ICAO’s WORK on AVIATIONICAO’s WORK on AVIATIONEMISSIONSEMISSIONS

Jane HupeJane HupeChief, Environmental Unit Chief, Environmental Unit

Montreal, 16 September 2007Montreal, 16 September 2007

Presentation to ICAO/McGill Conference on Aviation Safety, Security and the Environment

Key Environmental IssuesKey Environmental Issues

NoiseNoise

Aircraft Engine EmissionsAircraft Engine Emissions

Emissions at high altitudes (8 to 13 Emissions at high altitudes (8 to 13 km) km) Past / future growthPast / future growth Adverse meteorological conditionsAdverse meteorological conditions Fuel alternativesFuel alternatives

ContextContext

Challenges for States and Challenges for States and ICAOICAO

How to find an appropriate How to find an appropriate balance between future growth balance between future growth and environmental problems?and environmental problems?

How to accommodate States’ How to accommodate States’ very different views within a very different views within a harmonized worldwide harmonized worldwide approach?approach?

ICAO AssemblyICAO Assembly

CouncilCouncil

Air NavigationCommission

Air NavigationCommission

Air TransportCommittee

Committee on AviationEnvironmental Protection

Special ReportSpecial Report on on Aviation and the Global Aviation and the Global

AtmosphereAtmosphere

Prepared at ICAO’s request in 1999

Covered climate change and ozone depletion

Aircraft in 1992 were estimated to contribute about 3.5 percent of the total radiative forcing (a measure of change in climate) by all human activities and this percentage, which excludes the effects of possible changes in cirrus clouds, was projected to grow.

IPCC updated information on aviation IPCC updated information on aviation in 4th Assessment Report (AR4) 2007in 4th Assessment Report (AR4) 2007

Aviation: Aviation: • 3.0% of the total of the radiative forcing3.0% of the total of the radiative forcing• 2% of globally produced CO2 2% of globally produced CO2 • 13% of fossil fuels consumed by transport 13% of fossil fuels consumed by transport • CO2 projected to grow around 3 to 4% / 2 projected to grow around 3 to 4% / yearyear

Medium-term mitigation for CO2 emissions from the aviation sector potentially can come from improved fuel efficiency. However, such improvements are expected to only partially offset the growth of aviation CO2 emissions.

Tracking Climate ChangeTracking Climate Change Aviation contributes to main Aviation contributes to main

scientific research projectsscientific research projects In the framework of the CARIBIC and In the framework of the CARIBIC and

MOZAIC projects, and now IAGOS MOZAIC projects, and now IAGOS sensitive measuring devices aboard sensitive measuring devices aboard long-haul aircraft collect data on the long-haul aircraft collect data on the composition of the Earth’s composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Scientists worldwide atmosphere. Scientists worldwide benefit from this research, which benefit from this research, which helps them better understand the helps them better understand the causes and developments of climatic causes and developments of climatic changes.changes.

Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol Adopted in 1997/into force Feb. 2005 Adopted in 1997/into force Feb. 2005 Commits Annex I Parties (developed Commits Annex I Parties (developed

Countries) to individual, legally-binding Countries) to individual, legally-binding targets to limit or reduce greenhouse targets to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissionsgas emissions

Reductions of at least 5% between Reductions of at least 5% between 2008-2012 compared to 1990 levels, 2008-2012 compared to 1990 levels, AND TOAND TO

Pursue limitation or reduction of Pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases from emissions of greenhouse gases from aviation bunker fuels, aviation bunker fuels, working through working through ICAOICAO

ICAO and UNFCCCICAO and UNFCCC ALL parties have to report to the Convention

on their emissions, including aviation emissions

Domestic aviation emissions included in national totals

International aviation emissions reported

ICAO provided a study on quality of aviation emissions data

ICAO cooperated with the revision of the 1996 IPPC Guidelines which includes an update of the aviation emissions factors and other parameters

Last Assembly requested ICAO to Last Assembly requested ICAO to continue to develop policy options continue to develop policy options to limit or reduce emissions and to limit or reduce emissions and to develop proposals and provide to develop proposals and provide advice to UNFCCC ; andadvice to UNFCCC ; and

to place special emphasis on the to place special emphasis on the use of technical solutions while use of technical solutions while continuing consideration of continuing consideration of market-based measuresmarket-based measures

ICAO and UNFCCC ICAO and UNFCCC Cont’dCont’d

Policy Options to Reduce Policy Options to Reduce EmissionsEmissions

Technology and StandardsTechnology and Standards Operational MeasuresOperational Measures Market-based Measures:Market-based Measures:

