease introduced to theUnitedStates fromEurope in theearly1900s.By the1940s,blister rusthad reachedepidemic levelsandcausedgreatdamage to thewhitepineresourcethroughouttheInlandNorthwest(Finsandothers2001).

Species 1969 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 2006 2011

True firs 24 22 27 23 25 24 34 35Douglas-fir 18 20 21 22 27 26 28 24Western redcedar 7 11 10 11 9 10 13 12Ponderosa pine 14 13 12 18 17 7 7 10Western hemlock a 1 3 3 4 12 4 7Western larch 6 6 6 6 6 10 5 6Lodgepole pine 4 8 10 10 6 5 5 3Spruces a 3 5 3 2 2 2 2Western white pine 19 8 6 5 3 4 1 1Other speciesa 8 9 1 N/A 2 N/A 1 N/AAll speciesb 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

bPercentage detail may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

aWestern hemlock and Englemann spruce were included in the other species group in 1969.

- - - - - - - - - Percentage of harvest (MBF, Scribner)- - - - - - - - -

Table 5--Proportion of Idaho timber harvest by species, selected years (sources: Setzer 1970; Morgan and others 2004; Brandt and others 2012).


Species Composition of Product Types

In2011, all of Idaho’s speciesgroupswereused toproduce lumber.Overallharvestbyspeciesfor2011closelymatchedwhatwasfoundin2006.Asin2006,true firswere the speciesmost harvested for saw and veneer logs, comprising36 percent of the saw and veneer log harvest,whileDouglas-fir accounted for26percent(table6).Westernredcedarandponderosapinerepresented10percentand11percentofthesawandveneerlogharvestinIdahorespectively.

Changesintheharvestforproductsotherthansawandveneerlogscanbeat-tributedtotheinfluenceofreduceddemandforsaw/veneerlogs,houselogs,andstrongpulpwoodmarkets.The2011harvestforothertimberproducts(90MMBF)includingpulpwood,postsandpoles,furniturelog,andenergywood,wasprimar-ilymadeupoftruefirs(44percent),westernhemlock(26percent),westernred-cedar(15percent),andDouglas-fir(8percent).Postsandsmallpolesaccountedfor 3.6percent (3.3MMBF) for other products.Theprimary species harvestedforpostsandsmallnon-utilitypoleproductswerelodgepolepine(Pinus contortaDougl.ExLoud.)(79percent)andponderosapine(14percent).Thewesternred-cedarharvestedforothertimberproductswasusedentirelytomakeutilitypoles.Harvestforcedarproductswas30MMBFin2011,30percenthigherthanin2006(23MMBF).In2006,Engelmannspruce(Picea engelmanniiParryexEngelm.),andDouglas-firaccountedfor60percentofthehouselogharvest,in2011theywereonly25percent.Lodgepolepineandponderosapinecomprised59percentofthetimberusedforhouselogsduring2011.

Table 6--Idaho timber harvest by species and timber product, 2011.

SpeciesSaw and veneer

logsa House logs Cedar productsb Other timber productsc All products

True firs 338,437 35 - 39,869 378,341Douglas-fir 244,200 37 - 7,711 251,947Western redcedar 91,191 11 30,500 13,876 135,579Ponderosa pine 105,775 54 - 1,026 106,854Western hemlock 51,057 - - 23,562 74,619Western larch 61,021 12 - 549 61,581Lodgepole pine 28,587 188 - 3,390 32,164Spruce 16,620 68 - 426 17,113Western white pine 7,349 6 - 352 7,707All species 944,236 410 30,500 90,760 1,065,905

True firs 36 8 - 44 35Douglas-fir 26 9 - 8 24Western redcedar 10 3 100 15 13Ponderosa pine 11 13 - 1 10Western hemlock 5 - - 26 7Western larch 6 3 - 1 6Lodgepole pine 3 46 - 4 3Spruce 2 16 - - 2Western white pine 1 1 - - 1All speciesd 100 100 100 100 100

b Cedar products include logs used for cedar shakes, shingles and split rail fencing.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thousand board feet, Scribner - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent of harvest by product - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

a Saw and veneer logs combined to prevent disclosure of firm level data.

c Other timber products include logs used for pulpwood, posts and poles, utility poles firewood, furniture log, and energy wood.d Percentage detail may not sum to 100% due to rounding.


Movement of Timber Products

Theconcentrationofproductionatfewerandlargerwoodproductsfacilitiesandshiftingpatternsofharvesthavecreatedmanufacturingcentersthatdrawtimberfromlargegeographicareas.Thus,largevolumesoftimbermoveacrosscountyand stateboundary lines,becausemost Idahocountieswithmills, especially insouthernIdaho,nowhaveonlyoneortwotimberprocessingfacilities.Toavoiddisclosureoffirm-leveltimberreceiptinformation,timbermovementisdescribedbythreebroadgeographicregions:northernIdaho,southwesternIdaho,andsouth-easternIdaho.

Movement across state lines—In2011,9percent(95MMBF)ofIdaho’sharvestwasshippedforprocessingoutsideof thestate(table7). Idaho’sprimarywoodproductsmanufacturersreceived102MMBFoftimberthatwasharvestedoutsideofIdaho,makingthestateanetimporterofnearly7MMBFoftimberin2011.PreviousreportsindicatedthatIdahohadnetlogflowoutofIdahorangingfrom7to39MMBF(Brandtandothers2012). Idahomillsreceivedover16MMBFof timber fromCanada in2011,compared to9MMBFin2006and28MMBFin2001. In2011,59percent (51MMBF)of Idaho’s timber importscamefromWashington,37percent(32MMBF)fromMontana,andthebalancecamefromWyoming,Utah,Oregon,andCanada.

SouthernIdahocountiessupplied55percent(52MMBF)ofIdaho’slogflowtootherstatesin2011,withsouthwesternIdahocountiesaccountingforthemajority(44MMBF)ofthatvolume,andnorthernIdahocountieswerethesourceoftheremaining45percent(43MMBF)oflogflowtootherstates.

Sawandveneerlogswerethemajorcomponentoftimberharvestflowingintoand out of Idaho. In 2011, Idaho sawmills and plywood/veneermills imported92MMBFofsawandveneerlogs,while82MMBFofsawandveneerlogswentoutofstate.About4MMBFwereimportedforcedarproductsand5MMBFforotherproducts.MostofthevolumeforotherproductsthatwentoutofIdahowentforpulpandpaperproducts.

Movement within Idaho—Morethan90percent(970MMBF)ofIdaho’s2011timberharvestwasprocessedwithinthestate(table8).TimbermovementamongIdaho’sthreeregionsissomewhatvaried.InnorthernIdaho,95percentoftimberharvestedwasprocessedwithintheregionofharvest,essentiallythesameasin2006.However,insoutheasternIdaho,only16percentwasprocessedintheregion

Saw and veneer logs 92,432 81,591 10,841House logs 1,459 8 1,451Cedar products 3,700 1,045 2,655Other productsa 4,843 12,807 (7,964)All products 102,433 95,451 6,982aOther products include logs for pulpwood, posts and poles, log furniture, and industrial fuelwood.

Table 7--Log flow into and out of Idaho, 2011.

Timber productsLog flow into

IdahoLog flow out

of Idaho Net imports (net exports)

- - - - - Thousand board feet, Scribner - - - - -


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whereitwasharvested,asharpdeclinefromthe46percentthatremainedinthere-gionduring2006.InsouthwesternIdaho,thetrendwastheopposite,with23per-centofthe2011harvestprocessedintheregioncomparedto20percentin2006.Seventypercentofthetimberharvestedin2011wasprocessedinacountyotherthanthecountyofharvest,quitesimilarto73percentin2006and68percentin2001.Thesedatasuggesttimberistravelingagreaterdistancetobeprocessedthanhistorically,andreflectthelossofmillinginfrastructureinsouthernIdaho(fig.3).

Northern Idaho: The10countiesnorthoftheSalmonRiverarethecenterofIdaho’stimberharvestingandprocessingactivities.The2011totalharvestinthesecountieswasabout953MMBF,or89percentofthestate’sharvest.Ninety-fivepercent (906MMBF) of the timber harvested in northern Idahowas processedinnorthernIdaho,while theremaining5percent(50MMBF)wasprocessed inanotherregionorstate.Only3MMBFof timberharvest innorthernIdahowasprocessedsouthof theSalmonRiver.Thirty-twopercentof timberharvestedinnorthern Idahowasprocessed in thecountyofharvest.Forty-eightpercentwasprocessedincountiesadjacentto(sharingacountylinewith)thecountyofharvest,and15percentwasprocessedincountiesnotadjacenttothecountyofharvest.

Southwestern Idaho:Justover103MMBFoftimber,10percentofthestate’stotalharvestwasharvestedinthe10southwesterncountiesin2011.Approximately43percent (44MMBF)wasprocessedoutside the state.Of the57percent (59MMBF)thatwasprocessedinIdaho,24MMBFwereprocessedinsouthwesternIdaho,and35MMBFofthisharvestwasprocessedinnorthernIdaho,withvir-tuallynoneof theharvestbeingprocessed insoutheastern Idaho.Withinsouth-westernIdaho,13percent(13MMBF)ofthetimberwasprocessedinthecountyofharvest,while87percent(90MMBF)wasprocessedinothercounties.About

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1985 1990 1995 2001 2006 2011 Year

Percent of receipts from county Percent of receipts from other county Percent of receipts from outside of Idaho

Figure 3—Movement of timber in Idaho select years.


32MMBFwasprocessed incountiesadjacent to thecountyofharvest,and14MMBFwereprocessedincountiesnotadjacenttothecountyofharvest.

