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THE IGAD DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVE (IDDRSI)

Regional Programming Paper2019 - 2024

For more information, contact:IGAD Drought Disaster Resilience & Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) Platform Coordination

Planning, Coordination and Partnerships Division, IGAD SecretariatAve Georges Clemenceau, P.O Box 2653, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti.

Tel: +253 21354050| Email: [email protected] Website: www.igad.int

Supported by

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 2019 i

THE IGAD DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVE

(IDDRSI)

Regional Programming Paper

2019 - 2024

Djibouti, 2019

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 2019ii

TABLE OF CONTENTSACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................ivPREFACE ..........................................................................................................................................................vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................................................vi1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 12. NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXTS ............................................................................ 23. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE REGIONAL PROGRAMMING PAPER ............................... 44. PURPOSES AND KEY FEATURES OF THE RPP ................................................................................... 55. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES .................................................................................................. 6

5.1 OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................................... 65.2 CHALLENGES ..................................................................................................................................... 7

6. REGIONAL STRATEGIC INTERVENTION AREAS ................................................................................. 86.1 PIA 1: NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ............................... 9

6.1.1 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ............................................ 96.1.2 RANGELAND MANAGEMENT AND PASTURE DEVELOPMENT ....................................... 96.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND BIO-DIVERSITY .................................................. 96.1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ........................................................................106.1.5 LAND GOVERNANCE ..............................................................................................................10

6.2 PIA 2: MARKET ACCESS, TRADE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES .................................................106.2.1 ACCESS TO SECURE AND AFFORDABLE FINANCIAL SERVICES ....................................106.2.2 REGIONAL TRADE ...................................................................................................................106.2.3 REGIONAL MARKET INFORMATION SYSTEMS .................................................................116.2.4 INSURANCE SERVICES............................................................................................................11

6.3 PIA 3: ENHANCED PRODUCTION AND LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION ............................116.3.1 FISHERIES AND APICULTURE DEVELOPMENT .................................................................116.3.2 CROP AND LIVESTOCK DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT ...........12

6.4 PIA 4: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................126.4.1 CONTINGENCY PLANNING ...................................................................................................126.4.2 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION & MITIGATION .............................................................12

6.5 PIA 5: RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ..........136.5.1 PROMOTE THE NETWORK OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DRY LAND COLLABORATIVE, APPLIED AND ADAPTIVE RESEARCH CENTERS ...................136.5.2 RESULTS MEASUREMENT, LEARNING AND DECISION MAKING .................................13

6.6 PIA 6: PEACE BUILDING, CONFLICT PREVENTION AND RESOLUTION ..............................136.6.1 PEACE BUILDING AND MEDIATION MECHANISMS ........................................................136.6.2. TRANSNATIONAL SECURITY THREATS ..............................................................................15

6.7 PIA 7: INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING, COORDINATION AND PARTNERSHIPS ..........156. 7.1 COORDINATION, INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING, CAPACITY BUILDING ............15

6.8 PIA 8: HUMAN CAPITAL, GENDER AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................156.8.1 HEALTH AND NUTRITION ......................................................................................................15

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 2019 iii

6.8.2 EDUCATION AND TRAINING .................................................................................................156.8.3 GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ...................................................156.8.4 MIGRATION AND DISPLACEMENT ......................................................................................15

7. RESOURCE MOBILIZATION .................................................................................................................178. INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS .......................................................189. MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM ......................................................................................20

9.1 RESULTS-BASED MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK .....................................289.2 INFORMATION SHARING, LEARNING , KNOWLEDGE GENERATION AND REPORTING .....................................................................................................................................29REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................................30

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 2019iv

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSAfDB African Development BankASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands

AU African Union

AUC African Union Commission

BMZ German Federal Government Ministry of Economic Cooperation

CEWARN ConflictEarlyWarningandResponseMechanism

CPP Country Programme Papers

DRSLP DroughtResilienceandSustainableLivelihoodsProgramme

EU European Union

EUTF European Union Trust Fund

GIZ German International Development Agency

ICPAC IGAG Climate Prediction and Application Center

ICPALD IGAD Center for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development

IDDRSI IGADDroughtDisasterResilienceandSustainabilityInitiative

IGAD IntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment

KfW German Development Bank

LDCs Least Developed Countries

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MS Member States

REC Regional Economic Community

RPLRP RegionalPastoralLivelihoodsResilienceProject

RPP Regional Programme Paper

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SECCCI SupportforEffectiveCooperationandCoordinationofCross-BorderInitiatives

USAID United States Agency for International Development

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 2019 v

PREFACETheRegionalProgrammingPaper(RPP)isanintegralpartoftheIGADDroughtDisasterResilienceand Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI). As a planning framework, the RPP provides guidance inidentifying and distilling strategic intervention areas to be implemented at regional level in order to supplement resilience projects and programmes designed and implemented by countries throughtheirCountryProgrammingPapers.

Thefirstgenerationofregionalprogrammesweresuccessfully implementedduringPhase1ofIDDRSI(2013-2017).TheseProgrammesareproofoftheconceptofregionalcooperationandaredesignedforimplementationascrossborderand/ormulti-sectoralprojects,whichaddressthepriorityproblemsofcommunitiesinASALssuchaswater,pasture,livestockhealth,marketingandsocial infrastructure.

