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Policy & Advocacy

GREEN BUILDING ALLIANCEINSPIRE PROVE

Educational Programs

Learning events, tours, networking, community,

case studies, & resources.

EQUIP

Technical Assistance

Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance

NNeett OOppeerraattiinngg IInnccoommee & RReeggiioonnaall

EEccoonnoommiicc CCoommppeettiittiivveenneessss

EEnneerrggyy CCoonnssuummppttiioonn &

OOppeerraattiinngg EExxppeennsseess

A COLLABORATIVE, NATIONALLY-RECOGNIZED, LOCALLY-DRIVEN VOLUNTARY COMMUNITY OF BUILDINGS IN DOWNTOWNPITTSBURGH AND OAKLAND THAT ARE WORKING TOWARDSHIGH PERFORMANCE.

HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS HAVE PROVEN TRACK RECORDS: � BUSINESS AND PROPERTY PROFITABILITY� ASSET VALUE INCREASES� ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS� OCCUPANT HEALTH

THE PITTSBURGH 2030 DISTRICT GOALS ARE INSPIRED BY THOSE SETNATIONALLY BY ARCHITECTURE 2030 AND ITS 2030 CHALLENGE.

Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance

Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance

� ENERGY USE: A MINIMUM 10% REDUCTION BELOW

THE NATIONAL AVERAGE BY 2015, WITH INCREMENTAL TARGETSREACHING A 50% REDUCTION BY 2030.

� WATER USE: A MINIMUM 10% REDUCTION BELOW THE DISTRICT AVERAGE

BY 2015, WITH INCREMENTAL TARGETS REACHING A 50% REDUCTION BY 2030.

� TRANSPORTATION CO2 EMISSIONS: A MINIMUM 10% REDUCTIONBELOW THE DISTRICT AVERAGE BY 2015, WITH INCREMENTAL TARGETSREACHING A 50% REDUCTION BY 2030.

� INDOOR AIR QUALITY: TO BE DETERMINED LOCALLY.

Copyright©2015,GreenBuilding Alliance

Energy, Water, and Transportation Emissions ReductionEnergy, Water, and Transportation Emissions Reduction

2010- 2014

Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance

69% of the .Copyright©2016,GreenBuilding Alliance

68,210,816 ft2

438 properties

Copyright©2016,GreenBuilding Alliance

EstablishedDistricts

1087 Buildings

311 Property Partners

270 MSquare FeetCommitted

Energy = ↓ 12.5%

Water = ↓ 10.3%

TransportationEmissions = ↓ 24.2%

Indoor Air Quality = Pilot underway

MelissaBilec,PhD,LEEDAPAssociate Professor, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering

Deputy Director, Mascaro Center forsustainable InnovationUniversity of Pittsburgh

BillCollinge,PhDPost-Doctoral Associate, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering

HaroldRickenbackerGraduate Student,Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering

VaclavHasikGraduate Student,Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering

16

MMoottiivvaattiioonn2030Districtgoals:

• Energyuse– 50%reduction• Wateruse– 50%reduction• Transportation – 50%reduction inCO2

emissions• Indoorairquality - Tobedetermined

17

Ourresearchgoals:• Establish baseline IAQin2030District buildings• Evaluatedirect&indirect impacts ofenergy

reductions onIAQ• Direct=changestobuildingcharacteristics (e.g.ventilation,materials)• Indirect= life-cycleenergyimpacts onregionaloutdoorairquality

• Develop goalsandstrategies forimprovements inIAQmetrics

• Utilize long-term LCAmodels tolinkenergy,water,andtrafficreductions toambient airqualitypredictions andenvironmental impacts

� Allegheny county residents are at twice the cancer risk, as those living in surroundingcounties (PRETA, 2013)

� Pittsburgh is ranked: 8th for annual particle pollution out of 171 metropolitan areas (AmericanLung Association, 2015)

• 13to14percent ofPittsburgherssufferfromasthma,comparedwith8to10percent ofpeoplenationwide.(Sostek,2014)

• Asmanyashalf ofallPittsburghstudents haveasthma,farexceedingPennsylvania’s11.3percentchildasthmarate.(Smeltz,2014)

PPrroobblleemm

18

Thevisionofthisworkiscenteredonansweringthequestion:Howcanthe2030districtimpactindoorairquality?

