Study on Introduction of CO2Study on Introduction of CO2Free Energy to Japan with Liquid Free Energy to Japan with Liquid

HydrogenHydrogen

July, 8July, 8thth, 2014, 2014Shoji Shoji KamiyaKamiya, , MotohikoMotohiko Nishimura, Eiichi Harada , et al. Nishimura, Eiichi Harada , et al.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

ICEC25 & ICMC2014,7-11 July 2014 @ University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands

1

A Guide to Kawasaki GroupNet Sales Business Segment

¥1,288billion

Founded : 1875

3

ContentsContents

1.1. Concept of Hydrogen Energy Supply Concept of Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain (HESC)Chain (HESC)

2.2. Commercial scale Commercial scale -- chainchain3.3. Pilot scale Pilot scale -- chain chain 4.4. Cryogenic systems of hydrogen chain Cryogenic systems of hydrogen chain

(EX. LH2 carrier)(EX. LH2 carrier)5. Hydrogen safety5. Hydrogen safety6 Summary 6 Summary

Why Hydrogen?Why Hydrogen?

Need low cost energy with CO2 free

1. Nuclear energy2. Renewable energy3. Hydrogen energy from fossil fuels

in combination with CCS (CO2 Capture & Storage)

- Global warning issues-High fossil fuel costs

(due to increasing energy demand & carbon taxes)- Energy Security

(Not expand in Japan)(Not expand in Japan)(Limited in Japan)(Limited in Japan)

4

5

Governmental Strategic Energy planGovernmental Strategic Energy planof Japan on April 2014of Japan on April 2014

Energy Security

Environment

Safety

Economy

Main viewpoints of Energy basic plan

Toward Hydrogen Economy

3E+S - To ensure stable energy (Energy

security)- To realize low cost energy supply by

high efficiency (Economy)- To pursue environment suitability

(Environment)- To ensure safety (Safety)

6

JapanJapan’’s H2 Road Map toward its s H2 Road Map toward its EconomyEconomy

Oil refinery

Present Practical Stage Future Stage

Industrial process

Optical fiber

Space

Stationary Fuel Cell

Transport

Fuel Cell Vehicle

Power generationIndustrial process

H2 reduction ironmanufacture

PortableFC

Consumer use

Consumer use

Hydrogen Air craftFCV railroad car

FCV submarine

Hydrogen shipFCV bus & folk lift

H2 & FC power generation

Reference : Hydrogen & fuel cell strategic road map by METI Japan, June 24 ,2014

Oil refinery

Special application

Simulation of hydrogen demand by IAESimulation of hydrogen demand by IAE

・・Available supply cost of COAvailable supply cost of CO22--freefree--hydrogen hydrogen : 25: 25～～45 Yen /Nm45 Yen /Nm33（（CIFCIF））

・・Reduction on COReduction on CO2 2 : : --1515％％ by 2020 , by 2020 , --8080％％ by 2050by 2050（（as compared to 1990as compared to 1990））

・・Nuclear power :Nuclear power : Up to 50Up to 50％％ (???)(???)・・Renewable energy (Solar & Wind) : Up to 15% Renewable energy (Solar & Wind) : Up to 15% ・・CCS : Difficult to implement CCS inside countryCCS : Difficult to implement CCS inside country

＊IAE (Institute of Applied Energy) of Japan simulated the hydrogen demand, using ‘GRAPE’ code＊CIF; Cost. Insurance and Fright

Tentative review conditions (Ex.)Tentative review conditions (Ex.)