Southeastern Idaho:SoutheasternIdahoaccountedforthesmallestpercentageofvolumeharvestedinIdahoin2011,withonly9MMBF(1percent).Lessthanaquarterofthisvolume(1.5MMBF)wasprocessedinIdaho;7.5MMBFwereprocessedoutside thestate.Of the1.5MMBFprocessedinIdaho,97.5percentstayedinsoutheasternIdahowiththeremaining2.5percentprocessedinnorthernIdaho.OfthetimberharvestedinsoutheasternIdahothatremainedinthestateforprocessing,65percentwasprocessedinthecountyofharvestand24percentwasprocessedincountiesadjacenttothecountyofharvest.Theremaining11percentwasprocessedincountiesnotadjacenttothecountyofharvest.

End Uses of Idaho’s Timber

Inthissection,wetracetheflowofIdaho’stimberharvestthroughthestate’sprimarymanufacturingsectors.Becausetimber,woodproducts,andmillresiduearedisplayed,volumesarepresentedincubicfeetratherthanboardfeetScribner.ThesefiguresrefertoIdaho’stimberharvestandincludetimberproductsshippedtoout-of-statemills;theydonotincludetimberharvestedinotherstatesandpro-cessedinIdaho.ThefollowingconversionfactorswereusedtoconvertboardfootScribnervolumetocubicfootvolume:

• 5.07boardfeetScribnerpercubicfootforsawandveneerlogs• 5.23boardfeetpercubicfootforhouselogs• 3.58boardfeetpercubicfootforcedarlogs• 1.56boardfeetpercubicfootforpostandpoles• 4.87boardfeetpercubicfootforutilitypoles• 1.99boardfeetpercubicfootforlogfurniture• 2.43boardfeetpercubicfootforpulpwoodandallothertimberproducts

During2011,Idaho’stimberharvestwasapproximately230,728thousandcu-bicfeet(MCF),exclusiveofbark(fig.4).Ofthisvolume,186,575MCFwenttosawmills andplywoodplants,30,460MCF topulp,8,761MCF tocedarmills,4,854MCFtoposts,poles,utilitypoles,andlogfurnituremanufacturers,and78MCFtologhomemanufacturers.

Ofthe186,575MCFreceivedbysawmillsandplywoodplants,90,012MCF(48percent)becamefinishedlumber,othersawnproducts,orplywoodandveneerproducts,and3,966MCFwerelosttoshrinkage.Theremaining92,597MCFofwood fiber becamemill residue.About 88,187MCF of sawmill residueswereusedasrawmaterialbypulpmillsandboardplants;4,397MCFweresoldorusedinternallyashogfueltogenerateenergy.Only13MCFofsawmillandplywoodplantresidueswentunusedin2011.

Pulpandpapermillsandotherresidue-usingplants,bothinIdahoandinotherstates,receivedapproximately30,460MCFofwoodfiberfromIdahotimberlands.Saw and veneermills supplied 88,187MCFofmill residue to pulp and boardmanufacturers,andothersectorssupplied1,093MCF.


Cedarmillsreceived8,761MCFoftimber,ofwhich5,388MCFbecamecedarproductsand2,345MCFweresoldorusedforenergy/hogfuel.Post,pole,utilitypole, and log furnituremanufacturers received4,854MCFandproduced4,335MCFinproducts.Loghomemanufacturersreceived78MCF,ofwhich44MCFbecamehouselogs.Millsinthisandthepost/pole/furnituresectorseldomsuppliedresidueforuseinothersectors.Mostoftheresiduefromthesefacilitieswasusedasfirewood,livestockbedding,andlandscape/mulchproducts.

Figure 4—Idaho’s timber harvest and flow, 2011.

Post, poles, Utility poles, Log furniture facilities 4,854 MCF

Log home manufacturers

78 MCF

House logs and log homes 44

MCF

Post, poles utility poles and log

furniture 4,335 MCF

Lumber and other sawn products. Plywood and

veneer 90,012 MCF

Total harvesta230,728 MCF

Energy4,397 MCF

Pulp, board and other residueb related

facilities 30,460 MCF

Cedar fencing, shakes, and other

products 5,388 MCF

Unutilized residue13 MCF

Shrinkage3,966 MCF

Sawmills, plywood, and veneer mills

186,575 MCF

Residue utilizing plants 88,187 MCF

Energy21 MCF

Energy348 MCF

Unutilized residue 108

MCF


a Harvest volume does not include bark.bOther residue related facilities include energy plants, energy products, roundwood chipping, mulch, and animal bedding operations.

Cedar products mills

8,761 MCF

Energy2,345 MCF

Residue utilizing plants 1,026 MCF

Residue utilizing plants

63 MCF


Pulp, board and other residue utilizing products

119,740 MCF

Residue utilizing plants 4 MCF


Structure of Idaho’s Forest Products Industry

Structure and Location

In 2011, timber-processing facilities operated in 27 of Idaho’s 44 counties,whiletimberwasharvestedin29counties.Idaho’s10northerncountiescontainthegreatestconcentrationoftheprimaryforestproductsindustry(fig.5),whichincludesplantsthatmanufacture:

• Lumberandothersawnproducts• Veneer/plywood• Posts,utilitypoles,smallpoles,stakes,androundwoodfurniture• Houselogsandloghomes• Cedarproducts—shakes,shinglesandsplitrailfencing• Otherproductsincludingpulpandpaper,particleboard,chips,decorativebark,woodfuelpellets,andenergyfrombiomass

The2011FIDACsmillcensusidentified88activeprimaryforestproductsplants(table9),26fewerthanin2006.Everysectorexperiencedtemporaryorpermanentclosuresduringthepoormarketconditionsfrom2007to2011.Theloghomesec-torwasthehardesthitintheyearsbetween2006and2011.Becausethereareonlytwoplywood/veneerfacilitiesremaininginIdaho,mill leveldatafor thissectorhavebeencombinedwiththesawmillanalysistopreventdisclosure.Severallargefacilitieshaveclosed since the last study; theseclosures are addressed inmoredetailintheindividualsectordiscussions.


Figure 5—Location of Idaho’s active primary forest products manufacturers, 2011.


County Lumber Veneer/plywood Post, poles, and log furniture

Loghomes

Cedarproducts

Residue-relatedproductsa All products

Ada 1 2 1 4Adams 1 2 3Bear Lake 1 1 1 3Benewah 3 1 2 1 7Blaine 1 1Boise 2 1 3Bonner 3 6 2 1 1 13Boundary 2 2 1 2 7Canyon 1 1 2Caribou 1 1Clearwater 2 2 4Custer 1 1Fremont 1 1Gem 1 1Idaho 3 2 2 7Jefferson 1 1 2Kootenai 2 1 2 1 2 8Latah 2 2 1 1 6Lewis 1 1Lincoln 1 1Madison 1 1 2Nez Perce 1 3 4Payette 1 1Shoshone 1 1 2Teton 1Twin Falls 1 1Valley 1 12011 Total 27 2 17 16 8 18 88

2006 Total b 38 3 21 26 8 18 1142001 Total 35 4 22 21 10 17 1091995 Total 62 6 32 32 15 15 1621990 Total 80 6 27 22 26 11 1721985 Total 90 7 26 20 25 6 1741979 Total 133 8 35 15 44 7 242

Table 9--Active Idaho primary wood products facilities by county and product during 2011 and other years (sources: Keegan and others 1997; Morgan and others 2004; Brandt and others 2012).

aResidue-related products include particleboard, chips, pulp and paper products, bioenergy products, and decorative bark.b2006 numbers have been adjusted to reflect facilities active but not previously reported.


Sales Value of Primary Wood Products

Theperiodicwoodproducts industrycensusesforIdahohavebeenproducedsince1979andprovide themostcompleteestimatesofsalesvaluesfor Idaho’sprimaryforestproductsindustry.Variousothersourceswereusedtoestimatesalesvaluesforthenon-censusyearsbetween1977and2013(RandomLengths1976-2013;WWPA1964-2013).Allsalesarereportedfreeonboard(f.o.b.)theproduc-ingmill.SalesbyIdaho’sprimaryforestproductsindustrytotaled$1.4billionin2011,aninflation-adjusteddecreaseofnearly$430million(23percent)from2006(table10).Updatedestimates indicate saleshave increasedsince2011by$300million(20percent)in2011dollars(Morganandothers2014).

About 93 percent of primarywood products sales are concentrated in threesectors of the industry: sawmills, structural panels (plywood and veneer), andresidue-related products. Residue-related products include particleboard, chips,pulpandpaperproducts,bioenergyproducts,decorativebark,andmillresidues.Salesvaluesforresidue-relatedproductsalsoincludemillresiduessoldtouserswithinIdahoaswellasoutsidethestate.

SalesvaluesforlumberfromIdahosawmillspeakedin1978atnearly$1.5bil-lion(in2011dollars)(fig.6)andsalesofallprimaryproductstotaled$2.4billionin1978.Since1999saleshavedeclinedsteadily,primarilyduetolowerper-unitpricesaswellascurtailmentsandclosures.Thelumbersalesvalueofnearly$855millionin2001wasthelowestsince1985($806million).Topreventdisclosureoffirmlevelinformation,salesdataforlumberandothersawnproductswerecom-binedwithplywoodandveneersalesin2006.For2006,salesoftheseproductstotaledalmost$865milliondollars.Since2006theGreatRecessionhasreducedthesalesvalueoflumberandplywood/veneerby41percentfrom$865tounder$513millionin2011.

Totalsalesofallprimaryprocessorshavebeenbuoyedandstabilizedtoade-greebytheexpansionoftheresidue-utilizingsector.Thissectorhasshownsub-stantialincreasesinsalesoverthepast25yearsandhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportant part of Idaho’s forest products industry. Inflation-adjusted saleswereabout$692millionin1979,versusnearly$790millionin2011.Salesbyresidueutilizingmanufacturersaccountedforabout56percentofIdaho’sprimaryforest

Product 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 2006 2011

Lumber, timbers, other sawn products 1,434.3 805.6 874.4 994.4 854.7 864.8b 512.6b

Residue-related productsa 691.8 727.8 897.8 959.7 1,010.0 849.8 790.5Plywood and veneer 243.1 152.4 169.3 239.5 86.9 b b

House logs and log homes 22.2 6.2 16.4 29.1 31.7 42.0 8.0Cedar products 37.3 15.2 22.7 19.5 37.8 37.1 52.9Posts, poles, and log furnitiure 47.0 23.7 42.5 36.4 27.6 36.7 38.6All products 2,475.8 1,730.9 2,023.2 2,278.6 2,048.7 1,830.4c 1,402.6

bPlywood and veneer sales included with lumber to prevent disclosure of firm level data.c2006 Sales value adjusted to reflect facilities not reported previously.