19

1. Howdoesenergyconservationimpact indoorandambient airquality?

2. Whatstructural,non-structural,andmechanical systems inthebuiltenvironment significantlyinfluence pollutantconcentrations?

3. Istherestrongtemporalvariability inindoorairqualityparameter acrossseasons?

4. Willreductions inenergyuse,waterconsumption, andcarbonemissions onacommunityscale havelongitudinal impactsonclimate change?

5. What impact does IEQhaveonperceivedworkerproductivity?

20

21

Wespend90%ofourtimeinsidebuildings.

22

www.worldwatch-europe.org

� BuildingAssessmentSurveyandEvaluation(BASE)

� 100randomlyselectedpublicandcommercialofficebuildings

� Collectedusingastandardizedprotocol

� ProvidesnormativeIAQdataandsymptomincidence intypicalofficebuildings(EPA2006c)

� Steps:1. Visitthebuildingandsite2. Selectstudyareasand

monitoringlocations3. Buildingcharacterizationandmonitoring4. Datamanagementandanalysis5. Administeroccupancysurvey

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/base/

AApppprrooaacchh

23

IAQ Variables Potential sources Effects/Importance

Particulate Matter (PM)

Diesel engines, dust, soot, smoke, fireplaces, wood stoves, unpaved

roads, agricultural practices

Aggravate asthma, allergies, coughing, shortness of breath, chronic bronchitis,

decreased lung function

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Carbon combustion, biological respiration, overcrowding coupled

with poor ventilation

Headache, hypercapnia, unconsciousness, asphyxiate, loss of mental acuity

Temperature (T) HVAC (Climate control), Outdoor occupant comfort, decreased productivity

Relative Humidity (RH)

plumbing, roof/window leaks, flooding, condensation, pipe

sweating, drain pans, poorly-vented kitchenettes

Mold and fungi growth, occupant comfort

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Leaking vented combustion appliances, car exhaust, parking

garages, furnaces

Shortness of breath, mild nausea, mild headaches, reduce oxygen delivery to organs

and tissue, death

Ozone (O3)Smog, VOCs + NOx, cars burning

gasoline, petroleum refinery, industrial facilities, chemical

manufacturing

Chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion, worsened bronchitis, emphysema,

and asthma, reduce lung function, scar lung tissue.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

Paints, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and finishes, copiers and printer, glues and

adhesives, permanent markers, candles, cologne/perfume

Nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, fatigue, dizziness, carcinogen,

damage to liver and kidney

Formaldehyde Insulation, Combustion devices, Wood products Cancer and skin/eye/respiratory irritation

24

GrayWolfHANDHELD3016AirborneParticle

Counter

EEqquuiippmmeenntt

IAQ-610DirectSense

Probe

• TotalVOC’s• CarbonDioxide• Ozone• Carbon• Temperature• Relative

Humidity

AdvancedSenseDataLogger

Particles• 0.3- 0.5

µm• 0.5–1.0

µm• 1.0- 2.5

µm• 2.5–10.0

µm• >10.0µm

25

Particles• 0.5µm–2.5

µm• 2.5µm–10.0

µm

Formaldehyde<10ppb– 1000ppb

GrayWolfFM-801

DylosAirQualityMonitor

MicroAethalometer• BlackCarbon

26

� 6DIVERSE BUILDINGS� HVACVS.WINDOWUNITS/RADIATORS(HEATING MONTHS)� ParticulateMatter(PM2.5&PM

10)

� ~1900BUILDING� TotalVolatile OrganicCompounds

(TVOC)� CarbonDioxide (CO2)� CarbonMonoxide (CO)� Temperature (T)

� HEATING VS.NON-HEATINGMONTHS� ParticulateMatter(PM2.5&PM

10)

