iadb and migration - copy

Nicola Magri (Dr. Melissa Siegel)

The Inter-American Development Bank and the issue of Unaccompanied Migrant Children

from Central America (HO, ES, GU)

[email protected]

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Disclaimer

The information and opinions presented in this presentation are those of the authors and do not represent the

opinion of the Inter-American Development Bank or its Board.


The Inter-American Development Bank



The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB or IDB or BID) is the largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean

2,000 employees

across four continents, with headquarters in Washington, DC, in 26 borrowing member countries, and regional offices in Asia and Europe.

48 member countries

represented by the Board of Executive Directors

IDB clients include

central governments, provinces, municipalities, private firms, and NGOs.

Approved lending

2014 $13.8B

2013 $14B

2012 $11.4B



Borrowing: Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Non-borrowing: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States


Instruments

LOANS

Sovereign vs. Non Sovereign

GRANTS

Trust Funds or other resources


What is migration? Who are the migrants?

Why and how is migration relevant for Central America?


Today’s discussion

- Myths and confusion

- Central America – overview (focus on NT & migrant children)

- Remittances

- Diaspora engagement

- Policies/project/research opportunities


Myths of migration

• Migration is at the highest level in history

• Development in the country of origin will lead to a stop of emigration;

• Poor people mainly migrate;

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCOOvs-nP0sgCFQM-PgodFVAO3A&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiolaprimerisima.com%2Fnoticias%2F165739%2Fla-violencia-contra-migrantes-a-bordo-de-la-bestia&psig=AFQjCNFaYMRtPqbM4dNodvmxSbv3-pwtDQ&ust=1445484559407431

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCIfn9t7R0sgCFUhUPgoda1ULeg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fexodus.msf.org%2Fes%2Fmexico.html&psig=AFQjCNFo9HNFgCP3K86XuT4Jz35SPmOQiw&ust=1445485075234928


Global migration flows

Estimated number of migrants in millions

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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Source: UN World Migrant Stock: The 2005 Revision Population Database


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Migrants,

worldwide

World

Populatoin

Source: de Haas (2009)


International migrants as a percentage of world population


Where are people going?

Source: World Migration report 2013


- Fear of something/someone we do not know;

- Perception: immigration is perceived as a threat

- They steal our jobs!

- And they are all criminals!

- Type of migration: undocumented vs. documented

- Integration of migrants in the country of origin (i.e. language, welfare services)

- Protection of migrants

- Managing of the different types of migration flows (i.e. economic migrants vs. asylum seekers)

- Repatriation/reintegration of deported migrants

- Loss of human capital for the country of origin

Contemporary migration processes: Challenges


Contemporary migration processes: Opportunities

- Economic growth for the country of destination

- Remittances (economic and social) for the country of origin, strengthening of the banking sector;

- Addressing the demographic crisis;

- Addressing labor market shortages;

- Social diversity;

- Cultural innovation;

- Poverty reduction and development;


Central America - overview


Central America - overview

• Primarily an origin and transit region;

• High rates of emigration (9.8% of regional population);

• 19% of those born in El Salvador;

• 6% of those born in Honduras and Guatemala.

• Of the migrant population to the United States, 46% of Salvadorian, 60% of Guatemala and 68% of Honduran migrants are undocumented;

• Hundres of thousands transit through the region annually

• $16 billion sent to the region as remittances in 2014


• New regional migration destinations include Mexico, Belize, El Salvador and Panama;

• Increased irregular populations;

• Multi-causality of migration;

• Migration patters unlikely to change in the short term;

• Increased apprehensions in Mexico (speedy repatriations);

• Raids and arrests in Mexico;

• Increasing concerns over human rights violations, violation of the principle of non-refoulement;

• Best interest of the child


Central America: Stocks of forein born Central American and Mexican migrants in the US

Source: CANAMID


Central America: Child Migration to the U.S


Central America: Child Migration to the

U.S

- Why do they leave?

- Structural weaknesses of the economies;

- Sustained violence;

- Recent U.S. policy shifts (DACA, DAPA, others);

- Family reunification;

- More sophisticated smuggling networks;

- Perception of receiving a permit (the court order)


US Souther border: was it a “crisis”?

Number of Unaccompanied Children apprehended at the U.S. Border


- Año Fiscal 2014 vs 2015* - (Año fiscal 2015 hasta el 31 de Agosto de 2015, datos de US Customs and Border

Protection)

2014 2015 VAR.

El Salvador 16404 7956 -51.50%

Guatemala 17057 12231 -28.29%

Honduras 18244 4680 -74.35%

TOT: 53719 26882 -49.96%

3:1 ratio. Informantes de la sociedad civil y organizaciones especializadas indican que se estima que por cada menor identificado/detenido/rescatado habría hasta 3

niños migrantes más.

US Southern border today


Fuente: Elaboración del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo utilizando datos brindados por los países.