Phase2ofIDDRSIwillbeimplementedduringthenextfiveyears(2019-2024)andcovervariousstrategicissues,whichhavebeenidentifiedinaparticipatoryprocessofcomprehensivedialogueandconsultations involving technicalexpertsandpolicyofficials representingdifferent sectorsfromgovernmentinstitutionsandotherstakeholdersinIGADMemberStates.ThecomponentsofthestrategicissuesincludedintherevisedRegionalProgrammingPaper,coveringinterventionstobeimplementedattheregional level,e.g. involvingtrans-boundaryresources, jointactivitiesorexecutedincross-bordersituationswerethusidentifiedbyIGADMemberStatesforinitiationandimplementationunderthegeneralleadershipandcoordinationoftheIGADSecretariatandits specialised institutions.

RegionalStrategic InterventionareasoftherevisedRPPdistilledstrategic issuesthatcountrieshaveidentifiedandenrichedthroughafacetofacediscussion.Outcomeareasthatareaffectedby regionalstrategic issuesareprovidedwith indicators to trackperformanceusing indicatorsfrom IGAD Strategy, AUC Agenda 2063 and SDGs.

MemberStatesandDevelopmentPartnersarestronglyurgedtousetherationaleoftheRPPs,itskeyfeatures,regionalstrategicinterventionareasandresultframeworksforthedevelopmentofsecondphaseofon-goingregionalprogrammesand/ortodesignnewprogrammeswithintheframework of IDDRSI.

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 2019vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTherevisedRegionalProgrammingPaperarosefromtheeffortsofvariousparticipantsfromtheIGAD Member States, IGAD Secretariat and its specialised institutions, acting individually or in combination.

The IGAD Secretariat, which led and managed the process of refining the previous IDDRSIprogramming frameworks (2013–2017),wasgreatlyencouragedby thewidelydemonstratedincreasing interest in IDDRSI by both Development Partners and IGAD Member States. Thefinancialsupportofdifferentdevelopmentpartners,notablySweden,isgratefullyacknowledgedandhighlyappreciated.ThecooperationofthegovernmentsofalltheIGADMemberStatesandtheinvolvementofnationalexperts,policyofficialsinthedifferentconsultations,whichformedthecriticalsourceoftheinformationthatinformedtherefinementprocess.

The action by IGAD Member States of defining the intervention areas for investment andimplementation at the regional level, which constitute the Regional Programming Paper, iscleartestamentofthefaiththeMemberStateshaveintheunityandfunctionalityoftheregion.Conversely,theRegionalProgrammingPaper,providestheframeworkthatdefinesthemannerinwhichthedifferentstakeholdersintheregionco-existandcooperate;andservesasanagreementonaspectsofdivisionof labourthataffirmstheprincipleofnationalactionbackedbyregionalthinking.

TheRegionalProgrammingPaperowesitssignificancetothenecessityintheimplementationofIDDRSI,especiallyinareasinwhichthereismixedjurisdiction;andiscriticalasamethodofchoiceinexecutinginterventionsincross-borderareas,insituationsinvolvingtheexploitationofsharedresources,aswellasinprogrammesofenunciatingcommonpoliciesintheregionandplanningjointly.

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 2019 1

1. INTRODUCTIONWitha solemncommitment toendingdroughtemergencies in the IGAD region, theHeadsofStatesoftheIGADMemberStateslaunchedaregionalstrategycalledtheIGADDroughtDisasterResilienceandSustainabilityInitiative(IDDRSI),inNovember2011inNairobi,incollaborationwiththeDevelopmentPartners.TheIGADSecretariatwasassignedwiththeroletoleadandcoordinatetheprocessofimplementingtheIDDRSI.Thestrategythatwaslaunchedin2013,wasfollowedbyCountryProgrammingPapers (CPPs),which translated the regional resilienceprogrammingprinciples into country contexts. TheCPPs inphaseoneof IDDRSI consistedof sevenpriorityinterventions areas1.

In the process of dialogues and consultations that took place at national and regional levels,issuesthatwereofinterestandrelevancetomorethanonecountrywereidentifiedasregionalintervention areas. The Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the drought resilience2 and sustainabilityinitiativeintheIGADRegionwasdevelopedbytheIGADSecretariatinconsultationwithmemberstates,developmentpartnersandotherstakeholders,includingnon-stateactors.

TheRPPistheprogrammaticandimplementationarmofIDDRSItobeoperationalizedatbothcountryandregionallevels.ThepurposeoftheRPPis(i)todevelopacommonunderstandingoftheaspectsthatdefinetheregionalcharacterofthedroughtresilienceandsustainabilityinitiativeandupholdthelogicofaregionalapproachinimplementingtheinitiative;(ii) todefinethe

modalitiesofcooperationandthepolicies,arrangements,methodsofworkandinstitutionalsetupneededtoenhanceandfacilitateeffectivecooperationinthedevelopmentandimplementationofprogrammesandprojectsaimedatendingdroughtemergencies in the IGADregion; (iii) topropose regional actions andmechanisms throughwhich the implementation of the droughtresilienceandsustainability initiative inthe IGADregioncanbepromoted,planned,supportedandexecuted.

TheRPPispartoftheIDDRSIStrategy,whicharosefromthecollectiveconsensusofIGADMemberStatesanddevelopmentpartnerstoworktogetherincoordinatedeffortsaimedatendingdroughtemergenciesthroughbuildingsustainablelivelihoods.ConsequentlytheRPPisbothanagreementbetweenthe IGADMemberStatesanda frameworktoguidetheprocessof implementingthedroughtresilienceinitiative.

