ICELANDIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF SELECTED GEOSCIENCE TERMS

Richard S. Williams, Jr. U.S. Geological Survey

Quissett Campus Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S.A.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 95-807

October 1995

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms

Introduction

When dealing with Icelandic names of physical geographic features on maps and in

journal articles it is important for students of the geology of Iceland to recognize that most

place-names are compound words. For example, the volcanic island Surtsey is a compound

word derived from the root ey, the Icelandic word for island, and Suits, the genitive case of

Surtur, a mythological Norse giant of fire (world destroyer). Svartifoss, the beautiful cascade

which flows over columnar basalts along the course of Baej argil in Skaftafell National Park, is

a compound word derived from foss, the Icelandic word for waterfall, and svarti, the definite

nominative case form of svartur, the Icelandic adjective for the color black. Snaefellsjokull, an

imposing stratovolcano at the tip of the Snaefellsnes peninsula on the north side of Faxafloi

(named after the small ice cap (11 km2) on its summit), is a compound word derived from

snae, the root of snaer, an Icelandic word for snow; and fells, the genitive case of the Icelandic

word for a usually isolated mountain, plus the word jokull, the Icelandic word for glacier

(etymologically the same origin as the word icicle in English).

Icelandic is rich in words which describe natural features and phenomena often in a

very poetic way, such as Snaefellsjokull (described above), Skjaldbreidur ("broad shield"), and

Herdubreid ("broad shoulders"). Because Icelandic and English are derivations of an older

parent Germanic language, some words have retained a similar spelling and usage even after

the passage of more than a thousand years or more (for example, fmgur-finger, frost, myri-

mire (swamp), land, nordur-north, bull (nonsense), etc.). Icelandic (Old Norse) has

remained virtually unchanged, while English has evolved through several well defined stages:

"Old English" (pre-1100 A.D.), "Middle English" (1100 A.D. to 1500 A.D.), and "Modern

English" (post-1500 A.D.) and has been strongly influenced by the Latin and French

languages.

Icelandic and English share a generally common alphabet except for three Icelandic

letters, eth (6,D), thorn Q), P), and ae (ae, IE), three letters once used in English and four

English letters not used in Icelandic. The letters c, q, w are not used in Icelandic except in a

few foreign loanwords. The letter z was used in place of the s in some Icelandic words until a

few years ago (for example, Islenzk, now Islensk). Icelandic also uses diacritical marks to

denote independent vowel sounds. Modern Icelandic has 33 letters in its alphabet: a, a, b,

d, d , e, e, f, g, h, i, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, 6, p, r, s, t, u, u, v, x, y, y, z, [),

ae, and 6 (note that words beginning with [), ae, and 6 are listed as the last three letters in

Icelandic dictionaries). There are 14 discrete vowels (printed and spoken) used in Icelandic

versus 6 printed vowels (and many more spoken) used in modern English. The transliteration

of the Icelandic alphabet into the English alphabet usually results in the deletion of all

diacritical notations over the vowels and the use of a d or D for 6 and D, th or Th for 1p and P,

and ae or Ae for ae and JE.

As noted before, in the past 1,100 years English has undergone profound changes;

Icelandic is little changed; English has lost most of its inflexions (case endings); Icelandic has

retained its inflexions (it employs four singular and plural case endings for the three

grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter). Also, the Northern Branch

(Icelandic, Faeroese, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish) of the Germanic Language uses a post­

positive article, in which the definite article (the) generally follows and is attached to the

noun, such as in the title of the Icelandic scientific journal Natturufraedingurinn (The

Naturalist). The definite article can precede the noun if an intervening adjective is used,

however, as in Hid islenska natturufraedifelag (The Icelandic Natural History Society). Hinn

hviti jokull (the white glacier) can also be expressed as hviti jokullinn. In addition, the

definite article must agree in gender number and case with the noun. No indefinite article (a

or an) is used in Icelandic; the absence of the definite article indicates the sense of an

indefinite article.

The following masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns are declined in the singular and

plural for each of the four cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative

(indirect object), and genitive (possessive), first without and then with the definite article.

sg-

sg-

(a glacier)

nom. jokullace. jokuldat. jokligen. jokuls

(the glacier)

nom jokullinnace. jokulinndat. joklinumgen. jokulsins

jokull (glacier) - masculine noun

(glaciers)

pi. nom. joklarace. jokladat. joklumgen. jokla

(the glaciers)

pi. nom. joklarnirace. joklanadat. joklunumgen. joklanna

borg (rocky hill) - feminine noun

(a rocky hill) (rocky hills)

sg. nom. borgace. borgdat. borggen. borgar

pi. nom. borgir ace. borgir dat. borgum

gen. borga

(the rocky hill)

sg. nom. borginace. borginadat. borginnigen. borgar innar

(the rocky hills)

pi. nom. borgirnarace. borgirnardat. borgunumgen. borganna

vatn (lake) - neuter noun

(a lake)

sg. nom. vatnace. vatndat. vatnigen. vatns

(the lake)

sg. nom. vatnidace. vatniddat. vatninugen. vatnsins

pi.

(lakes)

nom. votnace. votndat. votnumgen. vatna

(the lakes)

pi. nom. votninace. votnindat. votnunumgen. vatnanna

Jokull, borg, and vatn appear frequently as compounds in Icelandic geographic place-

names, such as in Snaefellsjokull, Vatnajokull, Jokulsa a Fjollum, etc.; Eldborg, Vikraborgir,

Prengslaborgir, etc.; and Vatnaoldur, Graenavatn, Veidivotn, etc., respectively.

Another grammatical characteristic that Icelandic shares with English is radical changes

in spelling of words in different grammatical cases and from singular to plural forms. For

5

example, the Icelandic word for mountain, fjall, becomes fjoll in the nominative (and

accusative) plural (mountains) as in Hverfjall, Hlidarfjall, Fogrufjoll, and Dyngjufjoll. A

usually isolated mountain in Icelandic is called a fell, as in Burfell or Snaefellsjokull. The

Icelandic word for island, ey, such as in Surtsey, becomes eyjar in the genitive singular, as in

Eldeyjarbodi, or when used in the plural for a group of islands (Vestmannaeyjar). The

genitive singular case is commonly used in the first part of compound place-names in

Icelandic.