Future Demand for HydrogenFuture Demand for Hydrogen

77

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

エネ

ルギ

ー供

給量

(Mto

e)

20202005 2035 20500

100

200

300

400

500

600

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2020 2035 20502025 2035 20500%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

・ In 2025, Hydrogen with ab. 9 M ton/ year ( 11 G Nm3/year）@ 35 yen/Nm3 will be introduced

・Switching to CO2-free fuels should be required by 2050

Prim

ary

ener

gy s

uppl

y P

rimar

y en

ergy

sup

ply

(MTO

E)

Prediction of primary energy and Hydrogen supplyPrediction of primary energy and Hydrogen supply））

HydrogenNuclear

LNG

Oil

Coal

BiomassWind

Hydrogen

Nuclear

Biomass

OIl

Coal

LNG

Wind

Water

Future Hydrogen Supply of JapanFuture Hydrogen Supply of Japan

8

21MT/y 34MT/y9MT/y

8％

20％

40％

Hydro

8

9

Hydrogen Use

LH2 LH2 carrierscarriers

LH2LH2 truckstrucks

H2 tanksH2 tanks

LH2 storageLH2 storage

Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Transport and Storage

Use in processesSemiconductor

and solar cell production, oil refining and desulfurization,

etc.

Energy equipment

Low-cost H2 productionfrom unused resources (brown coal)

Hydrogen gas engines, gas turbines, boilers, fuel cells, etc.

Power plantsCombined cycle power plants, etc.

CCS Transportation equipmentHydrogen station, cars, etc.

GasificationGasification& &

PurificationPurification

Japan

C JAXA

H2

Australia

HHydrogen ydrogen EEnergy nergy SSupply upply CChain Concepthain Concept((HESCHESC))

Brown coalBrown coal

CO2

Use in processesSemiconductor and solar cell production,

oil refining and desulfurization, etc.

Power plantsCombined cycle power plants, etc.

Energy equipmentHydrogen gas engines, gas turbines,

boilers, fuel cells, etc.

Transportation equipmentHydrogen station, cars, etc.

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Hydrogen Transport and StorageHydrogen Transport and Storage Hydrogen UseHydrogen Use

Low-cost H2 productionfrom unused resources (brown coal)

Gasification

H2 purification

LH2 carriers Hydrogen lorries

Brown coal LH2storage tanks

KHIKHI’’ss Technology BackgroundsTechnology Backgrounds

Direct ApplicationsDirect Applications Improvement & DevelopmentImprovement & DevelopmentKawasaki TechnologiesKawasaki Technologies

Fertilizer plantFertilizer plantLH2 tankLH2 tank(Rocket launch system)(Rocket launch system)

LNG baseLNG base

LNG carrierLNG carrierHydrogen Hydrogen lorry & containerlorry & container

Gas engineGas engineGas turbineGas turbine

LNGLNGpowerpowerplantplantGasifierGasifier

10

JapanAustralia

11

Distribution of Australian Brown CoalDistribution of Australian Brown Coal

Latrobe Valley

Brown coal field to horizon line（one layer from surface to 250m depth

and underneath ）

Power Station（Loy Yang B）500MW×２plants

Power Station（Loy Yang A）550MW×４plants

Open-cast brown coal mining site

CoalBrawn coal

11

12

Grand schedule of the projectGrand schedule of the projectTokyo Olympic (2020)

13

Scheme of Feasibility Study (FS) Scheme of Feasibility Study (FS) （（JapanJapan--AustraliaAustralia International Joint StudyInternational Joint Study））

Victoria State Gov.

Australian Gov.

Australian Partner

NEDO*1

KHI

Japanese Gov.

MOU

*1: Feasibility Study (FS) was conducted under the support of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

13

Overview of Commercial ChainOverview of Commercial Chain

14

Pipe linePipe line80km80km

Production siteProduction site““Latrobe ValleyLatrobe Valley””

MelbourneMelbourne

Loading & export siteLoading & export site

CarbonCarbon--NET ProjectNET Project

80km80km

Liquid hydrogen Liquid hydrogen carriercarrier

14

15

Brown coal gasification plantBrown coal gasification plant

Hydrogenrefining plant

Hydrogenrefining plant

Brown coal：Hydrogen：CO2 ：

14,200 t/day770 t/day

13,300 t/day

4,700,000 t/year (assumed 60% water content coal)246,000 t/year

4,400,000 t/year

F/S Result of Hydrogen Production PlantF/S Result of Hydrogen Production Plant

16

LH2 carrier ( 2 ships )Loading Hydrogen： 238,500 t/yearCargo tank ： 40,000m3x 4 tanks