DuringPhase1ofIDDRSI,RegionalProgrammesweredevelopedandimplementedbyMemberStates with resources from the Member States and Development Partners. Building on theexperience of phase 1, Member States have identified several strategic interventions for thesecondphaseofIDDRSIthatwillbeimplementedduringthenextfiveyears(2019-2024).

1 The seven IDDRSI priority intervention areas (PIAs) are: 1. Natural Resources and Environment Management; 2. Market Access, Trade and Financial Services; 3. Livelihood Support and Basic Social Services; 4. Disaster Risk Management, Preparedness and Effective Response; 5. Research, Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer; 6. Conflict Prevention, Resolution and Peace Building; and 7. Institutional Strengthening, Coordination and Partnerships.

2 Drought resilience is defined as the ability of countries, communities, and households to cope and manage change, by maintaining or transforming living standards in the face of droughts without compromising their long-term prospects.

IGAD Regional Programming Paper (RPP) for the Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) January 20192

2. NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXTSPersistentandwidespreaddroughtisarecurrentfeatureoftheclimateinthearidandsemiaridlands (ASALs) of the IGAD region, comprisingDjibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, SouthSudan,SudanandUganda.WhiletheASALscover60-70%oftheIGADregion(Figure1),only30%ofthetotalpopulationofabout230millionpeoplefoundintheIGADregionliveintheseASALareas.Further,withmorethan90%oftheagricultureintheASALsbeingrain-fed,thereisadirectlinkbetweendroughtandfoodinsecurity.

Most of the IGADMember States belong to the LeastDevelopedCountries (LDCs) and sharesimilareconomicgrowthrates,socialandethnicgroupsacrosstheirborders,whichcouldbeagood opportunity for regional integration.

Inmanypartsofthisregion,drought,floods,andtheharshecologicalcircumstances,exacerbatedbyclimatechangephenomena,warandconflicts,havecreatedconditionsofchronicvulnerabilitywith extreme poverty, persistent food insecurity, widespread economic hardships and untoldhumansuffering.

Figure 1: IGAD Agro-Ecological Zones

Disclaimer: The country borders on the map are only indicative and do not represent the position of IGAD.

With a fixed natural resource base that is being eroded by recurrent severe drought events,compoundedbyclimatevariabilityandtheeffectsofanincreasinghumanandlivestockpopulation


andtheassociatedunplannedurbandevelopmentandsettlements,theASALsareinthethroesofmassivesocio-economicandenvironmentalchangesthathaveprofoundnegativeimplicationsfortraditionallivelihoods.Undertheprevailingsocio-politicalandeconomicconditionsthepopulationsintheseareasarelargelypastoralandagro-pastoralcommunities,whoarehighlyvulnerabletoexternalshocks,includingdroughts,climatechangeandviolentconflictsandfrequentlyrequirehumanitarianassistance tosurvive .In2010/2011, theregionwashitbyaseveredrought thataffectedanestimated13millionpeopleandexacerbatedfoodinsecuritytofaminelevelsinsomepartsoftheIGADregion.

FollowingthecollectivehistoricdecisiontoenddroughtemergenciesasadoptedbytheHeadsofStatesoftheHornofAfricaRegionandDevelopmentPartnersin2011,aregionalplatformcalledtheIGADDroughtDisasterResilienceandSustainabilityInitiative(IDDRSI)wasestablishedandhasbeenoperationalsince2012.RespondingtotheneedsandobligationsofIDDRSI,DevelopmentPartnershavedonatedand/oravailedlongtermsoftloanstofinanceinterventionsthattargeteddrought resilienceenhancement in theASALs.Hence, the largest shareof the fundmobilizedprioritizedresilience-buildingprojectsintheASALs.Duetotheglobalclimatefundsandrelateddevelopmentprogrammesthereareampleresilienceinvestmentopportunitiesthattheregionneeds to tap.


3. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE REGIONALPROGRAMMING PAPERThepurposeoftheRegionalProgrammingPaperistoprovideprinciplesandproceduresofregionalprogramming through multi-country, multi-stakeholder partnerships at regional and countrylevelsthatareinclusiveofcivilsociety,stakeholderrepresentatives,privatesector,developmentpartners,researchersandacademics.

To address the need for a comprehensive and holistic approach to resilience programmingat community and household levels, it was necessary to extract regional elements from thecountry programming papers (CPPs) to develop a regional programming paper (RPP) that isinstrumental to guide regional resilience activities. Resilience programming at regional level is effectiveforcombatingchronicfoodandnutritioninsecurity,addressingdeep-seatedpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationandsoenhancetheresilientindividuals,householdsandcommunitiestodroughtsandothershocksintheregion.

To that effect, the IGAD Secretariat introduced a 5-year Strategic Plan, which guides theimplementationoftheIDDRSIatregionalandcountrylevels.ThePlanidentifiesthenewmethodsof work and defines the intervention activities and roadmap through which the objective ofDroughtResilienceandSustainabilityInitiativewillbeachievedunderthegeneralleadershipandcoordinationoftheIGADSecretariat.TheStrategicPlanprovidesfortheRegionalProgrammingPaper (RPP), which both defines the regional aspects of the drought resilience initiative anddescribestheprinciplesandarrangementsthataresharedbythe IGADMemberStates intheimplementationoftheinitiativeatnational,regionalandcross-borderlevels.