The Icelandic desire to maintain the "purity" of its spoken and written language is

shown in its resistance to acceptance of foreign loanwords. Hence, there is a great lack of

cognates in the modern technical and scientific literature. Rather than accept foreign words,

most new technical and scientific words are coined from existing Icelandic words. In addition

to the challenge of learning Icelandic, the serious student of the geoscience literature of

Iceland is faced with also learning a specialized scientific vocabulary with few cognates.

The appendix on Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms will assist

the reader in making a smoother transition to and a better understanding of Icelandic place-

names and other geoscience terms commonly used on maps and in the geoscience literature of

Iceland. For those readers interested in the origin of Icelandic geographic place-names, the

publications of Ornefnastofnun Pjodminjasafns, Sudurgotu 41, IS-101 Reykjavik, are

expecially usefull. In 1980 and 1983, respectively, the Director of Ornefnastofnun

Pjodminjasafns, Dr. Porhallur Vilmundarson, edited and published the first two volumes of

Grimnir (Rit um nafnfraedi), a periodical devoted to scholarly research into the origin of

geographic place-names in Iceland (Porhallur Vilmundarson, 1980 and 1983). The best

6

reference work to Icelandic geographic place-names is the two-volume set "Landid }>itt", later

expanded into six volumes by Porsteinn Josepsson and Steindor Steind6rsson (1981, 1983, and

1984) and Porsteinn Josepsson and others (1982,1984, and 1985).

The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms has been compiled from

a variety of published sources, including glossaries or indexes included in various scientific

publications, map legends or explanations, guidebooks, textbooks, journal articles, and

selected dictionaries. A list of these appears at the end of the glossary in Glossary sources.

The following Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms is organized

into four columns: Icelandic word (nominative singular); class of word and gender (nm,

noun-masculine; nf, noun-feminine; nn, noun-neuter; am, adjective-masculine; af, adjective-

feminine; an, adjective-neuter; ad, adverb; p, preposition; and c, conjunction); Icelandic word

(nominative plural); and equivalent word(s) in English. Synonyms of Icelandic words are

given in parentheses in the first column. Icelandic words are given for most of the

subdisciplines of geology, geophysics, and geochemistry, and related subdisciplines in the

geosciences. In most cases the addition of the -ingur suffix to the Icelandic word for a

scientific discipline will yield the correct word for the scientist active in that discipline. For

example, jardfraedi is the Icelandic word for geology; jardfraedingur is the Icelandic word for

a geologist.

Superscripts (asterisks or numbers) and dashes are used throughout the glossary to

assist the reader. A single asterisk (*) signifies a loanword, a word borrowed intact or slightly

naturalized from another language. It is either used independently or in a compound word

(combined with an Icelandic word). A double asterisk (**) indicates that the plural form is

not used in the same context. A triple asterisk (***) signifies that a plural form exists but is

not commonly used . In many instances, the plural form exists in a "grammatical" sense but

is not necessarily used in a "geological" sense. A dash (-) indicates either that there is no

plural form or the plural form is not used - or that there is no singular form or the singular

form is not used. All other superscripts are defined in Glossary notes.

Icelandic-English Glossary

ICELANDIC

Singular

afflaediafrett(ur) akuralda

almenn jardfraedi andhverfaandhverfuasapalhraun aska

(gosmol, gjoska, gosaska, & vikur)

askjaaur

-(sandur)

aurkeila austur1aaflaedi

-arbugda arsetas

Class/Gender

nnnm nmnf

af+nf nfnmnn nf

nfnmnm

nf nn/ad

nfnnnmnf nnnm

ENGLISH

Plural

afrettirakraroldur

andhverfurandhverfuasarapalhraun

oskjur

aurar(sandar)

aurkeilur

ar

araurar arbugdur arset asar

regressionhighland pasture(s)field(s)rounded "smooth" ridge(s),

waves(s)general or physical geology anticline(s) anticlinal axis (es) aa lava/blocky lava tephra/volcanic ash

caldera(s)mudglacial outwash

area/sandur alluvial fan(s) eastriver(s)/stream(s) transgression fluvial sediments meander(s) fluvial deposit(s) small ridge(s)

bakki nm bakkar

basalthraun* basiskur*4

berg (steinn) bergasynd

nn am nn nf

basalthraun* basiskir*4

berg bergasyndir

the bank of a brook/stream/ river or the sea; the edge of a gja, the land along the coast or a river; a hill or lowlying ridge

basaltic lava flowsbasicrock(s)facies

bergfraedi nf(bergtegundafraedi)

berggangur nmberggeitill nmberggrunnur nmberghlaup nn

(bergskrida/skriduhlaup)berghleifur nmbergkvika nfbergskrida nf

(berghlaup/skriduhlaup)bergsprunga nf

bergtegundafraedi nf(bergfraedi)

bergaed nfbjarg nnblagryti nn

borg nf

borhola nfbotn nmbolstraberg nnbrekka nfbreksia* (brotaberg) nfbrennisteinn nmbrennisteinnshver3 nmbrotaberg nnbrotakerfi nnbruni nm

brunnur nm

bru nfbrun nf brunkol (surtarbrandur) nnbunga nfbygg6 nfbaer nm

berggangarberggeitlar

**berghlaup

berghleifar bergkvikur bergskridur

bergsprungur

bergaedar bjorg

borgir

borholur botnar

brekkur breksiur*

brennissteinshverir3

brotakerfi brunar

brunnar

bryrbrunirbrunkolbungurbygg6irbaeir

petrology

dike(s) laccolith(s) bedrock rockslide(s)

batholith(s)magmarockslide(s) [less common,

bergskrid (nn)] tectonic fracture(s), eruption

fissure(s) petrology

vein(s)cliff(s)/rock(s)/crag(s) basalt (fine-grained) (usually

Tertiary-age) rocky hill(s)/city(ies)/

fortification(s)/castle(s) borehole(s)bottom/head of a valley or fjord pillow lava slope(s) breccia(s) sulphur solfatara(s) brecciafracture systems(s) burning; in the singular form it

also means a lava field wells(s)/spring(s), usually

manmade bridge(s) edge(s)/border(s) ligniterounded hill(s) inhabited district(s) farm(s)/town(s)/

farmhouse(s)/borough(s)