� SPATIAL VARIABILITYACROSS FLOORS

� I/ORATIOS

� MixedHVACtype� InterstatehighwaysI-376,I-579,andI-279,surroundDowntown,alongwithAmtrakanddensebuscorridors

� InversioneventsalongtheMonongahelaandAlleghenyRivervalleysalsoenablepollution tohover

� TestedduringHeating&Non-HeatingMonths

SamplingLocationsn 1st Floor

n Northwing:lunchroom,filestorage, smalloffice, clerkarea;mostlyopenandpublicspaceswithhardfloors;wallmounted radiatorsn 1st FloorMezzanine

n Northwing:lunchroom,filestorage, smalloffices, computerarea;mostlyopen andpublicspaceswithhardfloors;windowAC unitsandwallmountedradiators

n 2nd Floorn Northwing:large carpeted officespaces, publicfilestorage areawithhardfloors;windowAC unitsandwallmountedradiators

11990000ssBBuuiillddiinngg

27

Seasonally-averagedpredictedPM2.5exposuresurfacemapsforinversion-focused24-hintegratedsummerandwinter(right)sampling – fromTunno etal.2015

Tunno,B.J.,Michanowicz,D.R.,Shmool,J.L.,Kinnee,E.,Cambal,L.,Tripathy,S.,...Clougherty,J.E.(2015).Spatialvariationininversion-focusedvs24-hintegratedsamplesofPMandblackcarbonacrossPittsburgh,PA.JExpoSci EnvironEpidemiol.doi:10.1038/jes.2015.14

L1

L2L3

L4

SSaammpplliinngg llooccaattiioonnss–– 11sstt FFlloooorr

28

1-4:Clerkarea 1-1:Lunchroom 1-2:Files 1-3:Corneroffice

North

L2

L3 L4L1

SSaammpplliinngg llooccaattiioonnss–– MMeezzzzaanniinnee

29

M-2:Oldserverroom M-3:Openarea

M-4:Lunchroom

M-1:Computer area

North

L1

L2

L3

SSaammpplliinngg llooccaattiioonnss–– 22nndd FFlloooorr

30

2-3:Clerk&openoffice2-1:File&recordsarea

2-2:Cubicle area

North

05101520253035404550

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PM

PM2.5(µg/m

3 )

PM2.5µg/m3 NAAQS/EPA(24-hr)

• Guidelines:• 15µg/m3 (ASHRAE62-2013)- annual• 35µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA2012)– 24-hr

• Olderbuilding,withnoforcedairsuppliedtoworkspace• Nowayoffilteringairborneparticles,resultinginconstantre-suspensionofparticles• ElevatedPM2.5levels influencedbyindooractivities andbuildingenvelope• 1mez-4hasanHVACsystem,butfiltersarepastreplacementdate

31

PM 2.5 – Continuous readings

1st-1&1st-2Activitynear

files.

1st-3Peoplewalking in&outofoffice.

2nd-1Movingandadjusting

1mez-4Oldserver room.

2nd-3printing

1mez-3

1mez-4Oldserver room.

32

PM 10 – Continuous readings• Guidelines:

• 50µg/m3 (ASHRAE62-2013)- annual• 150µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA2012)– 24-hr

• ElevatedindoorlevelsofPM10duetoinfiltrationfromoutdoors,highactivity levels,publicaccess, and/ordustfromdeterioratingfilesandinoldcarpets.

• Complaintsfromemployeesrelatedtofrequencyofcleaningschedule

0

50

100

150

200

250

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PM10

(µg/m3)

PM10µg/m3 NAAQS/EPA(24-hr) 1st-4Activity&printing.

1st-4Activity&printing.

2nd-3printing

1mez-3

1mez-4Oldserver room.

1st-1&1st-2Activitynear

files.