ThecommitmentsofHeadsoftheStatesoftheIGADMemberStatesandDevelopmentPartnersresultedinthedevelopmentofseveralregionalprojectsduringPhase1ofIDDRSI.Theprojectsprovided a proof of concept of the regional approach tobuilding resilience. These include, theRegionalPastoralLivelihoodsResilienceProject(RPLRP)financedbytheWorldBank;theDroughtResilienceandSustainableLivelihoodsProgramme(DRSLP),fundedbytheAfricanDevelopmentBank;theRegionalFundforStrengtheningDroughtResilienceintheHornofAfricasupportedbytheGermanDevelopmentBankKfWandtheGermanFederalGovernmentMinistryofEconomicCooperation,BMZ;andStrengtheningtheabilityofIGADtopromoteresilienceintheHornofAfricafundedbytheEuropeanUnionTrustFundandBuildingResilientMarketSystemsintheCross-borderDrylandsoftheIGADRegion, fundedbyUSAID.Theseprojectshavemadeasignificantcontribution in restoring fragile eco-systems, protecting natural resources, enhancing thelivelihoodsofvulnerablecommunitiesandimprovinglivestockandmarketaccessinfrastructure

Country and regional programmeswill integrate specific actions in support of peace building,gender equity, climate change and the environment, which will be featured as cross-cuttingconcernswhendesigninginterventionactivitiesinvolvingtheothercomponentssuchasnaturalresourcemanagementinterventions,ruralinfrastructureorenhancedlivelihoodactivities.


4. PURPOSES AND KEY FEATURES OF THE RPPTheRPPisacommonframeworkforregionalprogrammesaimedatendingdroughtemergencies,enhancedroughtresilienceandbuildsustainabilityintheIGADRegion.WhiletheindividualIGADMember Statesmay have their own specificities (as described in theMember States CountryProgramme Papers), their dry land areas and drought-prone communities face commonchallengesandareoften interconnected through, inter alia,natural resourcesharing, livestockmovement,regionaltradeandtrans-boundaryhumanandanimaldiseases.TheRPPhighlightstheregionaldimensionsofthedroughtresilienceandsustainabilityinitiativeandwillbeusedtoguidethedevelopmentofprojectsandinterventions.Morespecifically,theRPPwillfacilitatethefollowing functions.

1. Toservesasaprogrammingframeworktodevelopregionalprojects,demandsandexpec-tationsrelatingtothenecessityforcollective,simultaneousandcoordinatedactionintheimplementationoftheIDDRSIStrategy.

2. Toproposecommonprinciples,policies,procedures,architectureandinstitutionalsetupofprogrammestobedevelopedby IGADMemberStatesunder thegeneral leadershipandcoordinationoftheIGADSecretariatinordertoachievecoherent,effectiveandmon-itorable action.

3. To promote and facilitate regional interventions of a trans-boundary nature to comple-menttheactivitiesinthestatesandagreeonmodalitiesofcooperationandjointactionfortheplanningandexecutionofmulti-nationalprojects.

4. Todefinemodalitiesofcooperationandprovideamechanismthroughwhichcollectiveaction, including resourcesmobilisation, necessitated by the regional character of thedroughtresilience initiative,canbeorganisedandcoordinatedtoenhancesynergyandavoid duplication.

5. TosupportstatesinpromotingandprioritisingdroughtresilienceandsustainabilityintheirannualbudgetsanddevelopmentplansincludingincreasinginvestmentsintheASALsandsupporttodroughtresilienceandsustainabilityprojectsandactivities.

6. Toinstitutionalizesupportforandcombinationofbothreliefanddevelopmentactivitiesinemergency, medium and long term development plans.

7. Toputinplaceaformalsystemforcoordinationatregionalandcountrylevelstoenhancetheimplementationoftheinitiative.

8. To accelerate, expand, scale and institutionalize on-going investments, successmodelsand processes in cross-border areas and between member states in IGAD region.

9. TobuildcapacitiesofIGADandMemberStatesinstitution,shareknowledgeandexperi-encesthroughregularcontactandexchangeinformation.

TheRPPshouldbeconceivedasanevolvingdocumenttoberegularlyupdated(e.g.every5years),toaccommodatecurrentuncertaintiesandchangingcircumstancesintheregionandallowtheflexibilitythatcountryandsituationalspecificitiesmaydemand.


5. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES5.1 Opportunities

The pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems have a comparative advantage inmakingeffectiveuseoftheregion’sabundantlandthatoftenfaceserraticclimateandextremeweatherconditions.Over90%ofthelivestockpopulationpresentintheIGADregionisfoundintheASALs.

Owingtoitsgeo-politicallocations,theIGADRegionhasaccesstolargemarketsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA)thathasapotentialtoabsorbabout80%oftheliveanimalandmeatexportfrompastoralandagropastoralcommunitiesintheregion.Moreover,increasinghumanpopulationintheIGADMemberStatescoupledwithfavourabledemandfromtheMarketsintheMENAregionprovidesustainedandincreaseddemandforlivestockproductionintheregion.

TheASALcommunitieshavealternativelivelihoodssuchastheexploitationofnon-woodforestproducts including gums, resins, spices, honey and artisanal minerals in these areas. Recentreviewsthatdemonstratethepotentialforsoilcarbonsequestrationindrylandgrazingareasandthemultiplebenefitsofenhancingecosystemservicesandprocessesforimprovinglivelihoods,whilecontributingtoadaptationtoclimatechangeimpact.

