Unit 1 Intro to Chemistry and Measurement

Unit 2Matter and ChangeICPMr. PatelSWHS

Topic OutlineContinue to Learn Major Elements and SymbolsClassifying MatterPhysical PropertiesChemical PropertiesStates of MatterPhase ChangesProperties of MatterRemember matter is anything that has mass and occupies volume.

Matter is described using properties that are extensive or intensive properties.

Extensive PropertiesExtensive Property a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. (Changes with amount)Mass measure of the amount of matter an object contains

Volume measure of the space taken up

Other examples: energy, weight, length, areaIntensive PropertiesIntensive Property a property that does NOT depend on the amount of matter

Density D = mass/volume matter per unit volume

Other examples: hardness, melting/freezing point, concentration, viscosity

Classify the statement as Intensive or ExtensiveThe Boiling point of water is 100OC.

The mass if 300 kg.

The length is 30 m.

The density of water is 1.0 g/mL.Intensive

Extensive

Extensive

Intensive

SubstanceAll matter can be divided into substances and mixtures

Substance always has same composition

Every sample of a substance has identical properties because a substance has a fixed, uniform compositionCopper Kettle

Gold SculptureMatterAnything that has mass and volumeSubstanceConstant Composition; All particles identicalEx: Water, HeliumMixtureVariable Composition; 2 or more substancesEx: Sand, SoilPhysicallySeparateSubstancesSubstances can be classified as elements or compounds

Element cannot be broken into simpler substancesOne type of atom onlyAtom smallest particle of an elementEx: Gold, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on periodic table)Solids, liquids, gases

Make some observationSubstancesCompound two or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratiosEx: Water, salt, baking soda

Compounds have different properties than parts

Compounds can be chemically separated to elements

Make some observation

MatterAnything that has mass and volumeSubstanceConstant Composition; All particles identicalEx: Water, HeliumMixtureVariable Composition; 2 or more substancesEx: Sand, SoilElementMade up of identical atoms; on Periodic TableEx: Zinc, UraniumCompoundMade up of 2 or more elements; combined chemicallyEx: Carbon dioxidePhysicallySeparateSeparateChemicallyMixturesMixture a physical blend of two or more components (substances)

Heterogeneous Mixture the composition is not uniform throughoutEx: soil, chicken noodle soupSuspensions (Shake Well) or Colloids (Do not settle)

Homogeneous Mixture (solution) composition is uniform throughoutEx: salt water, alloys (solid in solid)

Steel = Iron + Carbon

MatterAnything that has mass and volumeSubstanceConstant Composition; All particles identicalEx: Water, HeliumMixtureVariable Composition; 2 or more substancesEx: Sand, SoilElementMade up of identical atoms; on Periodic TableEx: Zinc, UraniumCompoundMade up of 2 or more elements; combined chemicallyEx: Carbon dioxidePhysicallySeparateSeparateChemicallyHeterogeneousUneven Distribution; easy to separateEx: Vegetable SoupHomogenousUniform Distribution; called solutionEx: Tap water, SteelPhysical Changes and PropertiesPhysical Property measured properties that do not change the nature of the sampleEx: Boiling Point, Density, Mass

Physical Change some properties may change but the composition of the material does not changeEx: Boiling, Freezing, Cutting, SplittingCan be Reversible or Irreversible

Physical PropertiesViscosity resistance to flow (thickness)

Conductivity ability for heat to flow

Malleability hammered into sheets

Hardness

Melting/Boiling Point

DensityPhysical Changes and PropertiesPhysical Changes do not involve chemical reactionsNo Breaking or Forming Chemical BondsSubstance is the same before and after the changeSeparationsMixtures can be separated physically

Filtration solid from liquid

Distillation liquid from liquid or solid

Chemical Changes & PropertiesChemical Property the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reactionEx: Flammability, Combustibility, decomposition

Chemical Change the composition of matter will always changeEx: Burning, exploding, reacting, rusting, rottingAlso called a chemical reaction

Chemical PropertiesFlammability ability to burn with oxygen

Reactivity ability to chemically combine with other substances

Signs of Chemical ChangesClues for a chemical reaction:Transfer of Energy heat, sound, lightColor ChangeGas ProductionFormation of Precipitate solid that settles out of a liquid mixture

Dont confuse for a physical change

Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is only transformed.

The mass before a reaction must always equal the mass after a reaction

Classify: Physical or Chemical ChangeBurning GasolineEvaporation of WaterStripping a Copper WireMold Growing on YogurtAlka-Setlzer tabletsChemicalPhysical

Physical

Chemical

Chemical

States of MatterThere are four states of matterSolidLiquidGasPlasma

We focus mostly on the first threeSolidsDefinite Shape

Definite Volume

Incompressible

Particles tightly packed - ordered

Vibrations (Not Fluid)

Liquids Indefinite Shape

Definite Volume

Incompressible

Particles in contact but disorderly packed

Particles flow (Fluid)

GasesIndefinite Shape

Indefinite Volume

Highly Compressible

Particles far apart; little contact; collisions

Particles flow (Fluid)

GasesParticles:Have a lot of space between themAre in rapid motionExert Pressure = Billions of collisionsSpontaneously expands

Phase ChangesThere are 6 state/phase changes

Some change require heat (energy)

Endothermic requires heat

Exothermic releases heat1. MeltingSolid to Liquid

Endothermic

Particles have enough energy to begin to flow

Melting Point temp when liquid forms

2. FreezingLiquid to Solid

Exothermic

Particles have lose energy and slow down

Freezing Point temp when Solid forms

Mpt = Fpt

3. BoilingLiquid to Gas

Endothermic

Particles have enough energy to break away

Boiling Point temp when gas forms

4. CondensationGas to Liquid

Exothermic

Particles begin to stick

Same as Bpt

5. SublimationSolid to Gas

Endothermic

NO liquid stage

Ex: Dry Ice

6. DepositionGas to Solid

Exothermic

No Liquid Stage

Ex: Snowing