1mez-1withpeoplewalking

around

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

I/OPM2.5

Date/Time

1stFloor Mezzaine 2ndFloor

33

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 2-1 2-2 2-3Non-Heating16' 6.68 5.82 5.91 6.05 5.46 5.56 5.79 5.83 5.09 6.14 5.13

Heating15' 31.49 34.14 26.29 30.09 27.61 35.80 34.62 71.54 53.27 44.83 37.12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

PM2.5(ug/m3)

Location

AveragesAcrossSeasons

• Guidelines:• 35µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA 2012)

– 24-hr• Fuelcombustion adominant

sourceofParticulateMatter

PM 2.5

34

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 2-1 2-2 2-3Non-Heating16' 27.00 22.16 34.20 31.56 29.19 27.23 20.97 20.88 19.94 35.41 26.30

Heating15' 115.70 113.59 106.17 122.96 96.09 162.91 104.58 160.70 162.91 155.60 145.19

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

PM10(ug/m3)

Locations

AveragesAcrossSeasonsPM 10 – Continuous mass readings

• Guidelines:• 150µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA 2012)

– 24-hr• Elevatedlevels duringheating

season• Fuelcombustion adominant

sourceofParticulateMatter• LocatesM-2,M-4,2-1,&2-2

35

COMPARING BUILDINGSTHE CHALLENGERS

THE INCUMBENT Building2

2-storynonprofitLivingBuilding

Building3

municipalgovernment

~1930

Building4

officetower~1975

Building5

municipalgovernment

~1900

3-storyacademicLEEDGold

2009

Building1

36

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00

Particlecount(#/ft3)

Indoorcounts forPMbetween1.0and2.5µm– Indoorandoutdoorsources

Building2 Building3 Building4 Building5Building1

37

0.0

1.0

2.0

0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00

Indoor/Outdoorparticlecountratio(#/ft3)

Indoortooutdoor ratiosforPMbetween0.3and0.5µm– Outdoorsources

Building2 Building3 Building4 Building5Building1

Naturalventilation – windowsopenIndoor/outdoor ratiosnear1.0

Typical valuesbetween 0.1and0.3

38

� IAQ� PerformIAQassessmentsin20+

Buildingswithinthe2030Districts� CoupleOccupancy Surveysand

employee complaintswithIAQfindings

� MechanicalSystem:TraditionalHVAC,WindowUnits+Radiators

� FlooringType:Carpetvs.HardSurfaces

39

1. ANTIKAINEN R, LAPPALAINEN S, LONNQVIST A, MAKSIMAINEN K, REIJULA K, UUSI-RAUVA E. 2008. EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDOOR AIR AND PRODUCTIVITY. SJWEH SUPPL.; (4):79–82.

2. ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHR AE STANDARD 62.1-2010. VENTILATION FOR ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY. 2010, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.: ATLANTA, GA.

3. ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHR AE STANDARD 55.1-2010. VENTILATION FOR ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY. 2010, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.: ATLANTA, GA.

4. FISK, WILLIAM J.. "ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL NATIONWIDE PRODUCTIVITY AND HEALTH BENEFITS FROM BETTER INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS: AN UPDATE." IN CHAPTER 4 IN INDOOR AIR QUALITY HANDBOOK, EDITED BY JOHN D. SPENGLER, JONATHAN M. SAMET AND JOHN F. MCCARTHY. NEW YORK: MCGRAW HILL, NEW YORK, 2000.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "INDOOR AIR | COMMUNITIES | NEW ENGLAND | US EPA.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/REGION1/COMMUNITIES/INDOORAIR.HTML

6. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "BASIC INFORMATION ON IAQ: CARBON MONOXIDE (CO).” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/IAQ/CO.HTML.

7 . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2006. “BUILDING ASSESSMENT SURVEY AND EVALUATION STUDY.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/IAQ/BASE/

8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "GROUND LEVEL OZONE.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/GROUNDLEVELOZONE/.

9. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "HEALTH.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/AIRQUALITY/PARTICLEPOLLUTION/HEALTH.HTML.

10. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION, 1991. INDOOR AIR FACTS, NO. 4: SICK BUILDING SYNDROME. WASHINGTON, D.C.