Hydrogen liquefactionCapacity:770 t/day

Hydrogen storage facility50,000 m3 x 5 tanks

Liquefaction plant

Liquefaction plantStorage facility

Storage facility

F/S Result of Hydrogen Loading BaseF/S Result of Hydrogen Loading Baseand LHand LH22 CarrierCarrier

LH2 Hydrogen CarrierLH2 Hydrogen Carrier

Tank type: Type B independent tank Numbers of ship: 2H2 carrier size: 160,000 m3/shipBoil off Rate (BOR): 0.2% / day

Length: 315 mWidth: 56 mDepth: 28 mRequired sea depth: 11 m

Annual delivery Qty: 238,500 ton/year-H2Service speed: 16 kts (30km/h)Voyage days: 12.6 days/one way

1717

18

Cost breakdown(%)Cost breakdown(%)@@ＣＩＦＣＩＦ 29.8 yen/Nm29.8 yen/Nm33

Production

Liquefaction

Loading base

Brown coal

Carrier

CO2 storage

9%9%

11%11%

33%33%

10%10%

8%8%

29%29%

Loading quantity: 238,500 t/yearLoading quantity: 238,500 t/year

Delivered hydrogen quantityDelivered hydrogen quantity225,400 t/year225,400 t/year

FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle) : 3 millionFCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle) : 3 million

Hydrogen power plant : 650 MWHydrogen power plant : 650 MW

F/S Result of Delivered Hydrogen CostF/S Result of Delivered Hydrogen Cost

Hydrogen pipeline 1%1%

19

The cost is more competitive than wind and solar.

Evaluation of Power Generation in JapanEvaluation of Power Generation in Japan

FeedFeed--in Tariffin Tarifffrom July, 2012 from July, 2012

for 20 years for 20 years

NuclearNuclear LNGLNG CoalCoal OilOilHydrogen derived Hydrogen derived from Brown Coalfrom Brown Coal

WindWind SolarSolar

Power generation cost Power generation cost [ yen/kWh][ yen/kWh]

Features of COFeatures of CO22Free Hydrogen ChainFree Hydrogen Chain

• Production of hydrogen from unused fossil fuelPossible to produce large-mass hydrogen and to

ensure security • CO2 emitted is locally separated and stored.

Environmentally friendly• large scale hydrogen technologies are required

Strengthen international industrial competitiveness• Purchase of expensive natural resource are not required

Prevent outflow of natural wealth

2020

21

• The commercial-scale HESC is technically and economically feasible.

・ By its commercialization, technical demonstration, safety verification and demonstration of stable operation are necessary for potential investor , using pilot-scale HESC.

Then as a next step, conceptual design of pilot-scaleHESC has been conducted.

NextNext step step

Conceptual Design of Pilot Chain (10t/d)Conceptual Design of Pilot Chain (10t/d)

22

Shipment baseShipment baseBrown coal gasified hydrogen production Brown coal gasified hydrogen production ・・ liquefied plantliquefied plant

2500m2500m3 3 Liquefied Liquefied Hydrogen carrier Hydrogen carrier Pilot chain is under front end Pilot chain is under front end engineering and designengineering and design

LH2 carrier was provided with the LH2 carrier was provided with the worldworld’’s first s first AiPAiP from Class NK. from Class NK.