Table 10--Sales value of Idaho's primary wood products, selected years (sources:Keegan and others 1982, 1988, 1992, 1997, Morgan and others 2004, Brandt and others 2012).

- - - - - - - - - Million 2011 dollars - - - - - - - - -

aResidue-related products include particleboard, chips, pulp and paper products, bioenergy products, decorative bark, and mill residues sold within and outside the state.


industrysalesin2011,versus28percentinthelate1970s.Partoftheincreaseintheproportionofresiduesales isafunctionofrecentweakmarketsfor lumber.As demand for lumber increases,with increased housing starts, lumber shouldonce again account formore than 40 percent of the of primary products sales.Likeothersectorsoftheindustryin2011,residuerevenuedecreasedcomparedto2006witha7percentdeclineinsalesvalue($850millionto$790million).SalesbytheremainingsectorsofIdaho’sprimarywoodproductsindustrytotaledover$99.5million,thehighestforanycensusyearanda4percentincreaseover2006.Unlikethesalesforotherproductsthatincreasedfrom2006levels,houselogsalesdroppeddrastically.

Timber Received by Idaho Mills

Timber receipts refer to the volumeof timber delivered to Idahomills fromin-stateandout-of-statesources.TimberreceiptsforIdahomillsdifferfromthestate’stimberharvestbecausesometimberharvestedinIdahowasprocessedinotherstates,andsomeofthetimberprocessedinIdahowasharvestedoutsidethestate.

Figure 6—Sales value of Idaho’s primary forest products, 1977 through 2013 (sources: WWPA 1977 through 2013; Brandt and others 2012; and Morgan and others 2014).

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Idahomillsreceivedcloseto1,073MMBFScribneroftimberforprocessingduring2011,a7percent(77MBF)decreasefrom2006.Sawandveneerlogscon-stitutedthevastmajority(89percent)ofIdaho’stimberreceipts,whilelogsusedforothertimberproducts,includingpostsandpoles,logfurniture,pulpwood,andindustrialfuelwood,accountedfor8percentofreceiptsin2011.Theremaining3percentoftimberreceiptsconsistedoflogsusedincedarproductsandhouselogsusedbyloghomemanufacturers.

Privatelandssuppliedthemajorityofeachtimberproductcategory,excepthouselogsandcedarproducts.NationalForestsweretheleadingsupplieroftimbertoIdahologhomemanufacturersandIDLtimberlandsforcedarproducts(table11).Industriallandsweretheleadingsupplierofsawandveneerlogs(464MMBF)andprovidedthemajorityofvolume(40MMBF)forotherproductsin2011.

TruefirsweretheleadingspeciesreceivedbyIdahomillsin2011,accountingfornearly36percentofreceiptsfollowedbyDouglas-fir,whichaccountedfor24percentof Idaho’s timber receipts (table12).Truefirsaccountedfor the largestproportionofsawlogsandveneerlogs,aswellasotherproducts,whilelodgepolepineprovidedthelargestproportionofhouselogreceipts.

Table 11--Idaho timber receipts by ownership class and product, 2011.Ownership class Saw and veneer logsa House logs Cedar products Other productsb All products

Private 581,786 630 13,694 51,789 647,899 Industrial 463,623 489 906 40,929 505,947 Non-industrial privatec 118,163 141 12,788 10,860 141,952Public 357,267 1,125 19,461 30,831 408,684 National Forest 77,766 944 2,300 8,706 89,716 State 278,668 181 15,028 21,625 315,502 BLM 833 - 2,133 500 3,466Canadian and unspecifiedd 16,022 105 - 177 16,304All owners 955,075 1,860 33,155 82,797 1,072,887

dIncludes timber receipts from Canada and unspecified out-of-state sources.

aSaw and veneer logs combined to prevent disclosure of firm level data.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thousand board feet, Scribner - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

c Non-industrial private includes Tribal harvest.

bOther products include logs used for pulpwood, posts and poles, utility poles, cants, log furniture, and energywood logs.


Sawmill and Plywood/Veneer Sector

SawmillsarethemajorcomponentofIdaho’sprimaryforestproductsindustryintermsofsalesvalue,numberoffacilities,andtimbervolumeprocessed.In2011,Idaho’s27activesawmillsprocessedthemajorityofthetimberinthestateandproduced1.4billionboardfeetoflumberandothersawnproducts.Idaho’s2011productionrepresented5.1percentofthetotalU.S.productionofsoftwoodlumber(4.9percentin2006)andabout3.9percentofthenation’ssoftwoodlumbercon-sumption(2.9percentin2006)(WWPA1964-2013).

ThemostcommonspeciesusedbyIdaho’ssawmillsectorareDouglas-firandtruefirs,withsmallervolumesofwesternhemlock,westernlarch,westernredce-dar,ponderosapine,lodgepolepine,westernwhitepine,andEngelmannspruce.Highqualityselectandshopgradesoflumberareproduced,asaresmallvolumesofstructuraltimbers,butapproximately87percentofproductionisdimensionandstudlumberusedforconstruction.

Changes in lumber production—Milling timber into lumber has always beenanimportantpartofIdaho’sforestproductsindustrywiththegreatestgrowthinlumberproductionoccurringaftertheSecondWorldWar.By1959thevolumeoflumberproducedinIdahohadnearlydoubledfromabout1billionboardfeetlum-bertallyin1947toalmost1.8billion(SetzerandWilson1970).Idaho’slumberproduction(fig.7)clearlyshowstheinfluenceofmarketswithapeakinthelate1970sofnearly2billionboardfeet.Lumberproductionfluctuatedinresponsetotimber availability, demand for lumber, changes inmill technology, and use oftimberbyothersectorsoverthenexttwodecadesandbythelate1990swasaround

Table 12--Idaho timber receipts by species and product, 2011.Species Saw and veneer logsa House logs Cedar products Other productsb All products

True firs 347,108 118 - 35,703 382,929Douglas-fir 252,543 246 - 5,673 258,463Western redcedar 98,070 53.9 33,155 13,887 145,166Ponderosa pine 80,324 62 - 1,380 81,767Western hemlock 57,548 - - 21,550 79,098Western larch 61,732 54 - 485 62,271Lodgepole pine 28,220 703 - 3,633 32,556Spruce 16,698 596 - 50 17,344Western white pine 12,082 27 - 435 12,544Other speciesb 750 - - - 750All species 955,075 1,860 33,155 82,797 1,072,887

True firs 36.3 6.36 - 43.1 35.7Douglas-fir 26.4 13.24 - 6.9 24.1Western redcedar 10.3 2.90 100 16.8 13.5Ponderosa pine 8.4 3.35 - 1.7 7.6Western hemlock 6.0 - - 26.0 7.4Western larch 6.5 2.88 - 0.6 5.8Lodgepole pine 3.0 37.82 - 4.4 3.0Spruce 1.7 32.02 - 0.1 1.6Western white pine 1.3 1.43 - 0.5 1.2Other speciesc 0.1 - - - 0.1All speciesd 100 100 100 100 100

cOther species include: red alder, and other unknown species

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thousand board feet, Scribner - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percentage of receipts by product - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

aSaw and veneer logs combined to prevent disclosure of firm level data.bOther products include logs used for pulpwood, posts and poles, log furniture, and industrial fuelwood.

dPercentage detail may not sum to 100% due to rounding.


2billionboardfeet.Between1999and2005,lumberproductionaveraged1.9bil-lionboardfeetannually.In2001annualproductiontotaling1.8billionboardfeetwasthelowestsince1996.In2005,annualproductionofjustover2billionboardfeetwasthehighestsince1990.

Demandfordimensionallumberweakenedin2006followingthehousingboomthatpeaked in2005 (fig1).Lumberproduction in2006was1.85billionboardfeet,andby2009hadfallen40percenttojustover1.1billionboardfeet,thelow-est since 1951. In 2011 lumber production, in response to improved economicconditions,increasedto1.3billionboardfeetandhascontinuedtoincreasetoanestimated1.6billionboardfeetfor2013.

ManyIdahosawmillswerenegativelyimpactedbyfallinglumberpricesasaresultofthedownturninhousing.Since2006severaloldermillshaveclosedandtwonewsawmillswerebuilt.Bothofthenewfacilitiespurchasedusedequipmenttoconstructtheirmills.By2013,bothofthesemillswereclosed.

Sawmill lumber recovery and lumber overrun—Product recovery ratios, orthevolumeofoutput perunit of input, are ameasureof efficiency reported aslumberrecoveryfactors(LRF)andlumberoverrun(LO).TheLRFisthelumberoutput inMBF lumber tallydividedby the timber input in thousandcubic feet(MCF).Lumberoverrunistheamountoflumberactuallyrecoveredinexcessoftheamountpredictedbythelogscale,expressedasaproportionofthelogscale.AlthoughLOisthemostcommonlyquotedmeasureoflumberrecovery/efficien-cy,LOisalessaccurateportrayalofefficiencyinlumberoutputperunitoftimberinputprimarilyduetotheScribnerlogscale.TheLRFbetterillustratesincreasedlumberoutputasafunctionofimprovementsintechnologyandsawingtechniques(Keeganandothers2010).

Figure 7—Idaho lumber production, 1947 through 2013 (source: WWPA 1964 through 2013).

