10/13LEAGUE OF NATIONS &

COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN

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DO NOW ~Paper I Review

QUESTION 1A According to Source A which are

Clemenceau’s points of view about justice towards the Germans?Can not be unreasonable towards Germans

in fear of provoking the rise of nationalismSave the world from German aggression Justice must be served by the Germans

QUESTION 1B What message is conveyed by Source E

The Big Three have punished the Germans so much that the Treaty of Versailles will continue to effect the Germans for years to come

QUESTION 2 Compare and contrast the views expressed

about the Paris Peace Conference in sources C and D Similarities

Both source C & D blame the leaders of the Paris Peace Conference of just worrying about their capitalist interests

Treaties were forced on the people and not just Treaties created at Paris Peace Conference were a failure

Differences Source D does agree to certain restrictions against

Germany as long as Germany could recover economically

Communist viewpoint did not support the idea of self – government or self – determination

QUESTION 3 With reference to their origin and

purpose, assess the value of limitations for historians studying the Paris Peace Conference of Source B & DSource B

Origin – Hitler, Mein Kampf 1925 Purpose – Show resentment of Germany being

forced to sign Treaty of Versailles Value – Hitler would go onto to be the leader of

Germany in WWII and would use the Paris Peace Conference as a way to persuade the people to believe in his views

Limitations – Does not show other leaders goals, beliefs, aims, etc. at the Paris Peace Conf.

QUESTION 3 With reference to their origin and purpose,

assess the value of limitations for historians studying the Paris Peace Conference of Source B & D Source D

Origin – British delegate H. Nicolson at the Paris Peace Conference…book written ‘Peacemaking 1919’

Purpose – To report about the successes and failures at the Paris Peace Conference

Value – H. Nicolson is a primary source because he attended the Paris Peace Conference and discusses the aims and goals when they arrived in Paris

Limitation – Does not address the goals of other leaders especially the French who wanted to severely punish Germany

QUESTION 4 “The Paris Peace Conference was guilty

of disguising an imperialist peace under the surface of Wilsonism.” To what extend do you agree with Nicolson’s point of view.Agree

Wilson & his 14 Points League of Nations Germans were held responsible for WWI

(reparations, disarmament, etc.) Mandate System Britain wanted to protect its colonial empire Open Door Policy

OVERVIEW Problems ENFORCING peace treaties –

USA did not join League of Nations = insecurity

Disarmament difficult = NO TRUST France & Britain concerned about their

own problems Italy & Japan looked to undermine the

treaties signed and looked to gain land Some progress at fostering international

cooperation

WEAKNESSES OF THE LEAGUE Three important countries were not

apart of the league: USA, Soviet Union, & GermanyAmerican politicians wanted to keep out of

international affairsBolshevik government was not recognized

by the other Great PowersGermany was not allowed to join initially as

one of the punishments imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. (Germany was a member from 1926-1933

Japan left in 1933 and Italy in 1937

WEAKNESSES OF THE LEAGUE A second fatal weakness was the fact

that the League of Nations did not have an army.

If a conflict arose, member states had to supply forces at their own expense. All were reluctant to do so, especially Britain and France who were effectively the only strong countries in the League.

WEAKNESSES A third weakness was to do with

organization. Each of the member countries sent delegates to the Assembly, but real power was concentrated in the hands of the Council, made up of permanent members Britain, France, Italy and Japan in 1920.

Each member of the council had the right of veto, which meant that one vote against could stop action being agreed.

ITALY Regarded the Treaty of Versailles as a

‘mutilated victory’ It did not gain all land it expected Felt Britain and France were determined to

deny Italy equal treatment Social and economic problems let to

political chaos 1922 King Victor Emmanuel asked Benito

Mussolini to form a government Mussolini would set up a Fascist gov’t –

based on the glory of the state and strength displayed through violence and conquest

ORIGINS OF JAPANESE AGGRESSION 1905 – defeat of Russia in Russo – Japanese

War – gave Japan Korean Peninsula and control of railways in Manchuria

Japan needed to import raw material and food

Peace treaties angered Japanese due to terms not treating them as equals

Japanese belief that they should control Pacific region and foreign influences like USA and Britain be removed

Instability in China let to Japan willing to use military force to protect it’s interests

WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE

Organized by U.S Naval arms race

between U.S, U.K and Japan

Called for 2 reasons:Cost of arms which no

one could affordDefuse tension b/w U.S

and Japan

The Washington Naval Conference called by President Harding and held in Washington D.C. from Nov. 12 1921 to Feb. 6, 1922., it was attended by nine nations having interests in the pacific ocean and east Asia.

Led to an effective end to building new battleship fleets and those few ships that were built were limited in size and armament.

WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE

FOUR POWER AGREEMENT US, Britain, France, & Japan

Result – December 1921 guaranteed the territorial rights to their respective possessions in the Pacific

Agreed to defend each other in event of attack

FIVE POWER AGREEMENT Signed February 1921 – Italy joined the

allianceResult -= 5:5:3 Ratio size of their fleetsUSA, Britain, & Japan (France & Italy half the

size of Japan)First steps towards international

disarmament Expensive naval race avoided

NINE POWER AGREEMENT China’s political instability would result

in foreign powers extending influence resulting in international conflict

Confirmed Open Door Policy

Washington Agreements Successful1) Small number of countries = easier to

find common ground 2) Countries could not afford naval cost

GENEVA PROTOCOL 1924 – 25 Drafted to ensure the collective security

of Europe Proposed sanctions against aggressors Members of the League would come to

help any victim who fell to aggression French were enthusiastic about proposal Britain vetoed the proposal

Held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1927.

Agreements made at the Washington Conference (1921-22), were largely confined to limitations on battleships and aircraft carriers.

Talks dragged on for nearly six weeks during which tensions rose among the former Allies. In early August, the delegates adjourned without reaching any agreement.

GENEVA NAVAL CONFERENCE

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT US secretary of state Frank Billings

Kellogg & Aristide Briand (former minister of France) helped create a culture of disarmament

Renounced the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of disputes

Pact was signed by 15 nations on August 27 1928 and in 1933 another 50 nations signed

Despite optimism pact was little more then statement of good intentions

0 enforcement or binding clauses

DAVID LOW – POLITICAL CARTOONIST Please write down the following 3

Questions: What do you see in this cartoon?What is the message of the cartoonist?How do you know?

PAPER 1 DURATION – 1 HOUR – HL 20%

Question Assessment Objective

The first questions will test understanding of a source in part (a) and part (b)

1) Knowledge and understanding~ Understand historical sources

The second question will test analysis of sources through the comparison and contrast

1) Application and interpretation ~ Compare and contrast historical sources as evidence

The third question will ask students to discuss two sources in relation to their origin, purpose, value, limitation

1) Synthesis & Evaluation~ Evaluate historical sources as evidence

The fourth question will test evaluation of sources and context knowledge

Knowledge & Understanding / Application & Interpretation / Synthesis & Evaluation