AiP：Approval in Principle22

23

Other hydrogen carriers at large scale Other hydrogen carriers at large scale

LH2 Ammonia Methanol Chemical hydride

Chemical form. H2 NH3 CH3OH C7H14

Density kg/m3 70.8 680 800 770Boiling point ℃ - 253 - 33 65 101HydrogenationProcess

GH2

⇒ LH2

３H2＋N2

⇒２NH3

２H2＋CO⇒ CH3OH

C7H8 +３H2

⇒ C7H1４

DehydrogenationProcess

LH2

⇒ GH2

２NH3

⇒ ３H2＋N2CH3OH ＋ H２

⇒ ３H2 + CO2C7H14

⇒ 3H２＋C7H8

(Remark) Ex. of Chemical hydride : Toluene (TOL, C7H8) + Hydrogen = Methylcyclohexan (MCH, C7H14)

23

24

LH2 (H2) LNG(CH4)Boiling point K 20.3（-253℃） 112（-162℃）

Saturated liquid density kg/m3 70.8 442.5Saturated gas density kg/m3 1.34 1.82

Critical temperature K 32.9 190Critical Pressure MPa 1.28 4.60

Latent heat kJ/L (kJ/kg) 31.4 (444） 226(510)

Surface tension mN/m 1.98 13.4Thermal cond. mW/(m K) 119 206Prandtl Number 1.0 1.7

Lower heating value MJ/L (MJ/kg) 8.5 (120) 22.1 (50 )

Comparison of LH2 and LNG( Methane )

-Two tanks, total carrying capacity of 2,500m3. -Cargo holds with double-hulls on the sides and bottom-Sturdy hold covers protecting tank system-Powered by Diesel Engine in initial stage-Test facilities for such as fuel cell batteries and hydrogen-driven turbines

Length : abt. 105 mWidth : abt. 22 mDepth : abt. 9 mRequired sea depth : abt. 5 m

AiP for LH2 Cargo Containment System(1/3)LH2 carrier was provided with the worldLH2 carrier was provided with the world’’s first s first AiPAiP from Class NKfrom Class NK. .

AiP：Approval in Principle25

-Horizontal cylindrical pressure vessels freely enable thermal shrinkage for transporting LH2-Pressure build-up (accumulation) system locking BOG into the cargo tank-Pressure discharging in addition to pumping-Double-skin structure using Vacuum Insulation System-Cargo Tank Supports made from a newly developed GFRP structure-Access to cargo tanks through the domes

AiP for LH2 Cargo Containment System(2/3)

26

AiP for LH2 Cargo Containment(3/3) System(2/3)

Granted based on:

•Rules and Guidance for the Survey and Construction of Steel Ships, “ Part N; Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk” (IGC Code)

•JG’s provisionally proposed Minimum Requirements for Carriage of Liquefied Hydrogen in Bulk

•HAZID (HAZAD identification)

27

• Concept design of CCS (Cargo Containment System) has been completed.

• AiP (Approval in Principle) for the CCS has been secured by ClassNK.

• Development and testing of bulk handling system such as LH2 pumps, H2 gas compressors are ongoing.

• Element testing for CCS construction is ongoing.

Current Status of the Engineering WorksCurrent Status of the Engineering Works for for Liquefied Hydrogen CarrierLiquefied Hydrogen Carrier

28

29

Mini. Specific Work (Mini. Specific Work (ExergyExergy Work ) Work ) for Liquefying hydrogen for Liquefying hydrogen

Cooling gas(41%) Condensing (44%) Conversion (15%)

Reference : -Peschka 1992

-K Ohlig & L.Decker ;” The Latest Development and Outlook for hydrogen Liquefaction Technology”, Linde , June, WHEC 2014, Korea

Where Wth: minimum specific work 3.91 kWh/kg To: ambient temperature (K) , Te: boiling point (K), Cp: specific heat capacity (J/kg K)Ql : heat of vaporization (j/kg ) C: concentration of ortho hydrogen, Qop : conversion energy from orth to para hydrogen (j/kg)

The practical specific work ?Current technology 11kW/kg Future 6 kWh/kg(?)