Agoodwealthofexistingexperienceandgoodpractices,supportedbyvariousorganizations,onwhichtobuildonbyreplicationandup-scaling.

AnunprecedentedlevelofgoodwillandcommitmentamongstthepoliticalleadershipintheIGADMemberStatesanddevelopmentpartnershavebeenconsistentlyexpressedsinceSeptember2011.Moreover,thereisawealthofgoodpracticessupportedbyvariousorganizationsforscalingto build a resilient region.

Overthepastdecadeborderlandshavewitnessedthedeepening,andexpansionofeconomicand developmental cooperation between IGAD Member States especially in the spheres ofinfrastructuredevelopment,jointenergyprojectssuchas,LamuPort,SouthSudan,andEthiopiaTransport Corridor (LAPSSET).

On-going and new complementary policies and strategies:

• IGADRegionalStrategy2016-2020.ThestrategyprovidestheoverallframeworktoguideIGADindeliveringitsmandatethroughitscoreprogrammeareas,viz.Agriculture,NaturalResourcesandEnvironment;EconomicCooperation,IntegrationandSocialDevelopment;PeaceandSecurity;andHumanitarianAffairsandCorporateDevelopmentServices.

• On-going:ICPALDfacilitatedsigningofbilateralandtripartiteMoUs,onanimalhealthandlivestock trade among IGAD Member States to ensure sustainable income for pastoral communitieswhodependonlivestockanditsproducts.

• PolicyFrameworkontheInformalCross-BorderTrade&Cross-BorderSecurityGover-nanceNexus:EnhancingCross-BorderCooperationandCrossBorderEconomicExchang-esintheIGADRegionwassignedbytheTradeMinisterintheregioninJune2018.

• ResilienceinvestmentintheMemberStatesduringPhase1ofIDDRSIimplementationthatis estimated at USD 1.5 billion.

• TheDevelopmentResponsetoDisplacementImpactsProject(DRDIP)oftheIntergovern-mentalAuthorityonDevelopment(IGAD)MigrationProgramme.Thisprojectcontributes


totheimprovementofeconomicopportunities,environmentalmanagementandaccesstosocialservicesinrefugeehostingareasofprojectcountries.

Increasedresilience investmentwithin IGAD’sClusterApproach.Theseare:a)EUTFsupportedprojectsthroughSECCCIthatisoperationalinthreeclusters–Omo-Turkana,Mayle-MarsabitandMandera;b)EUTF/GIZthatsupportstwoclustersnamely, theKaramojaClusterwherethefirstCrossBorderDevelopmentFacilitationUnitwasestablishedandoperationalsince2017andtheDikhilCluster,andc)EUTFsupportedBenshangul-Gumuz(Ethiopia)andBlue-NileState(Sudan)implemented by GIZ.

Atcountrylevel,proposedcountryprogrammingpapersweredevelopedinthecontextoftheirrespectivenationaldevelopmentplansandstrategies.TheRPPwillalsobuildontheexperiencesandgoodpracticesof investmentprojectsandprogrammesatMemberStates levels, suchasthePastoralistCommunityDevelopmentProject(PCDPI&II)andProductiveSafetyNetProject(PSNP)inEthiopia,andtheAridLandResourceManagementprojectinKenya,andthePastoralDevelopmentProgrammesinDjiboutiandKaramojaUganda,amongothers.

5.2 Challenges

Thearidandsemi-arid lands intheregionare inhabitedbycommunitiesvulnerabletoclimatechange shocks and processes such as desertification, deteriorating range-lands, drought andfamine.Therefore,ASALsrequirestrongpoliticalcommitments,policyandinstitutionalsupportasecological,economic,socio-culturalzone.WhiletheemergenceofIDDRSIhasallowedimprovedattentiontothedevelopmentoftheASALs3,thereremainmajorchallengesthatrequireattentionin a collective manner, including:.

• Theincreasingfrequencyandseverityofdroughts.

• Thedramaticimpactofthesedroughtsonlivestockpopulationsandrain-fedcropproduc-tion,whichdirectlyaffectfoodandnutritionsecurity.

• Therapidlygrowinghumanpopulationsinthefaceofdecliningnaturalresources(land,water)duetodegradation,climatechangeandalternativeuseoftheseresources(e.g.forexpansionofcropproduction).

• Conflictsduetoscarcityofresource.

• Thehighcostofdeliveringpublicservicesduetothelowpopulationdensitiesandpopula-tion movements of pastoral and itinerant communities.

3 For instance, Kenya has established an independent authority (NDMA) to coordinate the country’s efforts to manage

drought in 23 counties.


6. REGIONAL STRATEGIC INTERVENTION AREASTheRegionalProgrammingPaper(RPP)isaframeworkthatguidestheidentificationofkeyregionalstrategicinterventions.TheRPPtakesintoaccountthecomparativeadvantagesforabroadbaseddevelopment; and identifies the critical gaps that affectMember States, which include social,economic, institutional and cultural issues. For instance, some countries have a considerablenatural resources base and infrastructure, conducive for a large volume of agricultural production, whichfacilitatesregionaltradeandimprovesthecapacityoffoodsystems.Inaddition,countrieswithsuchopportunitiescanalsobeasourceoffoodforshorttermhumanitarianassistanceintheregion.