11. NUNES F, MENZIES R, TAMBLYN RM, BOEHM E, LETZ R. 1993. THE EFFECT OF VARYING LEVELS OF OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY ON NEUROBEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE FUNCTION DURING A STUDY OF SICK BUILDING SYNDROME. PROC. INDOOR AIR ’93, 6THINT. CONF. INDOOR AIR QUAL. CLIM., HELSINKI. 1:53–58

12. PREZIOSI P., S. CZERNIICHOW, P. GEHANNO, AND S. HERCBERG 2004. WORKPLACE AIR-CONDITIONING AND HEALTH SERVICES ATTENDANCE AMONG FRENCH MIDDLEAGED WOMEN: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFEPIDEMIOLOGY, 33(5), PP.1120-1123.

13. RAW GJ, ROYS MS, LEAMAN A. 1990. FURTHER FINDING FROM THE OFFICE ENVIRONMENT SURVEY: PRODUCTIVITY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE. 1:231-236, INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE ON IAQ AND CLIMATE, OTTAWA.

14. SEPPA NEN, O. AND FISK, W.J. 2006. A PRO- CEDURE TO ESTIMATE THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENTS IN OFFICE WORK. IN: CLEMENTS-CROOME, D. (ED.) CREATING THE PRODUCTIVE WORKPLACE, 2ND EDN, LONDON, TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 407– 433.

15. SHENDELL, D., R. PRILL, W. FISK, M. APTE, D. BLAKE, AND D. FAULKNER 2004. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CLASSROOM CO2 CONCENTRATIONS AND STUDENT ATTENDANCE IN WASHINGTON AND IDAHO. INDOOR AIR, V. 14, PP. 333-341.

16. TRAYNOR GW, TALBOTT JM, MOSES DO. 1993. THE ROLE OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY IN INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND BUILDING VENTILATION POLICY DEVELOPMENT. PROC. INDOOR AIR 308’ 93, 6TH INT. CONF. INDOOR AIR QUAL. CLIM., HELSINKI. 3:595–600

17. VINCENT, D, I ANNESI, B. FESTY, J. LAMBROZO 1997. VENTILATION SYSTEM, INDOOR AIR QUALITY, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN PARISIAN MODERN OFFICE WORKERS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, V. 75, PP. 100-112.

18. WARGOCKI, PAWEL 1998. HUMAN PERCEPTION, PRODUCTIVITY, AND SYMPTOMS RELATED TO INDOOR AIR QUALITY. DOCTORAL THESIS. CENTER FOR INDOOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK.

19. WOLKOFF, P. AND KJÆRGAARD, S.K. 2007. THE DICHOTOMY OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, ENVIRON. INT., 33, 850– 857.

20. WYON, D.P. 2004. THE EFFECTS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY ON PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY, INDOOR AIR, 14, 92–101.

21. WYON, D.P. AND WARGOCKI, P. 2006. ROOM TEMPERATURE ON EFFECTS ON OFFICE WORK. IN: CLEMENTS-CROOME, D. (ED.) CREATING THE PRODUCTIVE WORKPLACE, 2ND EDN, LONDON, TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 181–192.

22. TUNNO, B. J. , MICHANOWICZ, D. R., SHMOOL, J. L., KINNEE, E., CAMBAL, L., TRIPATHY, S., . . . CLOUGHERTY, J. E. (2015). SPATIAL VARIATION IN INVERSION-FOCUSED VS 24-H INTEGRATED SAMPLES OF PM AND BLACK CARBON ACROSS PITTSBURGH, PA. J EXPO SCI ENVIRON EPIDEMIOL. DOI:10.1038/JES.2015.14

40

412.648.8075

Thismaterial isbaseduponworksupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationunderNSFEFRI-SEEDGrant#1038139“BUILD– Barriers,Understanding,Integration– LifecycleDevelopment” andsupplement#1619996andtheMascaroCenterforSustainableInnovation.

Anyopinions,findings,andconclusionsorrecommendationsexpressedinthismaterialarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheNationalScience Foundation.

412.648.8075