iaea sources of radiation nuclear power reactors day 4 – lecture 3 1
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
IAEA 1
Sources of Radiation
Nuclear Power Reactors
Day 4 – Lecture 3
![Page 2: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
IAEA 2
Objective
To discuss about Nuclear Power Reactors including their Types and Basic Elements
![Page 3: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
IAEA 3
Contents
Types of Nuclear Reactors• PWRs• BWRs• CANDU• Advanced Nuclear Reactors
Components of a Nuclear Power Plant
![Page 4: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
IAEA 4
The Beginning
![Page 5: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
IAEA 5
Fossil vs Nuclear
![Page 6: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
IAEA 6
Nuclear Reactors
Types of Nuclear Reactors:
Light Water Reactors (LWR) Heavy Water Reactors (HWR) High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors Fast Neutron Fast Breeder
![Page 7: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
IAEA
Primordial Nuclides
Nuclide Half-life Natural Activity
235U 7.04 x 108 yr 0.711% of all natural uranium
238U 4.47 x 109 yr 99.275% of all natural U; 0.5 to4.7 ppm total U in common rocks
232Th 1.41 x 1010 yr 1.6 to 20 ppm in common rocks
![Page 8: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
IAEA 8
Fission
1n + 235U fission products
available for more fission
Slow Neutron Interactions
the mean number of neutrons released per fission for U-235 is 2.5). This leads to a self-sustaining chain reaction or “critical mass.”
![Page 9: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
IAEA 9
Boiling Water (BWR)Nuclear Reactors
![Page 10: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
IAEA 10
Pressurized Water (PWR)Nuclear Reactors
![Page 11: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
IAEA 11
The next five slides display the main components of a Nuclear Power Plant:
Control Building Containment Building Turbine Building Fuel Building Diesel Generator Building Auxiliary Building
Components of a Nuclear Plant
![Page 12: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
IAEA 12
Control Building
![Page 13: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
IAEA 13
Containment Building
![Page 14: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
IAEA 14
Turbine Building
![Page 15: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
IAEA 15
Fuel Building
![Page 16: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IAEA 16
Diesel Generator andAuxiliary Buildings
![Page 17: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
IAEA 17
Protective Barriers
![Page 18: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
IAEA 18
Steam Generator
![Page 19: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
IAEA 19
Nuclear Reactors
![Page 20: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
IAEA 20
Advanced Reactors
The first advanced reactors now operating in Japan
Nine new nuclear reactor designs either approved or at advanced stages of planning
Incorporate safety improvements and are simpler to operate, inspect, maintain and repair
![Page 21: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
IAEA 21
The new generation of reactors have:
a standardised design to expedite licensing, reduce capital cost and reduce construction time
higher availability and longer operating life, will be economically competitive in a range of sizes, further reduce the possibility of core melt accidents
higher burn‑up to reduce fuel use and the amount of waste
Advanced Reactors
![Page 22: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
IAEA 22
More 'passive' safety features which rely on gravity, natural convection to avoid accidents
Two broad categories:
Evolutionary - basically new models of existing, proven designs
Developmental - depart more significantly from today¹s plants and require more testing and verification before large‑scale deployment
Advanced Reactors
![Page 23: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
IAEA 23
CANDU Reactors
CANDU stands for "Canada Deuterium Uranium“
It is a pressurized‑heavy‑water, natural‑uranium power reactor designed first in the late 1950s by a consortium of Canadian government and private industry
All power reactors in Canada are CANDU type
The CANDU designer is AECL (Atomic Energy of Canada Limited), a federal crown corporation
![Page 24: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
IAEA 24
CANDU Reactors
![Page 25: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
IAEA 25
CANDU Reactors
![Page 26: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
IAEA 26
High TemperatureGas Cooled Reactors
![Page 27: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
IAEA 27
High TemperatureGas Cooled Reactors
![Page 28: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
IAEA 28
Pebble Bed Reactor
In the 1950s, Dr Rudolf Schulten ( 'father' of the pebble bed reactor) had an idea. The idea was to compact silicon carbide coated uranium granules into hard billiard-ball-like
graphite spheres to be used as fuel for a new high-temperature, helium-cooled type of reactor. The idea took root, and in due course, the AVR, a 15 MW (megawatt) demonstration pebble bed reactor, was built in Germany. It operated successfully for 21 years.
![Page 29: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
IAEA 29
Pebble Bed Reactor
![Page 30: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
IAEA 30
Pebble Bed Reactor
Potential Problems (according to some groups)
It has no containment building
It uses flammable graphite as a moderator
It produces more high level nuclear wastes than current nuclear reactor designs
![Page 31: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
IAEA 31
Pebble Bed Reactor
Potential Problems (according to some groups)
It relies heavily on nearly perfect fuel pebbles
It relies heavily upon fuel handling as the pebbles are cycled through the reactor
There's already been an accident at a pebble bed reactor in Germany due to fuel handling problems
![Page 32: IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Power Reactors Day 4 – Lecture 3 1](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102718/56649d6f5503460f94a51a59/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
IAEA 32
Where to Get More Information
Cember, H., Johnson, T. E, Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2009)
More information at: http://www.pbmr.co.za/index.htm