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BothLOandLRFhaveshownsubstantialincreasesoverthepast35yearsasshowninfigure8.Lumberoverrunincreasedfrom1.30in1979to1.89in2006(Brandtandothers2012).Lumberrecoveryfactorsfollowedasimilarpattern,in-creasing fromabout6.6board feet lumber tallyper cubic footof sawlog inputin1979 to8.13board feet in2006.The increase in Idaho lumber recoveryandoverrunsince1979isdueprimarilytoimprovedsawingtechnologywithlumberoverrunalsoinfluencedbythecharacteristicsoftheScribnerlogrule.TheScribnerlogruleunderestimatesthevolumeoflumberthatcanberecoveredfromalog,especiallywhenmillingsmalldiametertrees,thusincreasingcalculatedoverrun(Keeganandothers2012).

In2011,Idahosawmillsrecoveredanaverageof1.67boardfeetlumbertallyperboardfootScribnerofinput,justundera12percentdecreasefrom2006.Thefirstdeclineinsawmilloverrunin40yearswhileLRFincreasedto8.33.Decreasesinlumberoverruncanoccurwhenlesssmall-diametertimberisusedtomanufac-turelumberandwhenmarketsaresoftfor lumberandstrongforchips;smallertreesarechippedinsteadofmilledsincesawmillsfrequentlyfavorproducingchipsinsteadofmillinglowgradelumber.In2011,averagequarterlyconiferchippriceswereata3-yearhigh(RandomLengths2005-2013).Thehigherchippricesandweaklumbermarketslikelyledsawmillstochipmorematerialratherthanmillitintolumber,thusdrivingLOdown.

Lumber production by geographic area—Althoughlumberproductionincreasedeach study year from1995 to 2006, theGreatRecession had a dire impact on

Figure 8—Idaho sawmill lumber recovery and overrun 1979 through 2011 (source: Keegan and others 1997; Morgan and oth-ers 2004; Brandt and others 2012).

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Idaho’stimberindustry.LumberproductioninIdahofor2006was1,805MMBFlumbertally,in2011itwas1,407MMBFa22percentdecreasebuthasreboundedsometo1,494MMBFin2012(WWPA1964-2013)(table13).

County-level lumberproductiondataarewithheld for some individualcoun-ties toavoiddisclosureoffirm-level information.Benewah,Bonner,Boundary,Kootenai,andShoshonecountieswereIdaho’stoplumberproducingcountiesin2011.This county group produced 769MMBF, 55 percent of the total lumberproductionin2011,butwas63percentofthetotalin2006(1,214MMBF).Theremainingfivecounties inNorthern Idahoprovided42percentof Idaho’s lum-berproduction,bringingthecontributionofNorthernIdahoto97percent(1,363MMBF)oftotalIdaholumberproductionin2011.

ThelumberindustryinsouthernIdahocontinuedthedownwardtrendthatbe-ganinthelate1980swithanumberofsawmillclosures.ProductioninsouthernIdaho fell25percent from2006 to2011,andhasdeclinedby88percent since1990.ProductionatmillsinsouthernIdaho,whichreceivedmorethan75percentoftheirtimberfromNationalForestsin1990andover60percentin1995(Keeganandothers1992,1997),weremorevulnerabletosharpdeclinesinNationalForesttimber availability.BoiseCascadepermanently closed its timberprocessing fa-cilitiesduring2001,citingdeclinesinFederaltimberavailabilityastheprimaryreasonfortheclosures(BoiseCascade2001).

Number and size of sawmills—ThenumberofsawmillsoperatinginIdahohascontinuedtodeclineoverthelast50yearsasproductionhasbecomeincreasinglyconcentratedintoasmallernumberoflargemills.Theaverageoutputpermillhasincreasedcontinuallyovertimetoaleveltenfoldofthatin1956.At52MMBF,theaverageoutputpermillin2011(table14)wasthesameasin2006anddoublewhat itwasin1995(27MMBF).Idahosawmillswithaproductioncapacityofover50MMBFannuallyaccountedfor86percentofIdaho’slumberproductionin2011comparedto94percentin2006andjust39percentin1995.Attheheightofthepost-WorldWarIIhousingboominthe1950s,thereweremorethan300,mostlysmall,sawmillsinIdaho(table15).The2011millcensusidentified27saw-mills,downfrom38in2006.However,fiveadditionalfacilitiesthatoperatedin2006wereidentified,fourmillsweremovedtodifferentsectorsbasedonchangingproductoutputs,andfourfacilitieswereinactiveduring2011,bringingthenumber

County group 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 2006 2011

930,446 848,930 1,181,555 1,022,002 1,224,991 1,213,987 769,229

609,764 427,425 517,484 422,786 431,288 532,063 593,783

Northern Idaho 1,540,210 1,276,355 1,699,039 1,444,788 1,656,279 1,746,050 1,363,012Southern Idaho 391,791 389,020 355,511 228,571 102,471 59,063 44,561Idaho Total 1,932,001 1,665,375 2,054,550 1,673,359 1,758,750 1,805,113 1,407,573

Table 13--Idaho lumber production by geographic area, selected years (sources: Keegan and others 1997, Morgan and others 2004, Brandt and others 2012).

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -MBF a , lumber tally - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

aMBF = thousand board feet.

Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, Clearwater,Idaho

Bonner, Boundary, Benewah, Kootenai, Shoshone


ofactualsawmillclosurestojustfive.Ofthefiveclosures,twowerelargemills(capacityof50+MMBF),and3weremid-sizedmills(capacityofbetween1and50MMBF).Mid-sizedmillshavehadthemostattritioninthelasttwodecades.Thelossofseverallargeandmediumsizedprocessorspriorto2006wastheresultofdecliningharvestonNationalForestlands(Brandtandothers2012).Closuressince2006havebeenprimarilyduetoeconomicconditionscreatedbytheGreatRecessionandU.S.homebuildingcollapse(Keeganandothers2012).The2011mill census identified14millsproducingmore than10MMBFannually,downfrom17in2006andthefewestinthelast50years.

Aslumberproductionhasbecomeincreasinglyconcentratedintolargerfacili-ties,ownershipofthefacilitieshasalsoconsolidatedasaresultofseveralmerg-ers of large forest products companies in Idaho. In 2008,RileyCreekLumberandBennettForestIndustriesmergedtobecomeIdahoForestGroup(IFG)fur-therconsolidatingthemajorsawmillsinIdaho.Severalmillschangednamesandownershipbetween2006and2012,mostlyalongtheClearwaterRiver.TheThree

Lumber production size class

Numberof mills

Percentage of production

Lumberproduction

Average production per mill

MBF a MBF a

50+ MMBFb 9 86 1,205,972 133,99710 to 50 MMBF 5 13 189,905 37,9811 to 10 MMBF 4 1 10,075 2,519Less than 1 MMBF 9 0 1,621 180Total 27 100 1,407,573 52,132aProduction volume in thousand board feet (MBF) lumber tally.b MMBF=million board feet lumber tally.

Table 14--Number of active Idaho sawmills by production size class and average annual lumber production, 2011.

Year Less than 10 MMBF 10 to 50MMBF Over 50 MMBF Unknown Total number of

sawmills1956 274 37 a - 3111962 151 42 a - 1931966 123 45 a - 1681973 67 39 6 10 1221979 88 31 14 - 1331985 52 24 14 - 901990 40 22 18 - 801995 29 17 16 - 622001 12 9 14 - 352006 18 3 14 - 382011 13 5 9 - 27

Table 15--Number of Idaho sawmills by annual lumber production, selected years (sources: Setzer and Wilson 1970; Keegan and others 1982, 1988, 1992, 1997; Morgan and others 2004; Brandt and others 2012).

aMills with lumber production in excess of 50 million board feet (MMBF) were included in the 10 to 50 MMBF category for these years.


RiversSawmillbecameBlueNorth,TriProForestProductspurchasedKonkovilleLumber,andthePotlatchSawmillinLewistonwenttoClearwaterPaperandwaseventuallysoldtoIFG.InSt.Maries,StimsonLumberCompanypurchasedtheRegulusStudmill.Eventhoughmillshaveclosedsince2006,anattitudeofopti-mismisreflectedbythefactthatseverallargefacilitieshavemademajorcapitalimprovementsinthelast3yearsdespitechallengingmarketconditionsandslowrecoveryofU.S.housingstarts(Morganandothers2013and2014).

Plywood and Veneer mills—Duringthelate1950sandearly1960s,twoplantsproducing plywood and veneer operated in Idahowith combined total produc-tionoflessthan50millionsquarefeet(MMSF)annually.By1979,eightplantsproducingstructuralpanelsorveneerwereoperatinginIdahoproducingbetween500and600MMSFannually.Withtheadditionofanorientedstrandboard(OSB)plantin1984thenumberofactiveplantsinIdahorosetosix.Productionpeakedin1988at639MMSF.Theperiodfrom1985to1995wasmarkedbystabilityinboththenumberofplantsoperatingandproductionlevels.Allsixplantsoperatingin1985werestilloperatingin1995,andproductionremainedstableatapproxi-mately600MMSFperyear.Inthelate1990s,thestructuralpanelsectorbeganaperiodofsignificantdecline.TheOSBplantclosedin1997,andaplywoodplantclosedin2000,reducingthenumberofactivestructuralpanelplantsoperatinginIdahotofour.Anotherplywoodplantclosedin2001.Theclosuressince1995weredueprimarilytoreducedtimberavailability,aswellasincreasedcompetitionfromOSBandplywoodproducerselsewhereinNorthAmericaandoverseas.In2011,onlytwoplywood/veneerfacilitiesremainedinIdaho.

Thecombinedharvestofsawandveneerlogsin2011was944MMBFScribner,8percentlowerthan2006,32percentlowerthan1995,and40percentlowerthan1990.Reducedcompetitionfortimberfromtheplywood/veneersector,advance-mentsinsawmillingtechnologyandfluctuatingmarketconditionsbetween1990and2011increasedtheproportionofthetimberharvestutilizedforlumberpro-duction.Thesefactorshavebeentheprimaryinfluencesthathavesustainedlum-berproductioninIdaho,whilecausingasubstantialreductionofIdaho’splywoodindustry.

