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Standardsand

Standardization

Ken Krechmer, Fellow International Center for Standards Research

University of Colorado at Bouldere-mail: krechmer@csrstds.com

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Definitions

Standard: Model, document or concept

Standardization: Process of creating, implementing, or using a standard

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Definition of a Technical Standard

A Technical Standard codifies for a society the constraints upon one or more

implementations. These implementations are then used to quantify an entity under examination for the

purpose of information transfer within a society.

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The Beginnings of Standards

DNA is a naturally occurring standard.

The system of 10 numeric digits likely was the first technical standard.

The term “standard” was first reported in 1138 AD

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Taxonomy of Technical Standards

Agrarian Commercial Industrial Linear Adaptive

Value Property Currency Invention System ConceptSystem (private) (patents) (public (copyright,

utilities) brands)

Technology Counting Measures, Powered Sequential Adaptive Monetary machines processes Processes

Systems (railroad, (computers) telephone,

utilities)

Communi- Barter Commerce Mechanized Electronic Internetcations transport (telegraph,

telephone)

Standards Symbol Units Similarity Compati- Adaptability bility

Strata Information

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Succession of Standards Standards Examples Purpose Effect

1. Symbols Number systems Identity Create Order

2. Units Measurement, Measurement Quantify Monetary system abstractions

3. Similarity Cellular mobile and base, Repeatability MaintainISO9000, 14000, sameness X.3 PAD

4. Compatibility Nuts & bolts, Group 3 Interworking Sender compatible

facsimile, telephone with receiver modems, X.25 interface, cellular air interfaces

5. Adaptability Aloha protocol, CSMA/CD, Variability Negotiate theModem handshakes, XML, variationSIP, fax T.30

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Technologies’ Effect onCommunications Standards

OSI Model

Application Agreements

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical Physical Laws

Physical Media

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Insights Offered by Taxonomy of Standards

• Etiquettes support new use of value system

• Government intervention more desirable as new standards successions emerge

• Patents best applied to similarity

• Need to control patents in compatibility standards

• Need to avoid patents in adaptability standards

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Supporting Freedom with Truth

Open government - Democracy

Free press - First Amendment

Available technology - Open standardization

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Ten Rights of Open Standardization1. Open meeting2. Consensus3. Due Process Creation4. Open World5. Open IPR6. Open Documents7. Open Change Use8. Open Interface9. Open Use10.On-going Support

Implementation

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1. Open meeting – all stake holders may participate in the standards development process.

ANSI requirement

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2. Consensus – all interests are discussed and agreement found, no domination.

ANSI requirement

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3. Due Process – balloting and an appeals process may be used to find resolution.

ANSI requirement

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4. Open World – same standard for the same function, world-wide.

ANSI supported

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5. Open IPR – holders of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) must identify themselves during the standards development process.

Recent ANSI requirement

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6. Open Documents – all may access committee documents, drafts and completed standards.

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7. Open Change – all changes are presented and agreed in a forum supporting the previous six rights.

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8. Open Interface – Supports migration and allows proprietary advantage, but standardized interfaces are not hidden or controlled.

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9. Open Use – objective conformance mechanisms for implementation testing and user evaluation.

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10. On-going Support – standards are supported until user interest ceases rather than when provider interest declines.

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“Who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free

and open encounter?”

John Milton, Areopagiticia, A speech for the liberty of unlicensed printing in the Parliament

of England, 1644