10

daljokull nmdalur nmdasit* nndiabas* nn

(dolerit*/gragryti)dilott storkuberg an+nndjiip nndjupberg nndolerit* nn

(diabas */gragryti)drag nn

draga nfdrangi/drangur nm

dyngja nf

dyngjuhvirfill nm

dyngjurod nf

daljoklar dalir

djiip

drog

dragar drangar

dyngjur

dyngjuhvirflar

dyngjuradir

valley glacier(s) valley(s)/dale(s) dacite dolerite

porphyritic igneous rock deep/part of the sea/long inlet plutonic rock dolerite

shallow or indistinct watercourse(s)

direct run-off river(s) isolated column(s) or pillars of

rock shield volcano(es)/lava

shield(s)/dome(s) top of shield volcano(es) or

lava shield(s) lava shield row(s)

eftir isold (nutimi) p+nf

eldborgeldborgarodeldfjall (eldstod)eldgjaeldgoseldhryggur

eldkeila

eldstod (eldfjall)

eldureldvirkniengieyeyri

eystri1

nfnfnnnfnfnm

nf

nf

nmnfnnnfnf

eldborgireldborgaradireldfjolleldgjareldgoseldhryggir

eldkeilur

eldsto5var

eldar-

engieyjareyrar

ad

Post-Pleistocene/postglacial/Holocene

lava ring(s)/lava cone(s) lava cone row(s) volcano(es) lava fissure(s) volcanic eruption(s) stratified ridge(s)/composite

ridge(s) stratovolcano(es)/composite

cone(s) volcano(es)/eruption crater(s) or

site(s)fire(s), volcanic eruption(s) volcanism, volcanic activity meadow(s)/grassland(s) island(s)/isle(s) sandspit(s)/gravel bank(s)/

delta(s)/sand farther east

11

falljokullfasajafnvaegifell

fellingflailfjallgardurfjalljokullfjara (strond)fjarkonnunfjordurflikruberg

flogubergf!65fljotfloifokjardvegurfoksandurfornlifsoldfornsegulmagnforsogulegur4forsoguleg4forsogulegt4fossframskridfrumlifsold

nmnnnn

nfnnnmnmnfnfnmnn

nnnnnnnmnmnmnfnnamafannmnnnf

falljoklar-

fell

fellingarfjollfjallgardarfjalljoklarfjorur

-firdirflikruberg

flogubergf!65fljotfloar

-forksandar

--

forsogulegir4forsoguleg4forsoguleg4fossarframskrid

_

ice fall(s)phase equilibriahill(s)/mountain(s), generally, butnot in all cases, isolatedfold(s)mountain(s)mountain range(s)mountian glacier(s)beach(es)/ebb/ebb-tide/low waterremote sensingfjord(s)ignimbrite(s)/welded ash-flowtuff(s)shale(s)flood(s)large river(s)large bay(s)/marsh(es)/fensloesseolian sandPaleozoic Erapaleomagnetismprehistoricprehistoricprehistoricwaterfall(s)glacier advanceProterozoic Era

gabbro*gangurgardur

geislasamsaetageislasteinngervigigurgilgigurgjallgjallgigurgjallgigarodgjallkenndur4

nnnmnm

nfnmnmnnnmnnnmnfam

gabbro*gangargardar

gelslasamsaeturgeislasteinargervigigargil gigar

gjallgigargjallgigaradirgjallkenndir

gabbro dike(s) garden(s)/yard(s)/dike or low

wall of earth or stone radioisotopes zeolite(s)pseudocrater(s)/rootless cone(s) ravine(s)/gorge(s)/gully(ies) crater(s) scoria/cinder scoria cone(s) scoria cone row(s) scoriaceous

12

gjallkennd4 afgjallkennt4 angja nf

gjoska nf (gosmol/gosaska/ aska/vikur)

gjoskuberg nn gljufur nn gnipa nf

gnupur nm(nupur/hnjukur)

gos2 nn

gosaska nf(aska/gosmol/gjoska/vikur)

gosbelti nn gosberg nn goshver3 nm gosketill (askja) nm gosmol nf

(gjoska/vikur/gosaska/aska)

gossprunga nf gragryti nn

(dolerit*/diabas*) granit* nn granofyr* nn grettistak nn

(grjot) grjot nn

(grettistak/storgryti)** nn

grop nn grunn nn grunnvatn nn grunnvatnsborS nn grunnvatnsskil nn graenn4 am graen4 af graent4 an

gjallkenndar4gjallkennd4gjar

gjoskur

gjoskuberggljufurgnipur

gnupar

gos2

gososkar

gosbelti

goshverir3 goskatlar

gossprungur gragryti

grettistok

grjot

grunngrunnvomgrunnvatnsborSgrunnvatnsskilgraenir4graenar4graen4

sconaceous scoriaceous tectonic fissure(s)/chasm(s)/

cleft(s) tephra/pyroclastics [infrequently

used]

tuff (indurated)rocky ravine(s)/canyon(s)/gorge(s)pinnacle(s)/peak(s)/mountain

summit(s) peak(s)/steep mountain(s)

eruption(s) of volcanoes andgeysers

tephra/volcanic ash [infrequentlyused]

volcanic zone(s)extrusive (volcanic) rock(s)geysercaldera(s)tephra

eruptive fissure(s) dolerite(s)

granite granophyre glacial erratic(s)

stones/glacial erratic(s)

rocky areaporosityshoal(s)/shallowsground watergroundwater table(s)groundwater divide(s)greengreengreen