Residue-Related Products Sector

Inadditiontoproductssuchaslumberandplywood,theprocessingoftimbergeneratessubstantialvolumesofwoodfiberby-products.Theseby-products,re-ferredtoasmillresidue,aretherawmaterialsourcefortheresidue-relatedprod-uctssector.The2011millcensusidentifiedatotalof18facilitiesinthissector.Theresidue-relatedproductssectorincludesapulpandpaperboardplant,aconsumertissueproductsplant,aparticleboardplant,threewoodfuelpelletproducers,fivefacilitiesgeneratingsteamorelectricity,twowhole-logchippingfacilities,andfivefacilitiesproducingbark-relatedproductssuchasdecorativelandscapingmaterial.

Thetotalsalesfromtheresidue-relatedsectorwerenearly$790millionin2011,down7percent from2006 ($849million inconstant2011dollars).This sectorremainsasubstantialpartofIdaho’sforestproductsindustry,accountingforap-proximately56percentofIdaho’sprimaryforestproductssalesin2011,comparedto just28percent in1979.Thefivefacilitiesprocessingresiduesfor landscape,


mulchandanimalbeddingproductsaccountedforapproximately5percentofthesalesvalue in this sector.Remainingsalescamefrompulpandpaper,chippingfacilities,biomassplants,andheatingproducts(pellets,compressedlogs).Inthissector,Idahohasseveralone-of-a-kindfacilities,thusplantleveldatahavebeenpooledtopreventdisclosureofindividualplantinformation.

SeveralIdahofirmsoperateplantsproducingenergyfromtheburningofwoodresidue.Mostoftheseplantsareassociatedwithtimberprocessingfacilitiesandhistoricallyproducedsteamenergyforin-houseuse.Someoftheseplantsbegantoproduceelectricityforsaletooutsidemarketsintheearly1980s.ThelargestbiomasstoenergyplantinIdahoislocatedattheUniversityofIdahoandsuppliestheentirecampuswithsteamheatbyburningchippedlogsandmunicipalwoodwaste.Onepublicschoolhasawood-firedheatingsystemandparticipatesinthefuelsforschoolsprogramwhileanotherburnscommercialwoodpellets.

Other Primary Manufacturers

In2011,41(downfrom55in2006)otherprimarymanufacturerswereidenti-fiedthatprocessedtimberintocedarproducts,loghomes,utilitypoles,posts,andothersmallroundwoodproductssuchascorralpoles,treestakes,androundwoodlogfurniture(table9).Thesefacilitiesprocessednearly11percent(117.8MMBF)ofthetimberreceivedbyIdahofacilitiesduring2011andaccountedfor7percent($99.5million)oftheprimaryindustry’stotalsalesvalue,includingmillresidueandresiduerelatedproducts.

Posts, poles, utility poles, and log furniture—In2011,17plantsinIdahomanu-facturedvarioustypesofroundwoodproducts,suchasutilitypoles,posts,corralpoles,andlogfurniture.Afewlogfurnitureandpost/polefacilitieshaveclosedsince2006,twosawmillswerereclassifiedintothiscategorybecausetheirproductmixchanged,andtwoadditionalutilitypolefacilitieswereidentified.Utilitypolesaccountedfor78percentof roundwood inputsand77percentof the totalsalesvalueinthiscategory.Bytheendof2012,McFarlandCascade‘sdecadeslongas-sociationwithIdahoendedasStellaJonespurchasedthecompany,consolidatingtheentitiesoperatinginthissector.Overthelasttwodecades,thisportionoftheindustryhasshownagreatdealofstabilityinitscontributiontothewoodproductseconomyofIdaho.Withalittlemorethanhalfthenumberoffacilitiesof1995,2011salesvaluewas17percenthigherthan1995($38.6millionversus$32.9mil-lion)andthehighestforanystudyyearsince1990(table10).

Cedar products—EightcedarproductsfacilitiesoperatedinIdahoduring2011,thesameasin2006.Cedarproductmanufacturersprocessed30MMBFin2011,25percentmorethanin2006(24MMBF).Since1979,thenumberofmanufactur-ersforcedarproductssuchascedarshakes,shingles,splitrailfencing,andfencelath in Idaho has steadily declined. Even so, the sales value of cedar productsreachedanall-timehigh in2011.Atnearly$53million(table10),2011’ssaleswere42percenthigherthan2006,and171percenthigherthan1995.Muchofthisgrowthwasincedarfencingproducts(splitcedarposts,rails,andfencingboards).In2011,atatimeofdepressedlumberpricesandsluggishhousingstarts,demandforwood products used in repair (shakes) and enhancing the value of existinghousing(cedarfencing)likelycontributedtotherecordsalesvolumeandvalue.


Idaho’scedarproductsprocessorsremainanimportanteconomicinfluence.Withonlyafractionofthefacilitiesthatwereoperatingin1979,salesvalueshaverisen43percentinconstantdollars.

Log homes/house logs—Theloghomeindustrywasimpactedmoreseverelythananyotherprimarysector.Inrecentyears,loghomesaleshavebeenprimarilyforhighendrecreationpropertiesandsecondhomes,marketswhichwereseverelyimpactedbytheGreatRecession(Morganandothers2011.)

During2011,therewere16activeloghomefacilities,tenfewerthanin2006.Salesvalue (adjusted for inflation) fell from its2006high ($42million) to just$8 million, an 81 percent decrease, and the lowest since 1985 ($6.2 million).Timberreceiptsforhouselogsfellfrom17MMBFin2006to1.8MMBFin2011.Productionofhouselogsdroppedfrom3.2millionlinealfeetto547thousandlin-ealfeet.ManyofthefacilitiesthathavesurvivedtheeffectsoftheGreatRecessionhavedonesobyproducingotherproductssuchasposts,poles,timbers,andkitsforsmalllogbuildings.Afewfacilitiesswitchedfromprocessinglogsandbuild-ing homes to selling and assembling pre-manufactured log homes or kits fromothercompanies.WhiletheloghomeindustryaccountsforonlyasmallfractionofIdaho’sprimarywoodproductsindustry,thesefacilitiesarelaborintensiveandaddagreatdealofvaluetothelogwithrelativelylowcapitalinvestment.Sincetheindustrycanexpandrathereasilyduetothelowcapitalinvestment,recoverywilllikelydependon the recreationandsecondhomemarkets,whichwillprobablyimproveataslowerratethanotherconstructionmarkets.

Plant Capacity

Thissectionexaminesproductioncapacityandestimatesthetimber-process-ingcapacityandtheproportionofthatcapacityutilizedbyIdaho’sprimaryfor-estproductsmanufacturersin2011.Theanalysisfocusesonplantsprocessingsawtimber—sawmills,plywoodandveneerplants,houselogplants,andutilitypoleplants.Capacityandutilizationforthenon-sawtimberprocessingmanufac-turersarediscussedinlessdetail.

Millswereaskedtospecifyproductioncapacity-volumeoffinishedproductthefacilityiscapableofproducingbothpereight-hourshiftandannuallygivensufficientsuppliesofrawmaterialsandfirmmarketdemandforproducts.Mostofthelargermillsestimatedannualcapacitybasedontwo8-or10-hourshiftsdailyfor220to260operatingdaysperyear.Afewfacilitiesestimatedannualcapacityat24hoursperdayfor220to250days.Smallermillsreportedannualcapacityatoneshiftperdayfor250operatingdaysorlessperyear.

Sawtimber processors reported production capacity in a variety of units.Sawmills reportedproduction capacity in thousandboard feet (MBF), lumbertally,whileplywoodcapacitywas reported in thousand square feet (MSF)ona 3/8-inchbasis.Utilitypoleproduction capacitywas reported innumbers ofpieces of a given size, and house log capacity in lineal feet.To combine theproduction capacity figures from different sectors and estimate the industry’stotalcapacitytoprocesssawtimber,productioncapacitywasconvertedtounits


oftimberinput(MMBFScribner)onamill-by-millbasis,usingeachfacility’sproductrecoveryfactor.

Timberprocessingcapacityforsawmillswascalculatedbydividinglumberproductioncapacitybyeachmill’slumberrecovery.Plywoodandveneercapac-ityfigureswereconvertedtoMMBFScribnerbydividingproductioncapacityinsquarefeetbyeachmill’splywoodrecovery.Utilitypoleandhouselogca-pacitieswereadjustedtoMMBFScribnerbymultiplyingcapacityinthegivenfinishedproductunitbyanaverageScribnerboardfootvolumeperpieceorperlinealfoot.

Estimatesofmillcapacitiestoprocesssawtimberandtheutilizationoftotalcapacityfor1979,1985,1990,1995,2001,and2006arebasedoncompletefor-estproducts industrycensusesof Idaho’s industry.Fornon-censusyears,millcapacitiesandutilizationwereestimatedusinginformationfromindustrydirec-tories,tradeassociations,andindustryconsultants(RandomLengths2001-2013;WWPA1964-2013;Keeganandothers2006;Spelterandothers2009;Ehinger2012).Detailedcapacityinformationisnotavailablepriortothe1979millcen-sus. Idaho’s sawtimber processing capacity has declined by 38 percent since1979,withmost of thedeclineoccurring after 1990 (fig. 9). In 2003, severalmillclosuresreducedcapacitytolessthan1,150MMBF.The2006studyfoundthatcapacitytoprocesstimberactuallyincreasedfrom2001.Idaho’sSawtimberprocessingcapacityin2011was1,287MMBFdown4percent(55MMBF)from2006(1,342).

Sawtimber Capacity and Utilization by Sector

Bothcapacitytoprocesssawtimberandcapacityutilizationdeclinedslightlyin2011from2006.Idahomillsprocessed914MMBFScribnerofsawtimber,utiliz-ing71percentofthestate’scapacity,thelowestlevelofutilizationforanymillcensusyear(table16).Utilizationpeakedin1990at90percentthendroppedtolessthan84percent.Since2011,afewlargemillshavemadesignificantinvest-mentsinupgradingmillingtechnologiesandtwomillswerepermanentlyclosedanddismantled.Sawtimberprocessingcapacitywasestimatedtohaveincreasedfrom1,287to1,555MMBFbytheendof2013.