29

30

IDEALHY Advanced Liquefaction of Hydrogen Example

・Feed pressure ： ～80Bar

・Wet turbine replacing J-T valve

・Expander ： 4 units under 90K

・ Refrigerant under 90K

N2 above 90K

Mixed He,or H2, or Ne under 90K

・ Thermal insulation for cold box

Perilte above 90K

vacuum under 90K

・Compressor

Feed ： Piston type

Recycle ：Turbo type

Reference: Quack ( SINTEF、TUD) ;Search for the best processes to liquefy hydrogen in very large plants” 12th cryogenic -IIR Conference-Dresden –Sept.2012

Large scale H2 Safety System

31

International Safety StandardsInternational Safety Standards( Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier )( Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier )

Minimum/Special Requirementsof 

IGC Code

Basic Designof  

Liquid Hydrogen Carrier

Safety Evaluationof

Hydrogen Carrier

Incorporation of selective countermeasures

Hazard identificationand risk assessment, using HAZID and FMEA method 

Amendment of minimum/special requirements in IGC Code

Proposal for IGC Code and International standard

Conclusion of bilateral agreementbetween Japan and Australia, Certification of IMO

＊HAZID：HAZard Identification＊FMEA：Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

Minimum/Special Requirementsof 

IGC Code

Basic Designof  

Liquid Hydrogen Carrier

Safety Evaluationof

Hydrogen Carrier

Safety Evaluationof

Hydrogen Carrier

Incorporation of selective countermeasures

Hazard identificationand risk assessment, using HAZID and FMEA method 

Amendment of minimum/special requirements in IGC Code

Proposal for IGC Code and International standard

Conclusion of bilateral agreementbetween Japan and Australia, Certification of IMO

＊HAZID：HAZard Identification＊FMEA：Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

3232

33

Hydrogen Properties on SafetyAdvantage ： - Light gas density -Large dispersion、

-Small thermal radiation

Disadvantage ： - Large flammability limit -Small energy for ignition

- Leaky

Hydrogen MethaneSpecific gravity (Air=1) 0.084 0.65Diffusion conf. in NTP cm2/sec 0.614 0.016Flame temperature ℃ 約2,000 約1,900Flammability limit in Air % 4～75 5～15Ignition energy (minimum) mJ 0.02 0.30

34

LH2 fluid behavior when spilling on the ground LH2Liquid hydrogen

LNG

Solid ground ：

-Concrete , - Gravel,

- Steel plate

Liquid ground

- Water

LH2

褐炭ガス化水素製造・液化プラント

Issue: Flame temperature and velocity of hydrogen high ⇒ Protection from burnout and NOx emission suppression

H2Air

Air

Combustion gas

Fuel Nozzle

Combustor

NOx suppressed by water injection

Const. temp. condition

CAE with CFD

NG 100%H2 --- %

--- %100%

60%40%

20%80%

Pure H2

Flame Image

H2O

35

Developing Hydrogen Gas Turbine

35

Brow

n coal H2

Wind H2

Oil & Gas H2

Solar Ｈ２

Wind, Hydro, Oil & Gas H2

Wind H2

Hydro H2Hydro H2

Hydrogen Potential from Overseas Hydrogen Potential from Overseas

3636

37

Other hydrogen sources with CO2 freeOther hydrogen sources with CO2 freeProduction from excess Electric Power

Production from geothermal energy of remote islands

By combining hydroelectric power and water electrolysis, production of hydrogen can be free of CO2

(Magadan region of Russia)

Produce hydrogen from the geothermal energy of remote islands

37

38

SummarySummary1. Large mass hydrogen will be introduced for reducing CO2 in the

near future.

2. KHI proposed CO2 Free Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain from Australia to Japan.

3. Japan’s government revealed the road map toward hydrogen economy.

4. LH2 is the promising energy carrier.

5. Large scale LH2 carrier and H2 liquefactions with high efficiency are key technologies.

6. KHI obtained AiP (approved independent approval ) for a small LH2 carrier from NK(Ship classification).

7. Safety technologies for handling large mass hydrogen will be indispensable .

38

39

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention！！

39