13

gufa gufuhver3

haf (sjor) hafishagi hahitasvaedi3

halendihalli (jardlagahalli) halshamarhaugur heidihellirhelluhraunheradhitaveita

hjalli hjarn hlidhlj65brot hlj65hra5amaeling

hlj65speglun hlyskei5 hnjukur (nupur/gnupur) hnullungur hnydlingur hnyklaberg holthop hollholmurhop (lonavotn)

hrafntinnahraun(rarely hraundryli

nf nm

nn nmnm nn

nnnm nmnmnm nfnmnnnnnf

nm nn nfnn nf

nf nn nm nm nm nn nnnn nmnmnn

nfnn

nn

gufur gufuhverir3

hof***

hagar

hallarhalsarhamrarhaugarheidarhellarhelluhraunherudhitaveitur

hjallar***

hlidarhljodbrothljodhradamaelingar

hljodspeglanirhlyskeidhnjukarhnullungarhnydlingarhnyklabergholthopholarholmarhop

hraun

hraundryli

steam/vapor(s)fumerole(s), solfatara(s) steamvent (s)

sea(s)/ocean(s)sea icepasture(s)high-temperature geothermal area

(+200° C. at 1km depth) highlands geologic dip(s) ridge(s)crag(s)/cliff(s)/precipice(s)/rock(s) hummock(s) heath(s)cave(s)/cavern(s) pahoehoe lava(s)/smooth lava(s) region(s)/district(s)/locality(ies) district-heat distribution systems(s)

(geothermal) terrace(s) firnslope(s)/mountainside(s) seismic refraction(s) exploration seismology/seismic

survey(s)seismic reflection(s) interglacial peak(s)cobble(s)/boulder(s) xenolith(s)pillow lava(s) [infrequently used] hill(s)/wood(s)-(archaic meaning) glacier retreat(s) or recession(s) rounded hill(s)/hillock(s)/knoll(s) islet(s) land-locked inlet(s) still influenced

by tides obsidian lava/lava flow(s), rock avalanche

used; e.g., hrun) hornito(es)

14

(hraun) flaedi nn

hraunhellir nmhreppur nmhringras vatnsins nf+nn hrunskrida (skriSur) nfhryggur nmhus nnhvalbak nnhvammur nmhvarfleir nmhver3 nm

hverahrudur nn hverfjall (oskugigur) nnhvitur4 amhyrna nf

haed nfhofdi nm

hofn nf

hraunhellar hreppar

hrunskridurhryggirhushavalbokhvammar

hverir3

hverahrudur hverfjoll hvitir4

hyrnur

haedir hofdar

hafnir

effusive lava flows [term only used during an eruption]

lava tube(s)rural community(ies)/districts(s)hydrologic cycletalusridge(s)house(s)/building(s)roche(s) moutonnee(s)grassy hollow(s)/dell(s)glacial varve(s)hot spring(s) - (boiling or almost

boiling water)hot-spring deposit(s)tephra ring(s)whitemountain peak(s) (derived from

horn)height(s)/hill(s)promontory(ies)/cape(s)/point(s)/

headland(s)harbor(s)/port(s)

mnriinnskotsberg innskotslagis6

{soldisrak (jokulrak)isur

ann nn nm

nf nf am

innskotsberg innskotslogisar

israkir isurir4

innerintrusion(s)sill(s)ice (singular); sea, lake, river ice

(plural)Pleistocene Epoch glacial stria(ae) intermediate silica composition

(52-65 percent)

jafnskjalftalinajardedlisfraedijardefnafraedijardeldasvaedijardfraedi

jardfraedikort jardgas

nf nf nf nn nf nf nn nn

jafnskjalftalinur

jar6eldasvae6i**

jarSfraedijarSfraedikortjardgos

isoseism(s) geophysics geochemistry volcanic zone(s) geology geosciences geologic map(s) natural gas(es)

15

jardgrunnskort nnjardgrunnur nmjardhitaleit nfjardhiti nmjardlag nnjardlagafraedi nfjardlagahalli (halli) nmjardlagastrik (strik) nn jardmyndun (myndun) nfjardolia nf

jardsaga nfjardskjalftafraedi nfjardskjalftamaelir nfjardskjalfti nf

(landskjalfti)jardskorpuhreyfing nfjardskorpa nfjardskrid nnjardtrog nnjardvatn nnjardvegur nm

nf

jokula (jokulsa) nfjokulalda nf

(j 6kulgardur/j okulurd)jokularset nnjokulberg nnjokulbreida nf

nf

jokuleyding nfjokulgap nnjokulgardur nm

(jokulalda/jokulurd)jokulhetta nfjokulhlaup nnjokulkast nnjokulkemba nfjokulker nnjokull nmjokulrak (israk) nf

jardgrunnskort

jardlog

jardlagahallar jardlagastrik jardmyndanir jardoliur

jardskjalftamaelar jardskjalftar

surficial geologic map(s)surficial depositsgeothermal explorationgeothermal heat, activitygeologic stratum(a) or rock(s)stratigraphygeologic dip(s)geologic strikes(s)geologic formationspetroleum (plural: several types of

oil)historical geology seismology seismograph(s) earthquake(s)

jardskorpuhreyfingar tectonicslithosphere, crust

jardskrid solifluction(s) jardtrog geosyncline(s)

subsurface watersoil(s)glacier variationjoklabreytingar

(jokulbreytingar) jokular jokuloldur

jokularset

jokulbreidur jokulbreytingar

(joklabreytingar)

jokulgardar

jokulhetturjokulhlaupjokulkostjokulkemburjokulkerjoklarjokulrakir

glacier river(s) terminal

moraine(s)/drumlin(s) fluvioglacial deposit(s) tilliteice sheet(s) glacier variation

deglaciation bergschrund terminal moraine(s)

(moraines) ice cap(s)glacier outburst flood(s) calving(s) of glacier terminus fluted moraine(s) ice kettle(s)/ice cauldron(s) glacier(s) glacial stria(ae)