Idaho’soverallcapacityandutilization trendcloselywith thestate’ssawmillandplywood/veneerindustries,whichaccountedfor97percentofsawtimberpro-cessingcapacityin2011andhasbeenbetween97and98percentforeachstudyyearexcept1990whenitwas95percent.Thecombinedsawtimbercapacityofsawmillsandplywoodandveneerplantsin2011was1,256MMBF,downfrom1,304MMBFin2006and31percentlessthanin1979(1,809MMBF).Capacityutilizationfor2011declinedfrom79percentin2006to72percent.

In2011, twoutilitypoleplants thatwereoperatingbutnotcaptured in2006wereaddedtothemillcensus.Adjustmentsincapacityandutilizationweremadetothe2006data.TheannualtimberprocessingcapacityofIdaho’sutilitypoleandhouse logsectors in2011was31MMBF,19percent (7MMBF) lower than in2006(38MMBF).In2011,only35percentofthecapacitywasutilizedcomparedto55percentin2006.ThisdecreasecanbeattributedtothecollapseoftheloghomemarketinconjunctionwiththeGreatRecession.


Plant typeCapacity to process

sawtimberVolume

processedPercentage of total

capacity utilized

1979Sawmills 1,809 1,437 79Plywood/veneer plants 221 210 95Utility pole and house log plants 33 20 61Total 2,063 1,667 81




2001Sawmills 1,140 948 83Plywood/veneer plants 126 72 57Utility pole and house log plants 28 16 57Total 1,294 1,036 80

2006c

Sawmills and plywood/veneer plants 1,304 1,024 79Plywood/veneer plants b b b

Utility pole and house log plants 38 21 55Total 1,342 1,045 78

2011Sawmills and plywood/veneer plants 1,256 903 72Plywood/veneer plants b b b

Utility pole and house log plants 31 10 33Total 1,287 914 71aMMBF = million board feet.bPlywood and veneer figures included with lumber to prevent disclosure of firm level data.c2006 numbers updated to reflect facilities not reported previously

Table 16--Estimated capacity to process sawtimber and capacity utilized for sawmills, plywood/veneer plants, utility pole and house log plants, in Idaho, selected years (sources: Keegan and others 1982, 1988, 1992, 1997; Morgan and others 2004; Brandt and others 2012).

- - - - - - - - MMBF a , Scribner - - - - - - - -


Markets for Primary Wood Products

ThischapterexaminesthemarketsforIdaho’sprimaryforestproductsexclud-ingmillresidueandresiduerelatedproducts.Respondentmillssummarizedtheir2011shipmentsoffinishedwoodproducts,providinginformationonvolume,salesvalue,andgeographicdestination(fig.10).Millsusuallydistributedtheirproductsthroughtheirowndistributionchannelsorthroughindependentwholesalersandselling agents.Because of subsequentwholesaling transactions, the geographicdestinationreportedmaynotpreciselyreflectfinaldeliverypointsofshipments.

Allsales,includingmillresidueandresiduerelatedproductstotaled$1.4billionin2011.Excludingmill residues and salesby the residue-utilizing sector, salesfromIdaho’sprimarywoodproductsindustrytotaled$612millionin2011,down36percentfrom2006,and41percentfrom2001.

ThemajormarketareasforIdaho’sprimarywoodproductsremaintheRockyMountain,FarWest,and theNorthCentralstates.Nearly80percentof Idaho’s2011primarywoodproductsalesoccurred infourmarketareas: theSouth,FarWest,RockyMountain, andNorthCentral states (table17).Between2006and2011,inflationadjustedsalesdecreasedtoeveryregionexcepttheSouthandothercountries.Sales to theSouth increasedby13percent from$71million in2006to $80million in 2011,while export sales to other countries increased 42 per-centfrom$12millionto$17millionforthesameperiod,thehighestsince1990.Decreasesinsalesvaluesforalloftheotherregionsrangedfrom29to53percent,withthelargestdecreasetoin-statesales.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1980

19

85

1990

19

95

2000

2005

2010

Mill

ion

bo

ard

fee

t, S

crib

ner

Capacity Processed

Figure 9—Idaho sawtimber processing capacity and sawtimber processed, 1979 through 2013 (source: Keegan and others 1997; Morgan and others 2004; Brandt and others 2012).


Figure 10—Shipment destinations for Idaho’s primary wood products. Regions are Idaho (1), Far West (2), Rocky Mountain (3), North-Central (4), South (5), and Northeast (6).


Prod

uct

Idah

oR

ocky

Mou

ntai

nFa

r Wes

tN

orth

-C

entr

alN

orth

east

Sout

hO

ther

coun

trie

sU

nkno

wn

Tota

l

Lum

ber,

timbe

rs, o

ther

saw

n pr

oduc

ts, p

lyw

ood

and

vene

erb

42,4

1312

1,21

785

,688

153,

883

42,3

1356

,397

10,7

23-

512,

634

Post

s, p

oles

, and

log

furn

iture

11,4

131,

357

19,6

4320

015

0-

5,86

6-

38,6

29H

ouse

logs

and

log

hom

es2,

408

2,47

877

71,

179

573

120

422

-7,

957

Ced

ar p

rodu

cts

6,16

310

,282

9,67

22,

354

1,12

023

,299

16-

52,9

06

2011

All

prod

ucts

tota

l62

,397

135,

334

115,

780

157,

616

44,1

5679

,816

17,0

27-

612,

126

2006

Tot

al13

0,78

526

0,00

220

1,45

322

1,56

363

,680

70,8

4311

,901

-96

0,22

720

01 T

otal

147,

914

238,

145

249,

916

204,

378

105,

173

76,9

5016

,016

-1,

038,

491

1995

Tot

al25

4,68

229

1,47

223

5,54

629

1,89

212

5,38

510

7,18

412

,705

-1,

318,

864

1990

Tot

al15

0,02

114

6,22

121

5,88

727

1,64

517

9,32

111

9,61

118

,181

24,6

041,

125,

490

1985

Tot

al10

5,67

118

0,50

114

2,00

221

0,51

513

2,80

312

3,37

92,

414

105,

870

1,00

3,15

619

79 T

otal

190,

409

362,

891

160,

847

452,

283

183,

583

186,

616

17,8

7322

9,36

41,

783,

866

Lum

ber,

timbe

rs, o

ther

saw

n pr

oduc

ts, p

lyw

ood

and

vene

erb

824

1730

811

2-

83.7

Post

s, p

oles

, and

log

furn

iture

304

511

cc

15-

6.3

Hou

se lo

gs a

nd lo

g ho

mes

3031

1015

72

5-

1.3

Ced

ar p

rodu

cts

1219

184

244

0-

8.6

2011

All

prod

ucts

tota

l10

2219

267

133

-10

020

06 T

otal

1427

2123

77

1-

100

2001

Tot

al14

2324

2010

72

010

019

95 T

otal

1922

1822

108

10

100

1990

Tot

al13

1319

2416

112

210

019

85 T

otal

1118

1421

1312

011

100

1979

Tot

al11

209

2510

101

1310

0a D

oes

not i

nclu

de m

ill re

sidu

e sa

les

or s

ales

by

the

resi

due-

utiliz

ing

sect

or.

b Lum

ber,

timbe

rs, a

nd o

ther

saw

n pr

oduc

ts in

clud

es p

lyw

ood

and

vene

er s

ales

val

ue to

pre

vent

dis

clos

ure

of fi

rm le

vel d

ata.

c Less

than

.05

perc

ent.

Tabl

e 17

--Des

tinat

ion

and

valu

e of

Idah

o's

2011

prim

ary

woo

d pr

oduc

ts s

ales

a . All

valu

es in

201

1 do

llars

.(sou

rces

: Ke

egan

and

oth

ers

1982

, 198

8, 1

992,

199

7;

Mor

gan

and

othe

rs 2

004;

Bra

ndt a

nd o

ther

s 20

12).

- - -

- - -

- - -

Sale

s va

lue

in th

ousa

nd 2

011

dolla

rs- -

- - -

- - -

-

- - -

- - -

- - P

erce

ntag

e of

tota

l sal

es v

alue

by

prod

uct -

- - -

- - -

-


Market Areas by Finished Product Type

Sales of Idaho’s plywood, veneer, lumber, timbers, and other sawn productstotaledjustunder$513millionandaccountedfor84percentofallwoodproductssalesin2011(table17).Salesvaluesdecreasedfrom2006levelstoallregionsex-cepttoothercountries,whichincreasedby24percent.Idahowas8percentoftotalsalesin2011and13percentofsalesin2006.Idaho,theRockyMountainStates,andtheFarWestcombinedwere49percentoftotalsalesin2011,downfrom62percentin2006.TheNorthCentral,Northeast,andtheSouthwere49percentof2011sales,upfrom37percentin2006.

Cedarproducts(includingcedarshakes,shingles,andsplitrailfencing)gener-atedabout$53millionandalmost9percentoftotalsalesin2011.SalesincreasedinallregionsexcepttheNorthCentral,Northeast,andtoothercountries.Idahohad12percentofthesalesforcedarproductsin2011and6percentin2006.TheRockyMountainStateswithIdahoandtheFarWestStatesaccountedfor49per-centofcedarsales,upfrom30percentin2006.SalestotheSouthwerealmostthesameasin2006at44percent.TheNorthCentralStateshadthebiggestchangesince2006droppingfrom20percenttoonly4percentoftotalsales.Virtuallynocedarproductswereexportedtoothercountries.

Post,poles,andlogfurnitureaccountedfornearly$39millionand6percentoftotalsalesduring2011.Salesin-statewere29percentofthissectorssalesin2011and24percentin2006.Idaho,theRockyMountainStates,andtheFarWestStatescomprised84percentoftotalsales,aboutequalto2006(83percent).Salesin2011for thissector toothercountrieswere15percent,up5percent from2006.TheNorthCentralStatesfellfrom6percentoftotalsalesin2006to1percentin2011.