ADULTOS

M

ADULTOS

F

MENORES

M MENORES F

TOT.

2015

TOT.

2014

VAR. 2014

vs 2015

% MENORES

SOBRE TOTAL

REPATRIADOS

'15

GU

A ENERO-JULIO 2015 -

Terrestres (Mexico) 30507 7010 4867 2334 44718 20314 120% 16.10%

ENERO-JULIO 2015 -

Aereas (EEUU) 16590 2200 64 34 18888 34458 -45% 0.52%

ES

ENERO - JULIO '15

Terrestres (Mexico) 9819 3586 1708 1073 16186 11559 40% 17.18%

ENERO - JULIO 15'

Aereas (vuelos

comerciales y

federales) 9343 1907 451 271 11972 16029 -25% 6.03%

Ground and Air repatriations: ES & GU


Reports from Guatemala


Remittances

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El Salvador and US Diaspora Value Added 1980-2020

El Salvador US Sal Org

2013

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El Salvador and Diaspora Population 1980-2020

US Born

US Sal FB

El Salvador2013

6,352,000 El Salvador

1,310,000 US ES Foreign Born

800,000 US Born ES Origin

24.259 Billion El Salvador

74.483 Billion US ES Diaspora

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Mexicans in US 2000-2014

Total MX Foreign Born MX US born MX

122,352,000 Mexico

11,800,000 US MX Foreign Born

22,100,000 US Born MX Origin

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

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1.45

1.5

Mx GDP US MX GDP

GDP Mexico and MXUS Diaspora

Series1

1.26 Trillion Mexico

1.48 Trillion US MX Diaspora

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El Salvador and Diaspora Household Income 1980-2010-2020


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El Salvador and Diaspora Household Savings 1980-

2010-2020



Opportunities


Projects

Social point of view:

• Migrants protection (deportation, return);

• Migrants reintegration;

Economic:

• Seasonal workers program (circular labor migration) - E.g. Guatemala-Mexico

• Return/virtual return for the highly skilled;

• Productive remittances and financial inclusion (strengthening of financial sector; issue of the double unbanked)


Research

Overall Data -Regional observatory

-Standardization of data

The Migration/Crime Nexus -Migrant strategies for navigating criminal networks

-Missing data on dead and missing migrants and crime mapping as a prerequisite to better policy


Research

Child Migration

-Further assessment of what happens to the children that remain in the US vs. being sent back;

-Impact on children left behind in Central America;

-Social and economic consequences on indigenous communities;

-Reintegration processes

-Migrant decision making (Who is involved? What information is available? What are common triggers?)


Research

Impact (rather than just process) evaluations of previous IADB initiatives:

The IADB has financed quite a few projects related to remittances that may be replicable in other contexts. Some of these projects have related to financing rural enterprise and promoting entrepreneurship through linking remittances and crowd-funding platforms to microfinance and other formal banking products.


Research projects related to diaspora investment/entrepreneurship

Target initiatives at either diaspora investors (i.e.,

migrants abroad who want to invest in a local business) or entrepreneurs (i.e., those who want to start a business).

1) assessing current diaspora investment/entrepreneurship in countries with high rates of (skilled) transnational/circular migration (e.g., Brazil, Argentina);

2) assessing the need for business support services such as mentorship, start-up support facilities, (angel) investors, etc.;

3) studies of the "supply" of potential diaspora investors and sectors where business creation could be facilitated, etc.


http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKfPwZTR0sgCFUk8PgodTqMKQg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrupofmnoticias.com%2Fdetecta-cndh-anomalias-en-estacion-migratoria-siglo-xxi-en-chiapas%2F&bvm=bv.105454873,d.cWw&psig=AFQjCNFO9uKARmbuMpVsNyalJu-Zjc-GzA&ust=1445484928517127


http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCMGDs_LQ0sgCFQJlPgodOXADBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defacto.com.mx%2Fv2%2Fnota.php%3Fid%3D10288&bvm=bv.105454873,d.cWw&psig=AFQjCNHoqM7UI0CDDf3QC2gnhJqLEz1Rgw&ust=1445484833277635


https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCLDl0bTR0sgCFYppPgodXSgH2A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnedepresidio.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F10%2F17%2F0534-am-impresionante-operativo-de-la-policia-federal-en-el-inm%2F&psig=AFQjCNHdGwUhvobYEtYU6aJZXVYya1H51Q&ust=1445484983255774


http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKKJibDQ0sgCFQfzPgodtWsFBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info7.mx%2Fa%2Fnoticia%2F538956%2Fdeportaciones_de_mexicanos_bajan_en_eua&psig=AFQjCNHVtXlFQPBV3NgqpGpx3Oo1HbS06A&ust=1445484716595521

iadb and migration - copy

Documents

history development

migration relevant

world migration report

central america ho

central governments

latin america

number of migrants

world migrant stock