Crossborderco-operationisacollaborativepartnershipbetweenneighbouringstatesinthemutualinterest of communities residing onboth sides of a common international border to addresscommonchallenges.Thesechallengescanberelatedtotheconsolidationofpeaceandsecurity,the sustainableuseof shared resources, thepromotionof regional integrationandeconomiccooperation,theachievementoffoodsecurityandtheachievementofsocialandenvironmentalsecurity.Theecosystems,livelihoodsandidentitiesofpastoralistcommunitiesinthedrylandsoftheHornofAfricaareregionalinnatureandarethereforestronglyinfluencedbycross-borderdynamics.

Insecurityinthepastoralareascouldbeduetocompetitionforaccesstonaturalresourcessuchaspastures,forageandwater. Inaddition, insufficientcooperationinagriculturaldevelopment,sustainable management of natural resources and conservation of biodiversity could pose major problemsforfoodsecurity.Inadequateinfrastructuresuchasroads,railways,telecommunications,andenergyconnectivityarealsomajorobstaclestoregionalintegration.Thechallengesmentionedabove, amongmany others, relate to efforts to build resilience and sustainable development,whichinturnaffectsocialequityaswellaspeaceandstabilityintheregion.

Longdryseasonsanddroughtsalongthecrossborderareascausemassivehumanandlivestockmovementsalongthecrossborderareasdependingontheavailabilityofeitherwaterorgrassorboth.Theecologicalcontinuumandconstantsocialandlivelihoodoverlapsandconvergenceacrossbordersalsomakethecommunitiesalongthecrossborderpronetotransboundaryandzoonoticdiseases.Therefore,problemsthatarisefromanecologicalcontinuumrequirespolicies,andstrategiesconceivedanddevelopedfromecologicalpointsofviewtoachieveabetterresultforresilienceandsustainabledevelopment.RegionalProgrammingPapereffectivelyaddressescrossborderissuesasittreatsthephenomenafromagro-ecologicalandsocio-economicpointsof view.

The transboundary water resources and rangelands require equitable and fair access by allcountries and communities in the cross border areas. Transboundarywaters and rangelandsareoftentheprimarycauseofconflictsinthecrossborderareasthatcharacterizescommunitiesinallborderlandsoftheregion,albeitvariationinthefrequencyandseverityofthoseconflicts.Countriesthathaveaccesstooceansandbiglakescancontributetotheregionalmarketsandtradesthroughtheirblueeconomicactivities.

Buildingontheexperienceofthefirstgenerationofregionalprojects(RPLRP,DRSLPandothers),theIGADMemberStateshaveidentifiedtheRegionalStrategic InterventionAreastoguidethedevelopmentofthesecondgenerationofregionalprogrammes,whichareoutlinedbelowunder


the Priority Intervention Areas of IDDRSI. The intervention areas identified through reflectionandconsultationsoveraperiodofseveralmonths;andwerethoroughlydiscussedbytechnicalrepresentativesofdifferentsectorsindifferentcountriesduringathreedaymeetingorganizedtodevelopasharedunderstandingoftheinterventionareasprescribedforthenextfiveyearsofIDDRSI.

6.1 PIA 1: Natural Resources and Environmental Management

Strategic Objective: Toenhancedrought-pronecommunities’accesstoanduseofsustainablymanaged natural resources and environmental services

6.1.1 Water Resources Development and Management

Expected Outcome: EnhancedWater Resources Development and Proper Management forSustainabilityandEquitableAccess

Strategic Interventions

• Regionalassessmentontransboundarywaterresources,bothsurfacewaterandgroundwater.

• Promotion on regional framework for transboundary water management

• Capacitybuildinginhandlingtransboundarywaters

• Mappingandincreasedinvestmentforenhancedtransboundarywateravailabilityforlivestock and concomitant infrastructure to improve productivity, reduce resource based conflictandincreasetradecapacity.

6.1.2 Rangeland Management and Pasture Development

Expected Outcome: Rangelands and pastures under sustainable management are increased


• Strengthenpolicy,legalandregulatoryframeworkstoenhancecooperationforregionaland trans-boundary natural resource management, including water.

• Upscaletrans-boundarysustainablelandmanagementtechniques,technologiesandinstitutions.

• Strengthencapacityofnationalandcrossborderlocalinstitutionstoimplementtheuseoffitforpurposetechnologyinsecuringaccesstolandandnaturalresources.

6.1.3 Environmental Management and Bio-diversity

Expected Outcome:Conservationandsustainableuseofecosystemsservicesenhanced;Biodiversitylosshalted;Environmentalservicepaymentimproved

Strategic Intervention

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• Social and Economic Impact Assessment (SEIA)


6.1.4 Development of Renewable Energy

Expected Outcome:EnhancedenergysupplyfortheASALregion


• EstablishCross-Borderdemonstrationforbio-diversityandwildlifeconservation

• Develop regulatory frameworks to reduce pollution

• Develop policies and legal frameworks to promote renewable energy

6.1.5 Land Governance

Expected Outcomes:

• LandGovernanceintheIGADregionenhanced

• Capacityofnationalandcrossborderlocalinstitutionsstrengthened


• Harmoniselandgovernmentframeworksonlanduseinareaswithtransboundaryimplications.

• Undertake capacity needs assessment at national and cross border areas

• Organizecapacitydevelopmenttrainingsfornationalandcrossborderinstitutions

6.2 PIA 2: Market Access, Trade and Financial Services

Strategic Objective: Toimprovetransport,marketinfrastructureandfinancialservicesinASALs.