Loghomeandhouselogmanufacturersgeneratedonly$8millionandjust1percentoftotalsalesin2011.Salesinthissectordroppedineveryregionwiththesmallestdecreaseinsalestoothercountries.Salesin-statewere30percentoftotalsalesinthissector,upfrom24percentin2006.Idaho,theotherRockyMountainStates, theFarWest,and theNorthCentralStates,werestill themajormarketsfortheseproducts,comprising86percentoftotalsalesin2011and84percentin2006.Sales to theNortheast,South,andothercountrieswere the remaining14percent increasingfrom5percent in2006.TheRockyMountainStateshad thelargestdecreaseinthepercentageofsales,droppingfrom46percentin2006to31percentin2011.

Mill Residue: Types, Quality, and Use

Woodfiberresiduefromprimarywoodproductsmanufacturers(millresidue)isthemajorsourceofrawmaterialforIdaho’spulpandpaperandboardindustry,andanimportantsourceoffuelforallmajorsectorsofthewoodproductsindustry.Ifnotused,wood residuecancreatedifficultandexpensivedisposalproblems.Sawmills andplywoodplants consistentlygenerate over 90percent of themillresidueproducedbyIdaho’sforestproductsindustry.


Sawmill and Veneer/Plywood Residue

Threegeneral typesofwoodfiber residuearegeneratedbyIdaho’ssawmillsandplywoodplants.Thelargestpiecesarecoarseorchippableresidueconsistingofslabs,edgings,andtrimmingsfromlumbermanufacturing;logends;piecesofveneernot suitable formanufacturingplywoodandplywoodplantpeeler coresnotsawnintolumber.Thenthereisfineresidueconsistingofplanershavingsandsawdustfromsawmills,sanderdustfromplywoodplants,andfinallybark.

Respondents to the 2011 survey provided information on volume of residuegenerated,salesvalue,anduses.Residuevolumeswerereportedinbone-dryunits(BDU).Abone-dryunitequals2,400poundsofwood,oven-dryweight.Inaddi-tiontoresiduequantityanddisposition,statewideresiduefactors,whichquantifythenumberofbonedryunitsofresiduegeneratedperMBFoflumberproduced,wereupdatedforIdahosawmillsbasedonthe2011millcensus(table18).

Idaho sawmills and plywood plants generated an estimated 1,279 thousandbone-dry units (MBDU) ofmanufacturing residue in 2011, 1,519 in 2006, and1,751MBDUin2001(table19).Thedecrease in residuegeneratedsince1990resultedfromacombinationofdecreasingvolumesoftimberbeingprocessedandimprovingtechnology.Withcomputerguidedsaws,thinnerkerfsaws,betterplan-ers,andbetterplywoodlathes,technologicalimprovementshaveledtolowerresi-duevolumesperunitofmilloutputthroughtime(Keeganandothers2012).

Type of residue 1979 1985 1990 1995 2001 2006 2011

Coarse 0.47 0.53 0.43 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.38Sawdust 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.13Planner shavings 0.22 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.09 0.08Bark 0.30 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.23Total 1.24 1.13 0.94 0.96 0.92 0.83 0.82

Table 18 --Idaho sawmill residue factors, selected years (source: Keegan and others 1982, 1988, 1992, 1997; Morgan and others 2004; Brandt and others 2012).

- - - - - - - - - BDU per MBF lumber tally a - - - - - - - - - -

aBone-dry unit (BDU = 2,400 lb of oven-dry wood) of residue generated for every 1,000 board feet of lumber manufactured.

Used Unused Total Used Unused - - - - - - - - - Percent of total - - - - - - - - -

Coarse 590,993 86 591,079 99.99 0.01 46Fineb 330,026 48 330,074 99.99 0.01 26Bark 357,954 199 358,153 99.94 0.06 28Total 1,278,973 333 1,279,306 99.97 0.03 100

bFine residue includes sawdust and planer shavings.

aBone-dry unit (BDU = 2,400 lb of oven-dry wood) of residue generated for every 1,000 board feet of lumber manufactured.

Table 19 --Volume of wood residue generated by Idaho sawmills and plywood/veneer plants, 2011.

Residuetype

Wood residue Percentage of typePercentage

of total- - - - - - - - - Bone-dry units a - - - - - - - - -


Theproportionofmanufacturingresiduethatisutilizedhasincreasedsteadilysince1979,tothepointthatsince2001virtuallyall(over99percent)oftheresidueproducedhasbeenused.Largelybecauseofpulpandpaperindustryexpansionandtheopeningofparticleboardplantsintheregion,butalsobecauseoftheincreasinguseofwoodresidueasafueltodrylumberandveneer,togenerateelectricity,andprovideheat.In1979,89percentofmillresiduewasused,increasingto99percentby1995,andnearly100percentsince2001(table20).

Coarseresiduecomprisedthelargestshareofresiduesin2011.Millsproduced591MBDU,withnearly100percentutilized.PulpandpapermillsinIdahoandotherstatesreceived572MBDU,with19MBDUgoingtootheruses,primarilyinternalenergyuse.Lessthan1MBDUofcoarseresiduewereunusedin2011.

Ofthe330MBDUoffineresidueused,over94percent(312MBDU)wenttopulpandpapermillsorboardplantsforuseasarawmaterial,17MBDUwereconsumedasfuel,andalittleover1MBDUwentforotherusessuchasanimalbedding,mulch,andrawmaterialforotherproducts.

Useofbarkhasincreaseddramaticallysince1979whenonly73percentwasutilized.Nearly100percentofbarkresiduehasbeenutilizedsince2001.Ofthe358MBDUproducedin2011,283MBDUwereconsumedasfuel,2MBDUwereusedformiscellaneousproductsincludingdecorativebark,livestockbedding,andmulch;lessthan1MBDUwentunused.Theamountofbarkusedashogfuelde-clinedfrom2006to2011whilebarkusedforotherproductsincreased.Someofthechangeinbarkutilizationisduetobarkpreviouslybeingreportedashogfuelwhen itwasused fordecorativebark.Today,bark isusuallymorevaluable forotherproductssuchaslandscapingmaterialthanhogfuel.


Coarse1979 987 957 10 20 21 1,0081985 976 930 28 18 14 9901990 1001 988 0 13 5 1,0061995 885 872 3 10 1 8862001c 806 773 30 3 3 8102006 735 639 86 10 b 7352011 591 572 18 1 b 591

Sawdust1979 399 197 164 38 58 4571985 308 176 115 17 22 3301990 365 175 167 23 13 3781995 306 158 133 15 4 3102001 237 80 148 9 - 2372006 266 224 40 2 b 2662011 212 206 5 1 b 212

Planer Shavings1979 340 215 112 13 20 3601985 288 128 155 5 17 3051990 310 221 88 1 9 3191995 250 130 113 7 8 2582001 307 193 113 1 b 3072006 161 125 34 2 b 1612011 118 106 12 b b 118

Bark1979 473 - 429 44 174 6471985 282 - 263 19 73 3551990 395 - 344 51 19 4141995 358 - 343 15 10 3682001 401 - 384 17 b 4012006 357 - 333 24 b 3572011 358 - 283 75d b 358

Total1979 2,199 1,369 715 115 273 2,4721985 1,854 1,234 561 59 126 1,9801990 2,071 1,384 599 88 46 2,1171995 1,799 1,160 592 47 23 1,8222001c 1,751 1,046 675 30 3 1,7552006 1,519 988 493 38 b 1,5192011 1,279 884 318 77 b 1,279

cnumbers do not sum to total due to rounding.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thousand Bone Dry Units a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

aBone dry unit = 2,400 lb of ovendry wood.bLess than 1,000 bone dry units.

Table 20 --Production and disposition of residues by sawmills and plywood/veneer plants, various years (sources: Keegan and others 1997, Morgan and others 2004, Brandt and others 2012).

Type of ResidueTotal

UtilizedReconstituted

Products Hogfuel Other Uses Unused Total


Residues from Other Manufacturers

Themanufactureofutilitypoles,houselogs,cedarproducts,posts,smallpoles,roundwood chips, and roundwood furniture generates several types of residue,includingbark,shavingsandpeelings, logends,cullportionsof logs,andslabsfromloghomemanufacturers.In2011,about94MBDUoftheseresidueswereproduced,andjustover92percentofthisvolumewasused.Usesoftheseresiduesincludelivestockbedding,gardenmulch,firewood,orotherfuel.

The Forest Products Industry and the Idaho Economy

ThissectiondiscussesemploymentandworkerearningstrendsinIdaho’spri-maryandsecondaryforestproductsindustryaswellastheindustry’splaceintheeconomyofIdahoandnorthernIdaho.Thisanalysisfocuseson2011and2012,themostrecentyearsforwhichcomprehensivestateandcountyeconomicdataareavailable.

The primary forest products industry includes logging, processing logs intolumber and other wood products, processing wood residues into outputs suchaspaperorelectricity,andprivate-sectortimbermanagementservices.Thesec-ondaryindustry1,asdefinedinthisreport,includesthefurtherprocessingoftheoutputsfromtheprimaryindustrymanufacturerseitherfromIdahoorelsewhere.Portionsofthesecondaryindustry,suchastrussandcut-stockmanufacturersaredirectlylinkedandhighlyintegratedwithIdaho’sprimaryindustry.Othercompo-nentssuchasmobilehomemanufacturershavelimitedlinkstoanddependenceonIdaho’sprimaryindustry.

Datafromseveralsourceswereusedtoidentifyemploymentandworkersearn-ingsforIdaho’sprimaryandsecondaryforestproductsindustry.Sourcesinclud-ed theU.S.DepartmentofCommerce,RegionalEconomic InformationSystem(REIS;U.S.DepartmentofCommerce2012), alongwithwageand salarydatafromtheU.S.DepartmentofLabor,BureauofLaborStatistics(U.S.DepartmentofLabor 2013), and theU.S.CensusBureau’sCountyBusinessPatterns (U.S.CensusBureau2013).AdditionalinformationfromtheIdahoDepartmentofLaborand from theperiodic facilitiescensusesof the industrydoneby theBureauofBusinessandEconomicResearchaspartoftheFIDACSsystem(Keeganandoth-ers1982,1988,1992,1997;Morganandothers2004;Brandtandothers2012).