16

jokulru6ningur nm jokulru6ningar

jokulrond

jokulrostjokula (jokulsa)jokulskal

jokulskeidjokulskerjokulsprungajokulsvarf

nf

nfnfnf

nnnnnfnn

jokulrendur/jokulrandir

jokulrastirjokularjokulskalar/

jokulskalirjokulskeidjokulskerjokulsprungur

-

jokulsvorfun nf jokultunga nf jokulurd nf

(J6kulalda/jokulgar6ur) jor6 nf

jokultungur jokulurdir

jar6ir

glacial till(s)/groundmoraine/glacial drift

margin(s) of a glacier

ice stream(s) glacier river(s) cirque(s)

glacial epoch(s) nunatak(s) glacier crevasse(s) glacial abrasion (e.g., fine

particles)glacial erosion (the process) glacier tongue(s) moraine(s)

earth/soil/Earth/farm(s)

kalkhru6ur nn

kambur nmkaupstadur nm

kaupnin nnkeilugangur nf sheetskelda nfker (sprengigigur) nnkirkja nfkisilgur nmkisilhru6ur nnkleif nf

onklepragigur nmklepragigar66 nf

klettur nm

kalkrudur

kambar kaupstadir

kaupnin keilugangar

keldurkerkirkjur

kleifar

klepragigar klepragigaradir

klettar

calcium carbonate deposit(s) from a hot spring

crest of hillIcelandic town(s) with a special

legal and administrative status: Reykjavik and 22 others

village(s)inclined sheet(s) (intrusions), cone

pool(s), bottomless pit(s)maar(s)church(es)diatomitesilica deposit(s) from a hot springvery steep slope(s)/narrow (steep)

passage(s)/narrow glen(s) on amountainside/rock(s), slantedtop

spatter cone(s)/scoria cones spatter cone row(s)/crater row(s)/

mixed cone row(s) cliff(s)/crag(s)/rock(s)

17

klif

kolmotor)kornastaerdkort (landabref/

landkort/ uppdrattur)

krokur

kubbabergkvarter*kviksyndikvikuj>rokvisl

nn

nn

nf nn

nm

nn nn nn nf nf

klif

kol

kornastaedir kort

krokar

kviksyndir kvikuj>raer kvislir

very narrow path(s) or passage(s)/ mountain pass(es)/steep rock(s)

coal (singular: coil in electric

grain size(s) map(s)

crook/sharp bend/nook/corner or enclosed area hidden from view in the landscape

cube-jointed basaltQuaternary Periodquagmire(s)magma chamber(s)river(s)/tributary(ies)

lag nnlagskipting nflaghitasvaedi3 nn

land nn landabref (kort/ nn

landkort/uppdrattur) landabrefabok nf landafraedi nf landkort(kort/ nn

landabref/uppdrattur) landmaeling nf landmotunarfraedi nf landrek nn landskjalfti nm

(jardskjalfti)laug3 nf leir nm leira nf

leirhver3 nmleirsteinn nmlekt nf

log***

laghitasvaedi3

lond landabref

landabrefabaekur

landkort

landmaelingar

landskjalftar

laugar**

leirur

leirhverir3

layer(s)/stratum(a) stratification low-temperature geothermal

area(s) (+150°C. at 1 kmdepth)

land(s)/area(s) map(s)

atlas(es)geographymap(s)

geodetic surveyinggeomorphologycontinental drift/plate tectonicsearthquake(s)

warm spring(s)claya muddy area, periodically

flooded, in rivers or alongshores of lakes

mudpot, boiling mudpot mudstone, siltstone permeability

18

leysing nfleysingarvatn nnlind nflinda nflindakalk nn liparit* (Ijosgryti) nn Ijosgryti (liparit*) nnIjosgrytistuff* nnloftslag nnloftsteinn nmIon nnlonavatn (hop) nn

laekur nm

leysingar

lindir lindar

liparit*IjosgrytiIjosgrytistuff*

loftsteinarIonlonavotn

laekir

ablationmeltwaterspring(s)spring-fed river(s)travertinerhyoliterhyoliterhyolitic tuff(s)climatemeteorite(s)lagoon(s)/inlet(s)land-locked inlet(s) still influenced

by tides brook(s)

malaras nmmalmgryti nnmegineldstoQ nfmelur nmmidlifsold nfmisgengi nnmisgengisstallur nmmislaegi nnmoberg nn

nfmobergshryggur nmmobergsmyndun nfmobergsset nnmobergsstapi (stapi) nmmobergsjmrsi nmmuli nm

myndbreyting nfmyndbreytt berg an+nn myndun (jardmyndun) nfmynni nnmyri nfmaelikvardi nmmol nf

malarasar

megineldstodvar melar

misgengimisgengisstallarmislaegi

mobergsbreksiurmobergshryggirmobergsmyndanirmobergssetmobergsstapar

miilar

myndbreytingarmydnbreytt bergmyndanirmynnimyrarmaelikvarftar

esker(s)orecentral volcano(es)gravel(s)Mesozoic Erafault(s)fault scarp(s)unconformity(ies)tuff(s)/hyaloclastite(s)/

palagonite(s) hyaloclastite breccia hyaloclastite/palagonite ridges(s) palagonite formation(s) tuffaceous sediment(s) table mountain(s) palagonitic breccia low, rounded mountain(s)/

headland(s) metamorphism metamorphic rock(s) geologic formation(s) mouth(s)/outlet(s) bog(s)/mire(s) scale(s) gravel(s)/pebble(s)

19

nama nfnatnirlegt umhverfi an +nnnes (skagi) nn

nordur1 nn/ad nupur nm

(hnjukur/gnupur) nutimi nm

(eftir isold)nyrdri1 a nylifsold nf

namurnatturleg umhverfines

nupar

quarry(ies)/pit(s)/mine(s) natural environment(s) peninsula(s)/headland(s)/

point(s)/cape(s) north peak(s)

Holocene orRecent Epoch

northern Cenozoic Era

oddi

OS

oseyri

nm

nm nf

oddar

osar oseyrar

promontory(ies)/point(s)/tongue(s) of land

mouth(s) of a river/estuary(ies) delta(s)

perlusteinn nm perlite

rafsegulmaeling nfraudur4 amrekbelti nn rett segulmognun an+nnreykur nmrif nnrishryggur nmrof nnrofabard nnrust nfrond a nf+p

skridjokli +nmrost nf

rafsegulmaelingarraudir4rekbelti

reykir rifrishryggir rof denudation rofabord nistirrandir/rendur

a skridjokli rastir

electromagnetic survey(s)redrift zone(s)normal polaritysmoke/steamreef(s)/bank(s)horst(s)

soil patch(es) palsa(en)/ruin(s) medial moraine(s)

strong ocean (tidal) current(s)