6.2.1 Access to Secure and Affordable Financial ServicesExpected Outcome:Enhancedaccesstosecureandaffordablefinancialservices

Strategic Intervention

• Strengtheningandharmonizationofregionalfinancialservicesincludingmoneytransfermechanismswithintheregionespeciallyunbankedareastoexpeditelinkagetorural,urban, transboundary and regional markets.

6.2.2 Regional Trade

Expected Outcome: Enhancedregionaltrade


• Developpoliciesthatfacilitateregionalandcrossbordertrades.

• Rationalizationandharmonizationoftransboundarytariffsandnon-tariffbarriers;

• Developingthewarehousereceiptsystemandlinkageintotheregionalwarehousereceipt system.

• Improvementandtransboundaryandregionalharmonizationofstandardsandqualityassurance.

• Development of capacity to actively participate in regional trade arrangements and


protocolsandtonegotiateflexiblerulesoforiginrequirementswithregionaltradepartners to ensure access to regional and international markets.

• Establishcross-bordermarketsandaggregationmarketstofacilitateagriculturalcommodity trading.

• Promotionofagrofairstolinkvaluechainacrosstheregion

• Establishtraceabilitysystemacrossvaluechains.

• Developmentandharmonizationofinfrastructureandtransportationfacilitiestoenhancemarketaccessandtrade.

• Developmentofroadandtransportinfrastructureconnectingthecountriesintheregion,and linking to main border points and ports to facilitate cross-border, regional and internationaltradewithattentiontotheneedsoflandlockedcountriesintheregion.

• Establishand/orstrengthencapacityofbordercommissionintheregion.

6.2.3 Regional Market Information Systems

Expected Outcome: Improved access to a reliable market information for buyers and sellers


• Strengthenregionalandcrossbordermarketinformationsystemstoenabletradersandthebusinesscommunitytakeprudentandoptimaldecisionsinrelationtoregionaltrade.

• Improvedgathering,analysis,communication&disseminationofcrop,livestockandfishmarketsinformationtoallstakeholders.

6.2.4 Insurance Services Expected Outcome: Livestock/Agricultural commodity insured


• Undertakefeasibilitystudyondeliverymechanisms

• Undertakefeasibilitystudyondeliverymechanisms

• Awareness creation among target participants

• Establishpartnershipbetweengovernmentandprivatesector

• Designtheinsurancepackagedandimplement

• Monitoringandevaluationoftheprogramme

6.3 PIA 3: Enhanced Production and Livelihood Diversification

Strategic Objective: Toincreaseadaptivecapacitiesofthedrought-proneASALcommunities.

6.3.1 Fisheries and Apiculture Development

Expected Outcome:IncreasedASALsFishery,honeyandwaxproductionandproductivity



• Harmonizedmanagementoftrans-boundaryfisheriesresourcesforenhancedfoodandnutrition security and tradable surplus.

• Developmentandimplementationoftrans-boundaryfisheriesco-managementplan.

• Facilitationoffishtradeoncross-borderareas

6.3.2 Crop and Livestock Disease and Pest Control and Management

Expected Outcome: Safe and healthy crop and livestock products


• Establishmentofreferencelaboratoriesforcropandlivestockdiseasesandpests.

• Capacitydevelopmentoflocalinstitutionswithspecialattentiontocrossborderanimalhealthcommittees.

• Improvedandharmonizednational,bilateralandregionalstandardsandqualityassuranceandsanitaryandphytosanitaryframeworkforenhancedsmoothflowofregional and international trade.

• Strengthenregionalcooperationandharmonizetrans-boundaryinitiativesinreducinglosses from pests and diseases.

6.4 PIA 4: Disaster Risk Management

Strategic Objective:ToenhancedroughtdisastermanagementinIGADMemberStates

6.4.1 Contingency Planning

Expected Outcome:Reducedvulnerabilitytodisasterriskindrought-pronecommunities.


• Regionalcapacitydevelopmentonearlywarningandemergencyresponsemechanisms.

• Strengtheningofregionalcooperationoncommunityriskreductionandclimateadaptation.

• UpdatingofRegionalRiskAtlasbasedontheproductionnationalAtlases.

6.4.2 Climate Change Adaptation & Mitigation Expected Outcome:EnhancedcommunityResilience


• DevelopaharmonisedEarlywarningsystemwithcommonarchitectureandcomparableacrosstheregion

• EnhancecapacityofICPACtoeffectivelyforecastweather/climateandsupportmemberstates

• Strengthenclimatechangenegotiationskillsofmemberstates


6.5 PIA 5: Research, Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer

Strategic Objective: Toimproveutilizationofknowledgefordroughtresilienceinmemberstates.

6.5.1 Promote the Network of National and Regional Dry land Collaborative, Applied and Adaptive Research Centers

Expected Outcome:Robustlearningindrought-pronecommunitiespromotedaswellasAppliedandadaptiveresearchalignedtothedevelopmentprioritiesoftheresilienceagenda.


• Promotethenetworkofregionaldrylandcollaborative,adaptiveandappliedresearchcentres.

• Enhancegovernanceofresearchinstitutesintheregiontoharmonizeresearchqualityandrelevanceintheregion.

• Sharegoodresiliencepracticesintheregion.

• RegionalcapacitydevelopmentforDryLandsResearchCenterstomeettheneedsoftheregionalagriculturalsector,includingclimatechange.

• Enhancecapacityanddeliberateactiontoharnessandintegrateindigenousknowledgeasasourceofinnovationfortheregion.