MostoftheprimaryandsecondaryindustryisreportedinfourNorthAmericanIndustrial Classification (NAICS) sectors, as defined by the U.S. Office ofManagementandBudget(OMB1998):

• 113—forestryandlogging;• 1153—supportactivitiesforforestry;• 321—woodproductsmanufacturing;• 322—papermanufacturing.

1Secondaryindustriesincludebutarenotlimitedto;woodtreatmentplants,cabinetshops,molding,doorsandwindowmanufacturers,re-manufacturers,andpalletmanufacturers.


These classifications were used to estimate total employment and workers’earnings(workersearnings)inIdaho’sforestproductsindustry.Thisgroupingofindustrycategoriesprovidesaconservativemeasureoftheforestproductsorwoodandpaperproductsindustry.However,anumberofactivitiesarenotincludedintheseclassifications,includingthehaulingoflogsbyindependenttruckers;haul-ingoffinishedproductsbytruck,railorbarge;andforestmanagementactivitiesbygovernmentemployees.Additionally,aportionofthesecondaryindustry—themanufacturingofwoodfurniture—isfoundinNAICS337.

Based on these classifications, approximately 10,041 workers, earning over$535million(in2011dollars),wereemployedintheforestproductsindustryinIdahoin2011.Theprimarysectorsaccountedforapproximately6,440workers,whilethesecondarysectorsemployedtheremaining3,600.

Trends in Forest Products Employment and Workers Earnings

ThissectionfocusesontrendsinIdahoforestindustryemploymentsince1990;adiscussionoflongertermtrendsisinMorganandothers(2004),andBrandtandothers(2012).

Thewoodandpaperproductsindustryisasubstantialandrelativelyhighpay-ingindustryinIdaho.Evenwiththesevereeconomicconditionsofthelastseveralyears,Idaho’sindustrydirectlyemployednearly10,320workersin2012,anin-creaseof279jobsfrom2011.Theoperationsoftheindustryandthemultiplieref-fectofworkers’spendingandre-spendingsupportjobsinothersectorsofIdaho’seconomy(CookandO’Laughlin,2006).Ofevery10jobsintheforestproductsin-dustry,spendingsupportssevenjobsinotherindustries(Morganandothers2014).Inadditiontogeneratingconsiderableemploymentinothersectors,woodandpa-peremployeesearnedanaverageof$52,000inworkersearnings/laborincomefor2012;thisissubstantiallymorethanthestateaverageof$36,900perworker.

Since1990,thenumberofworkersinIdaho’sforestproductsindustrypeakedat around 19,000 in 1994. By 2001, economic challenges associated with theSeptember11thterroristattacks,decliningtimberharvestvolume,andtheclosureoffourlargesawmills(Ehinger2012)hadcausedemploymenttofall to14,200(figure 11). From 2002 to 2007, employment fluctuated between 14,000 and14,500.TheeconomiccollapseassociatedwiththeGreatRecessionprecipitatedthenextlargedropwhenemploymentfellfrom14,300in2007to9,600in2010.Employmenthas risenwith thesloweconomic recoverysince2010,with2013employmentestimatedat10,500.

Idaho’sprimaryandsecondaryindustriesrevealsubstantiallydifferenttrendsinemployment.Primaryemploymentdroppedfrom15,122in1990tojust9,300in2006andto6,440in2011.Themajorfactorsleadingtothelong-termdeclineintheindustry,especiallyprimaryindustryemployment,wasthenearly35percentdeclineintimberharvestbetween1990and2006drivenbyan80percentdeclineintheFederaltimbersaleprograminIdaho.ThecollapseoftheU.Shousingmar-ketimpactedIdaho’sprimaryindustrybeginningin2006andcontributedgreatlytodropsin2007and2008.SincethedepthoftheGreatRecessionin2009,timberharvests volume, lumber production, and employment have steadily but slowlyincreased(fig.12).


Figure 11—Idaho forest industry employment, 1990 through 2012 (source: U.S Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis).

Figure 12—Idaho timber harvest, lumber production and industry employment, 1990-2012 (source: Morgan and others 2013).

4,000

8,000

12,000

16,000

20,000

24,000

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Billio

n bo

ard

feet

Scr

ibm

er/L

umbe

r Tall

y

Timber Harvest

Lumber Produced

Number of workers

Employment

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fore

st In

dust

ry E

mpl

oym

ent (

empl

oyee

s)

YEAR


Boththeprimaryandsecondaryindustrybenefitedwhengenerallystrongeco-nomicperformanceglobally, nationally, regionally, and in Idahoyielded strongdemand forwood products throughmuch of the 1990s and in 2004 and 2005.However,thesecondaryindustrydidnotsufferfromthesharplyconstrictedrawmaterialsupplythatplaguedtheprimaryindustry.Mostofthesecondaryindustryuseswoodproductsmanufactured by the region’s primary industry, but it onlyconsumesafractionofwhattheregionalprimaryindustryproduces.Additionally,thesecondaryindustrycanmoreeasilyacquirerawmaterialsfromelsewhere.Itis,therefore,notassusceptibletolocaltimberavailabilityasistheprimaryindustry.

The increase in employment per unit volumeof timber harvested in Idaho’sprimaryindustry,whichoccurredin the1990s,didnotcontinueintothe2000s.Primaryemploymentdroppedbyone-thirdbetween2000andthehighmarketyearof2005,whileharvestvolumesinIdahodeclinedby6percentoverthatperiod.Muchweakermarketsledtofurtherdeclinesinemploymentfrom2006to2008,withprimaryemploymentfallingtounder9,000in2008.Thesecondaryindustrycontinuedtoincreaseemploymentafter2000toapproximately6,000workersin2006and2007.Withmuchpoorereconomicconditionsin2008,secondaryem-ploymentdeclinedtoanestimated5,400workers.

Workersearningsisthecompensationthatisareturn-to-workeffort,includinglaborearnings,employer-providedbenefits,taxespaidtothegovernmentonbe-halfofemployees,andtheportionofentrepreneurialincomewhichisareturntolabor(USDOCBEA2013).Allearningsvaluesforthissectionhavebeenadjustedto2011constantdollars.Similar toemployment,workersearnings increased inthe1990sfrom$917millionto$1.0billionin1999andwiththeacceleratedlossofprimaryforestindustryworkers,workersearningshavedeclinedsteadilysince1999,droppingdramaticallyin2008and2009inresponsetotheGreatRecessionandU.S. housing collapse (figure 13).Totalworkers earnings bottomed out in2009at$485millionandrecoveredtoover$537millionin2012,butstilllagthepre-recession levelof$744million in2006.Theannualearningsperworker intheindustryhasbeenfairlystableoverthelast25years,averaging$54,028withthe lowestyear in1991at$47,011and thehighestyear in1999at$59,873.At$53,090,2011individualearningswere98percentofthe25-yearaverage.

The forestproducts industry is substantiallymore important in the ten Idahocounties north of the Salmon River (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,Idaho,Kootenai, Latah, Lewis,Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties) than in thestateasawhole.Measuredby labor income, less than20percentof thestate’seconomicactivityisinnorthernIdaho;however,$420millionoutof$743millioninforest industrylaborincome(57percent)is inthesenorthernIdahocounties.Furthermore,virtuallyallofthewoodandpaperindustryinnorthernIdahoispartoftheprimaryforestproductsindustryanddirectlyengagedinmanagingforests,harvestingtimber,andprocessingtimberproducts.NorthernIdahoaccountedfornearly90percentoftheharvest,received95percentoftheharvestforprocessing,andaccountedforalmost97percentofthelumberproductionin2011.Foreachofthe953MMBFharvestedinnorthernIdahotheindustryprovided18jobs(10forestproductindustry+8insupport),$629thousandinlaborincome,and$2.9millioninsalesofgoodsandservices(Morganandothers2013).


Idaho’s Forest Industry Outlook 2014

Woodproductsmarketsin2014and2015aregenerallyexpectedtoimprove,asnewhomeconstructionisexpectedtoapproach1.1millionunitsin2014and1.4millionin2015.CoupledwithconsiderableunutilizedcapacitytoproducelumberinNorthAmericaandstrongbuterraticexportmarkets,woodproductspricesareexpectedtoincreasebutremainvolatile.Continuedeconomicrecovery,increasedhousing starts, and rising product prices should benefit Idaho’s forest industry,further stimulating production, sales, and employment for the state’smills andloggers.ManyIdahomillsstillhaveunutilizedprocessingcapacity,andcouldbepositionedtoincreaseoutputasmarketsandotherfactorsimprove.

Factorsconstrainingindustrygrowthpotentialincludetheoveralleconomy,thehousingmarket,aviableloggingandhaulingworkforce,andtimberavailability.Thereisastrongsentimentintheindustrythatloggingcapacityisatcriticallev-elsandtheloggingandhaulingcontractforceisindangerofcollapsealtogether(Keough2014).Additionally,withalmostthree-fourthsofthetimberlandsinthestateunderFederalownership,availabilityoftimberisachallengetoIdaho’sforest

Figure 13—Idaho’s forest industry adjusted labor income, 1990 through 2012 (source: U.S Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis).

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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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industry.Withoutareliableandaffordablesupplyoftimber,millshavedifficultyrespondingtoincreasingdemandforwoodproducts.Findingsolutionstorawma-terialavailabilityandthelogsupplyissueforprimarywoodproductsprocessorsinthenextfewyearsiskeyforthecontinuedsuccessoftheforestindustryinIdaho.

References

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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for emploment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.)

idaho’s forest products industry and timber …ber production in 2011 compared to 94 percent in...

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