samhverfasamhverfuassamsaetuhlutfallsandaldasandsteinn

nfnmnnnfnm

samhverfur samhverfuasar samsaetuhlutfoll sandoldur

syncline(s) synclinal axis(es) isotopic ratio(s) dune(s) sandstone

20

sandur nm

segulmagn nnsegulmaeling nfset nnsetberg nnsetlag nn

setmyndun nfsifreri nm sigdalur/sigdaeld nfsiggengi nnsigketill nm

sjavarrof nnsjor (haf) nm

skagi (nes) nmskard nnskalarjokull nmsker nn

nn skjalftamidja nf** nf

skjalftavirkni nfskogur nmskridjokull nmskriduhlaup nn

(bergskrid/berghlaup)skrida (hrunskrida) nmskridukeila nfsletta nf

snefilefni nn+utbreidsla nf

snidgengi nnsnjoflod (skjoskrida) nnsnjor8 nm

snjoskrida (snjoflod) nfsnaelina nfsnaer8 nm

sandar (aurar)

segulmaelingar set

setlog

setmyndanir

sigdalir/sigdaeldirsiggengisigkatlar

sjoir

skagarskordskalarjoklarskerskilskjalftamidjurskjalftaupptok

skogarskridjoklarskriduhlaup

skridurskridukeilurslettur

snefilefniutbreidslur

snidgengi snjoflod snjoar8

snjoskridur snaelmur

sand/area(s) of sand/glacialoutwash plain(s)

magnetic polarity geomagnetic survey(s) sediment(s) sedimentary rocks sedimentary deposit(s)/clastic

sediment(s) sedimentation permafrost graben(s) normal fault(s) collapse cauldron(s) on a glacier

or a volcanowave abrasion or erosion sea(s)/ocean(s)/seawater/waves

or breakers; [sjoir (largewaves)]

peninsula(s)/headland(s)/cape(s) mountain pass(es) cirque glacier(s) skerry(ies) geologic contact(s) epicenter(s) hypocenter seismicity wood(s)/forest(s) outlet glacier(s)/valley glacier(s) rock avalanche(s)

talusalluvial cone(s)plain(s)/field(s)/an area of level

ground trace element distribution(s)

strike-slip fault(s) snow avalanche(s) snow/lots of snow/layers of snow/

snowfall(s) snow avalanche(s) snow line(s) snow

21

sprengigigarod (oskugirarod)

sprengigigur (ker) sprengigja

stadurstapi (mobergsstapi)

steinafraedisteingervingafraedisteingervingursteinn (berg)steindsteintegundstorgrytistorkubergstrandlina

strik (jardlagastrik) strond (fjara)

stodstodug samsaeta

suda

sudur1f 4sur

nm

nm nf

nfnmnm

nfnfnmnmnfnfnnnnnf

sprengigaradir

sprengigigar sprengigjar

sprungurstadirstapar

steingervingarsteinarsteindirsteintegundirstorgrytistorkubergstrandlinur

nnnf

nfaf+nfnf

nn/adam

strikstrendur/strandir

stodvarstodugar

samsaetursudur

_siirir4

surtarbrandur(bninkol)

svartur4sveitsvaedi

svorfunsydri1syslasaeluhus

nm

amnfnn

nfanfnn

-

svartir4sveitirsvaedi

_-

syslursaeluhus

tephra ring row(s)

maar(s)explosion fissure(s)/maar row(s)

explosion chasm(s)sprunga fissure(s)/crack(s)/fracture(s) place(s)/spot(s) rocky hill(s)/bluff(s)/table

mountain(s) mineralogy paleontology fossil(s) stone(s)/rock(s) mineral(s) rock type(s) large rock(s)/boulder(s) igneous rock(s) raised beach(es)/coastline(s)/

terrace(s) geologic strike coast(s)/shore(s)/beache(es)/

strand(s) station(s) stable isotopes

boiling(s); sudur isinfrequently used

south acidic (more than 65

percent SiO2) rocks(also applies to pH ofliquids)

lignite

blackcountryside/rural district(s)area(s)/place(s)/region(s)/

tract(s) of land erosion southern county(ies) hut(s), emergency hut(s)

22

tangi nm

tertier*timabiltindurtjorn

tunga

tun

undir jokli uppblastur (vindrof) uppdrattur (kort/

landkort/landabref) upphafsold utkulnadur4

vadvardavatnvatnafraedivatnasetvatnaskilvatnasvidvatnsgildi

snaevar8 vatnshver3vedrunvedurvegurver

vestur1vidnamsmaeling

nnnnnmnf

nf

nn

p+nm nm nm

nf am

nnnfnnnfnnnnnnnn+nm nmnfnnnmnn

nn/adnf

tangar

timabiltindartjarnir

tungur

tun

undir joklum

uppdraettir

utkulnadir4

vodvordurvotn

vatnasetvatnaskilvatnasvid

vatnshverir3

vegir ver

vidsnamsmaelingar

narrow peninsula(s)/promontory(ies)/point(s) of land

Tertiary Period period(s)pinnacle(s)/summit(s) small lake(s)/pond(s)/

pool(s)/ tarn(s) tongue(s) of land usually

between several rivers fertilized farm field(s)

subglacial, beneath glaciers denudation/wind erosion map(s)

Archeozoic Era inactive/extinct

ford(s)cairn(s)lake(s)/waterhydrologyalluviumwater divide(s)drainage basin(s)water equivalent of snow

hot spring(s)weatheringweatherroad(s)/path(s)/way(s)/route(s)wet area(s)/highland bog(s)/

nesting area(s)/ fishingstation(s) or place(s)

western electrical resistance

measurement(s)/survey(s)

23

vikur (aska/gosmol/ nngjoska/gosaska)

vik nfvindrof (uppblastur) nnvirkur4 amviti nmvfti nn

vogur nmvolgra3 nfvollur nmvoluberg nn

vikrar

vikurvindrofvirkir4vitarviti

vogarvolgrur3vellir

pumice/lapilli/pumice flats or pumice-covered area(s)

bay(s)/cove(s)/creek(s)deflationactivelighthouse(s)hell/also used for explosive

volcanic craters or maarsinlet(s)/cove(s)/creek(s)lukewarm spring(s)field(s)/plain(s)conglomerate

yfirbordslagyfirbordsvatnytri5ytri5ytra5

nnnnamafan

yfirbordslog

ytri5 ytri5

ytru5

surficial layer(s)surface waterouterouterouter

J>elaur6 J)ing J)orp J)ufa

J)ursaberg J>yngdarafl jardar J>yngdarmaeling

nfnnnnnf

J>elaur6ir{)ingJ)orpJ)ufur

nnnn+nf

nf

J)ursaberg

J>yngdarmaelingar

rock glacier(s)meeting(s)/parliament(s)village(s)frost mound(s)/small hillock(s)/

mound(s)/knoll(s) breccia gravity gravity survey(s)

ofugt segulmagn an+nn olkelda nf

nm oskufall nn

oskugigarod nf(sprengigfgarod)

oskulagatfmatal nn oskuglgur (hverfjall) nm oxi9 nf

olkeldur

oraefi

oskugigaradir

oskulagatfmatoloskugigaraxir9

reverse polarity cold, carbon dioxide

spring(s)wasteland/desert/wilderness tephra fall

tephra ring row(s)

tephrochronology(ies) tephra ring(s) axe(s)

