ParagraphArranged By : 1.Andre Yusuf (F12111006)2.Bagus Fitrianto (F12111023)3.Indra Kurniawan (F12111046)4.Miza Awalta (F12111063)5.Nanang Sulistyo (F12111073)

What is a Paragraph?

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic.

How about the structureof a paragraph?

A paragraph consists of :1. Topic Sentence2. Supporting Sentence3. Closing Sentence

Elements of a Paragraph?

They are:

1. Topic Sentence

2. Unity

3. Coherence

4. Adequate Development

Can you explain more aboutthe elements of paragraph?

Sure,

1. Topic SentenceThe topic sentence is the first sentence in a

paragraph.It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate

to the reader what your paragraph will be about.Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

2. Unity in the ParagraphEvery sentence in a paragraph

should support the main idea expressed in the topic sentence.

The paragraph must have one controlling idea in the topic sentence.

The supporting sentences must support or explain the controlling idea with examples, details, steps, or definitions.

The concluding sentence should should restate the idea in the topic sentence.

3. CoherenceKey words can be repeated in several

sentences Synonymous words can be repeated in

several sentences Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous

sentences Transition words can be used to link ideas

from different sentences

4. Adequate DevelopmentThe topic should be discussed fully and adequately by

using supporting evidence. A paragraph is adequately developed when it

describes, explains and supports the topic sentence. If the "promise" of the topic sentence is not fulfilled, or if the reader is left with questions after reading the paragraph, the paragraph has not been adequately developed. Generally speaking, a paragraph which consists of only two or three sentences is under-developed. A good rule of thumb to follow is to make sure that a paragraph contains at least four sentences which explain and elaborate on the topic sentence.

Supporting SentenceThey come after the topic sentence, making up the body of

a paragraph.They give details to develop and support the main idea

of the paragraph.We should give supporting facts, details and examples.Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

Closing SentenceThe closing sentence is the last sentence in a

paragraph.It restates the main idea of your paragraph.Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different

words.Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

How To Write A Paragraph?There are four stages in

process of writing paragraph :

1. Prewriting Paragraphs 2. Writing Paragraphs 3. Editing Paragraphs 4. Publishing Paragraphs

1. Prewriting ParagraphsThe prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing. Six Prewriting Steps: 1. Think carefully about what you are going

to write2. Open your notebook3. Collect facts related to your paragraph

topic4. Write down your own ideas5. Find the main idea of your paragraph6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way

that develops your main idea

2. Writing ParagraphsFive Writing Steps: 1. Open your notebook and word processor.2. Write the topic sentence, supporting

sentences and closing sentence.3. Write clear and simple sentences to express

your meaning.4. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph.5. Use the dictionary to help you find

additional words to express your ideas.

3. Editing ParagraphsGrammar and Spelling

1. Check your spelling.2. Check your grammar.3. Read your assignment again.4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.5. See if your subjects and verbs agree with each

other.6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.  

Style and Organization 1. Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence.2. Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea.3. Make sure you have a closing sentence.4. Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea.5. See if your paragraph is interesting.

4. Publishing Paragraphs

The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your assignment to hand in. The three most vital publishing steps are: 1. Make a paper copy of your paragraph.2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor or parents.3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing.

Methods of  paragraph development 

Use examples and illustrationsCite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details, and

others)Examine testimony (what other people say such as

quotes and paraphrases)Use an anecdote or storyDefine terms in the paragraphCompare and contrastEvaluate causes and reasonsExamine effects and consequencesAnalyze the topic Evaluate the topic according to specified criteria Describe the topicOffer a chronology of an event (time segments)

SOME USEFUL TRANSITIONSTo show addition: again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.), further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too

To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate

To compare: also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly To contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even

though, however, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet

To summarize or conclude: all in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up

To show time: after, afterward, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier, finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, subsequently, then, thereafter, until, when, while

To show place or direction: above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby, opposite, to the left (north, etc.)

To indicate logical relationship: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus

THANK YOU