• Emissions chargesEmissions charges• Emissions tradingEmissions trading• Voluntary measuresVoluntary measures

Technology and StandardsTechnology and Standards Emissions standards (NOEmissions standards (NOxx, HC, CO , HC, CO

and smoke number)and smoke number) Emissions database available from Emissions database available from

ICAO websiteICAO website

Technical Issues – NOx StandardsTechnical Issues – NOx Standards first adopted in 1981 and made first adopted in 1981 and made

more stringent in1993,1998 more stringent in1993,1998 and in 2004, when ICAO and in 2004, when ICAO adopted new Standards to be adopted new Standards to be applicable in 2008, 12% lower applicable in 2008, 12% lower than the existing Standards.than the existing Standards.

NOx Standards are beneficial NOx Standards are beneficial to LAQ and global climate to LAQ and global climate

Medium (10 years) and Long term (20 Medium (10 years) and Long term (20 years)years)

Technology Goals:Technology Goals:• 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/645% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6

Report to be made openly availableReport to be made openly available Progress towards goals to be monitoredProgress towards goals to be monitored Goal-setting process toGoal-setting process to

be applied tobe applied to::• NoiseNoise• Fuel consumptionFuel consumption• Operational measuresOperational measures

Long-term Technology Goals for Long-term Technology Goals for CAEPCAEP

Operational MeasuresOperational Measures Improvements in air traffic management Improvements in air traffic management

(ATM) and other operational procedures (ATM) and other operational procedures could reduce aviation fuel burn by could reduce aviation fuel burn by between 8 and 18%between 8 and 18%

Most important fuel saving opportunities Most important fuel saving opportunities come from ATM efficiencies –come from ATM efficiencies –• more direct routings more direct routings • use of more efficient conditions such as use of more efficient conditions such as

optimum altitude and speed optimum altitude and speed • e.g. CDAs, RVSMe.g. CDAs, RVSM

Improvements in Flight Improvements in Flight OperationsOperations

Opportunities for fuel conservationOpportunities for fuel conservation• Landing weightLanding weight• Fuel reservesFuel reserves• Airplane loadingAirplane loading• Route selection Route selection • Altitude selectionAltitude selection• Speed selectionSpeed selection• Flap selectionFlap selection

What Are Market-Based What Are Market-Based Measures?Measures?

““are policy tools that are designed to are policy tools that are designed to achieve environmental goals at a achieve environmental goals at a lower cost and in a more flexible lower cost and in a more flexible manner than traditional command manner than traditional command and control regulatory measuresand control regulatory measures.”.”

ICAO has looked at :ICAO has looked at :• voluntary measuresvoluntary measures• emissions chargesemissions charges• emissions tradingemissions trading

Types of MBMsTypes of MBMs Voluntary MeasuresVoluntary Measures

• government and other entity agree to take government and other entity agree to take specified actions or meet specified goalsspecified actions or meet specified goals

Emissions ChargesEmissions Charges• a charge on the amount of emissions a charge on the amount of emissions • revenues used to mitigate the environmental revenues used to mitigate the environmental

impact of engine emissionsimpact of engine emissions Emissions Trading Emissions Trading

• the total amount of emissions would be capped the total amount of emissions would be capped • allowances in the form of permits could be bought allowances in the form of permits could be bought

and sold to meet emission reduction objectivesand sold to meet emission reduction objectives• open trading allows trading across sectorsopen trading allows trading across sectors

ICAO Guidance on Emissions TradingICAO Guidance on Emissions Trading Requested by last AssemblyRequested by last Assembly

New area - Living documentNew area - Living document

Focus on aviation-specific issuesFocus on aviation-specific issues• Aircraft are mobile sourcesAircraft are mobile sources

International civil aircraft operations onlyInternational civil aircraft operations only• Not State aircraft - no customs and police servicesNot State aircraft - no customs and police services

Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possiblepotential solutions where possible

Approved as draft guidanceApproved as draft guidance

A35-5 Consolidated statement of continuingICAO policies andpractices related to environmental protection

New proposal for A36

Appendix H: Appendix H:  Aviation  Aviation impact on local air impact on local air qualityquality

Appendix I: Appendix I:  Aviation  Aviation impact on global climateimpact on global climate

For more information on ICAO activities For more information on ICAO activities on environmental protection:on environmental protection:

ICAO WEB PAGEICAO WEB PAGEwww.ICAO.intwww.ICAO.int

Gateway to the UN System'sGateway to the UN System'sWork on Climate ChangeWork on Climate Change www.un.org/climatechangewww.un.org/climatechange

ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2007ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2007

Action without study is fatal:Study without action is futile.

Thank you