24

Glossary notes

1. Austur (east), vestur (west), nordur (north), and sudur (south) can be nouns (neuter) as

well as adverbs; it all depends on the context in which they are used. As in English, the

above adverbial form is the positive one; they also exist as adjectives in the comparative

and superlative forms:

Positive (Adv.) Comparative (Adj.) Superlative (Adj.)

austur eystri or austari austasturvestur vestri or vestari vestasturnordur nyrdri or nordari nyrstursudur sydri sydstur

2. Gos is also used in the vernacular as an abbreviation for gosdrykkur, the Icelandic word

for soda pop or a soft drink.

3. Geothermal activity in Iceland is divided into two types of areas on the basis of water

temperature at a depth of 1 kilometer: (1) hahitasvaedi (high-temperature areas

(+200°C)) which have leirhverir or brennissteinshverir (solfataras), gufuhverir (fumeroles),

goshverir (geysers), etc.; and laghitasvaedi (low-temperature areas (+150°C)) which have a

variety of types of vatnshverir (springs), such as hverir (hot springs; >70°C), laugar (warm

springs; 30°C-70°C), and volgrur (lukewarm springs; <30°C). The distinction between hver

and laug is not based solely on the water temperature; it varies throughout Iceland, depending

on what is considered to be "warm" or "hot" in each district.

4. Adjectives usually have different forms in the singular and plural of masculine, feminine,

and neuter grammatical genders; for example, the word green:

25

Singular Plural

masculine graenn graenirfeminine graen graenarneuter graent graen

5. Inner in Icelandic only exists as comparative (innri) and superlative (innstur) adjectives;

the same holds true for outer, with ytri the comparative and ystur the superlative form of

the adjective.

6. Is is also used in the vernacular as the Icelandic word for ice cream; in the plural (isar)

it means ice cream cones, but it can also mean ice from a meteorological standpoint.

7. Deglaciation can also be expressed as eyding jokla.

8. Snjor (snow) is a masculine noun which has very irregular declensions, including

multiple spelling variations within the singular cases:

singular: nominative snjor, snaer, snjaraccusative snjo, snae, snjadative snjo, snae (vi), snja (vi)genitive snjos/snjoar, snaevar, snjavar, snjovar

plural: nominative snjoaraccusative snjoadative snjoumgenitive snjoa

9. Axar (ax) is the form of the genitive case or declension; for example, Axarfjordur.

26

Glossary sources

The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms was derived from a variety

of publications. In addition, I would like to give special acknowledgement to fifteen Icelandic

geoscientists who critically reviewed the glossary and accompanying text and who also

recommended terms for inclusion in the glossary: Helgi Bjornsson, geophysicist (glaciology)

and Professor, University of Oslo (Norway); Pall Einarsson, geophysicist (seismology); and

Leo Kristjansson, geophysicist (geomagnetism) - Science Institute, University of Iceland; Gylfi

Mar Gudbergsson, geographer (land use/botany); and Sigurdur Stein{)6rsson, geologist

(petrology), all professors in the Department of Geosciences, University of Iceland; Karl

Gronvold, geologist (petrology); and Gudrun Larsen, geologist (tephrochronology) - Nordic

Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland; Haukur Tomasson, geologist (regional

geology) - Icelandic Museum of Natural History; the late Sigurjon Rist, hydrologist (surface

water/glaciology); Ton Jonsson, geologist (regional geology); Kristjan Saemundsson, geologist

(regional geology); Gudmundur Palmason, geophysicist (heat flow); Oddur Sigurdsson,

glaciologist; and Helgi Torfason, geologist (regional geology) - Icelandic Natural Energy

Authority; Ton Benjaminsson, geologist - Icelandic National Center for Hygiene, Food

Quality, and Environmental Protection; and and Haraldur Sigurdsson, geologist

(volcanology/marine geology) - School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island; and the

late U.S. Icelandic language scholar, John G. Alice, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Department of

English, George Washington University. I am especially grateful to my very good friend and

colleague, Gylfi Mar Gudbergsson, for his superb comprehensive (and educational) review of

27

the glossary and for his extraordinary patience in trying, for nearly three decades, to teach me

the fascinating idiosyncracies of the Icelandic language.

The following were the principal published sources used to compile the glossary:

Armstrong, I.E., Roberts, B.B., and Swithinbank, C.W.M., 1973, Illustrated glossary of snow and ice: Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, 60 p.

Arngrimur Sigurdsson, 1975, Islensk-ensk ordabok: Prentsmidjan Leiftur, Reykjavik, 942 p.

Arni Bodvarsson, editor, 1985, Islensk ordabok (handa skolum og almenningi): Bokaiitgafa Menningarsjods, Reykjavik, 1263 p.

Barth, T.F.W., 1950, Volcanic geology, hot springs, and geysers of Iceland: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 587, Washington, D.C., 175 p.

Einar B. Palsson, editor, 1983, Ordanefnd byggingarverkfraedinga: Ordasafn um fraveitur [Section 1]: Timarit Verkfraedingafelags Islands, v. 68, no. 6, p. 98-101.

Einar B. Palsson, editor, 1984, Ordanefnd byggingarverkfraedinga: Ordasafn um fraveitur [Sections 2 and 3]: Timarit Verkfraedingafelags Islands, v. 69, no. 2-4, p. 5-8.

Escritt, Tony, 1985, Iceland. A handbook for expeditions: London, the Iceland Information Centre, Ltd., 243 p.

Gylfi Mar Gudbergsson, 1984, Landafraedi: 1 hefti, Almenn landafraedi Island, Namsgagnastofnun, Reykjavik, 160 p.

Halfdanarson, Orlygur, 1981, Iceland road guide: 6m og Orlygur hf., Travel Books, third edition, Reykjavik, 440 p.

Haukur Johannesson, 1980, Jardlagaskipan og J>roun rekbelta a Vesturlandi: Natturufraedingurinn, v. 50, no. 1, p. 13-31.

Ingibjorg Kaldal and Skuli Vikingsson, 1979, Jokulsar i Skagafirdi; II, jardgrunnskort: Orkustofnun, Raforkudeild Report No. OS79044/ROD16, October, Reykjavik, 3 sheets; scale, 1:50,000.

28

Johannesson, Haukur, Jakobsson, SveinnP., and Saemundsson, Kristjan, compilers, 1982, South Iceland: Sheet 6 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, Icelandic Museum of Natural History-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavik.

Jon Benjaminsson, 1992, Ordaskra i jardfraedi og skyldum greinum: Reykjavik, utgefandi, Jon Benjaminsson, 191 p.

Jon EyJ>6rsson, 1963, Ordasafn (Helztu heiti a is og snjo a landi): Jokull, v. 13, p. 24-28.

Jon EyJ>6rsson, 1964, Ordasafn (Helztu heiti a hafisum): Jokull, v. 14, p. 90-94.

Kidson, Peter, 1966, Iceland. A traveller's guide: Ferdahandbaekur s/f, Reykjavik, 216 p.

Kidson, Peter, 1971, Iceland in a nutshell. Complete reference guide: Iceland Travel Books, Reykjavik, 240 p.

Kjartansson, Gudmundur, compiler, 1960, South-West Iceland: Sheet 3 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology and Geography; Distributed by the Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavik.

Landmaelingar Islands, n. d. (1980?), Vogar, Iceland-Island: Fjordungsblodin series, Sheet No. 1512-1; scale, 1:50,000. Also published by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's Hydrographic/Topographic Center in A.M.S. Series C761.

Preusser, Hubertus, 1976, The landscapes of Iceland: Types and regions: Dr. W. Junk b. v., Publishers, The Hague, 363 p.

Rannsoknastofnun landbunadarins, 1968, Hafnir, Gullbringusysla: Sheet 75 in theVegetation Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:40,000, Agricultural Research Institute- Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavik.

Schutzbach, Werner, 1976, Island. Feuerinsel am Polarkreis: Ferdinand Dummlers Verlag, Bonn, 269 p.

Schutzbach, Werner, 1985, Island. Feuerinsel am Polarkreis: second edition, Ferdinand Dummlers Verlag, Bonn, 272 p.

Sigbjarnarson, Guttormur, Albertsson, Kristinn, and Einarsson, Kristinn, n. d., Geological Map of Krepputunga og Bniardalir: National Energy Authority, Electrical Power Division; scale, 1:83,333. Reykjavik.

Sigurdur 6rn Bogason, 1972, Ensk-islenzk ordabok: Isafoldarprentsmidja hf., Reykjavik, 862 p.

29

Saemundsson, Kristjan, compiler, 1977, North East Iceland: Sheet 7 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250,000, Museum of Natuaral History-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavik.

Soren Sorenson, 1984, Ensk-islensk ordabok (med alfraedilegu ivafi): 6rn og Orlygur hf., Reykjavik, 1241 p.

Thorarinsson, Sigurdur, and Saemundsson, Kristjan, 1980, Volcanic activity in historial time: Jokull, v. 29 (1979), p. 29-32.

Thorarinsson, Sigurdur, editor, Einarsson, Trausti, and Kjartansson, Gudmundur, 1959, On the geology and geomorphology of Iceland: Geografiska Annaler, v. 41, no. 2-3, p. 135-169.

Tomas Tryggvason and Jon Jonsson, 1958, Jardfraedikort af nagrenni Reykjavikur: Idnadardeildar Atvinnudeildar Haskolans og Skrifstofu baejarverkfraedings; scale, 1:40,000, Reykjavik.

Wood, C. A., Whitford-Stark, J. L., and Head, J.W., compilers, n. d., Iceland fielditinerary: Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, Team 5, Distribution and Morphology of Basalt Deposits on Planets; Planetary Geology Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lunar Science Institute, 55 p.

Porhallur Vilmundarson, editor, 1980, Grimnir (Rit um nafnfraedi): Ornefnastofnun Pjodminjasafns, Reykjavik, v. 1, 143 p.

Porhallur Vilmundarson, editor, 1983, Grimnir (Rit um nafnfraedi): Ornefnastofnun Pjodminjasafns, Reykjavik, v. 2, 144 p.

Porleiftir Einarsson, 1968, Jar5frae6i. Saga bergs og lands: Mal og menning, Reykjavik, 335 p.

Porleifur Einarsson, 1973, Jardfraedi: Heimskringla, Reykjavik, 254 p.

Porsteinn Josepsson and Steindor Steindorsson, 1981, Landid J)itt. Island: v. 2 (H-K), 6rn og Orlygur hf., Reykjavik, 288 p.

Porsteinn Josepsson and Steindor Steindorsson, 1983, Landid J)itt. Island: v. 4 (S-T), 6rn og Orlygur hf., Reykjavik, 280 p.

30

Porsteinn Josepsson and Steindor Steindorsson, 1984, Landid J)itt. Island: v. 1 (A-G), 6rn og Orlygur hf., Reykjavik, 278 p.

Porsteinn Josepsson, Steindor Steindorsson, and Pall Lindal, 1982, Landid J)itt. Island: v. 3 (L-R), Orn og Orlygur hf., Reykjavik, 340 p.

Porsteinn Josepsson, Steindor Steindorsson, Bjorn Porsteinsson, og Gudjon Armann Eyjolfsson, 1984, Landid J)itt. Island: v. 5 (U-O), Orn og Orlygur hf., Reykjavik, 271 p.

Porsteinn Josepsson, Steindor Steindorsson, and Einar Laxness, 1985, Landid J)itt. Island: Lykilbok, Orn og Orlygur hf., Reykjavik, 416 p.

31