• Enhancedandregionallyharmonizedfoodandnutritionsecuritymonitoringandplanning.

• Establishandstrengthendatamanagementsystems

6.5.2 Results Measurement, Learning and Decision Making

Expected Outcome: Improved evidence based decision making process.


• Design appropriate monitoring system for CPPs, and RPP

• Buildpartnershipinresiliencemeasurementandanalysis

• Undertake resilience monitoring and analysis

• Organizeplatformstodiscussreportsofresilienceanalysisusingthemonitoringsystemdeveloped

6.6 PIA 6: Peace Building, Conflict Prevention and Resolution

Strategic Objective: ToachievepeaceandstabilityinIGADregion.

6.6.1 Peace Building and Mediation Mechanisms

Expected Outcome:Reducedincidencesofviolentconflictindrought-pronecommunities

Strategic interventions

• Strengthentrans-boundaryandregionalmechanismsforpeacebuildingandconflictresolutionfordifferentlandandwaterforproductionuses.


6.6.2. Transnational Security Threats

Expected Outcome: Reducedorganisedcrime,extremismandterrorismincidentsindrought-prone communities (cross border areas)


• BuildcapacityoftheConflictEarlyWarningandEarlyResponseUnit(CEWERU)tofulfilitsmandate

• StrengthencollaborationbetweensecurityandLawEnforcementAgencies(LEAs),theASALcommunitiesandotherstakeholders

• Strengthencross-bordercollaborationbetweenLEAsandsecurityagencies

6.7 PIA 7: Institutional Strengthening, Coordination and Partnerships

Strategic Objective: Tostrengthentheinstitutionalcapacity,coordinationstructuresandpartnershipsforeffectiveimplementationofIDDRSI.

6. 7.1 Coordination, Institutional Strengthening, Capacity Building

Expected Outcome: EffectivelyfunctioninginstitutionalarrangementtoimplementIDDRSIatregional and national level


• Strengthenprotocols,partnerships,networksandcollaborationfortrans-boundarydroughtresilienceinterventions.

• Strengthencoordinationmechanisms,interactionandfunctionallinkagesbetweenNational and regional IDDRSI Secretariat.

6.8 PIA 8: Human Capital, Gender and Social Development

Strategic Objective: Toincreaseequitableaccesstobasicsocialservicesindrought-proneareas

6.8.1 Health and NutritionExpected Outcome:Accessandqualityofhealthandnutrition forcrossbordercommunitiesandrefugeesenhanced


• EstablishaspecializedinstitutionforhealthandnutritiontofocusvulnerableandmarginalisedgroupsintheASALS

• DevelopappropriatehealthreferralmechanismsforASALs(healthinfrastructure, accesstoqualityregulatedmedicinesandmedicalproductsHealthworkforceandfinancing)

• E-health,telemedicineestablishedintheASALs,

• Real time monitoring of services during emergencies/prevention and treatment for moderateandsevereacutemalnutritionfortheinfants,youngchildrenandwomenofreproductive age in ASAL)


• Alternative interventions to increase community resilience to disasters built

• Surgemechanismforhealthandnutritionwhichexpandandcontractservicedeliveryindroughtperiodestablished

6.8.2 Education and Training

Expected Outcome:Accessandqualityofeducationservicesforcrossbordercommunitiesandrefugeesenhanced.


• UndertakeaffirmativeactionmeasuretoincreaseaccessandfundingforASALstudents-takingintoaccountthegenderdynamics

• EstablishplatformsforE-learning,distancelearningandcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentspecificforASALinpartnershipswithUniversitiesandlearninginstitutions

• Establishsurgemechanismforeducationwhichexpandandcontractservicedeliveryindroughtperiod

6.8.3 Gender Equality and Women’s EmpowermentStrategic Objective: PromoteGenderequalityandwomen’sempowerment

Expected Outcome:accessandqualityofeducationservicesforcrossbordercommunitiesandrefugeesenhanced.


• Developaffirmativeprogramstoreinforceinnovationdrivenlivelihoodstrategiesbyandforwomenindroughtpronecommunities

• Genderandsexdisaggregatedgenderresiliencedatacollectedanalysedanddisseminated

• Operationalizegenderresilienceworkinggroup

• DevelopandrolloutcapacitybuildingprogramsforgendermainstreamingintheCPPs

• Enhancingwomen’svoiceindecision-making,leadershipandpeace-building

• Promoting women’s economic empowerment

• Ending violence against women and girls

• StrengthenMemberStateinstitutionalcapacityandeffectivenesstoenhancedeliveryofresultongenderequalityandtheempowermentofwomen

6.8.4 Migration and DisplacementStrategic Objective: Promote safe, orderly and regular migration and advocate for migration as an adaptation strategy

Expected Outcome: Increased preparedness in preventing and responding to large population movements and displacement



• PromoteregionalintegrationmeasuresthroughtheadoptionoftheIGADprotocolonfreemovementofpeopleaswellasthetranshumance

• PromoteDiasporaengagementindevelopmentandhumanitarianresponseinASALs

• PromoteMigrationasanadaptationstrategytomitigatetheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeandweathervariability,includingmigrationasaformofhouseholdincomediversification

• CreatelinkagesbetweenNationalCoordinationMechanismsinmemberstatesthatcoordinate migration issues and IDDRSI focal points (Entry Points: ICPAC, National MeteoriticalCentres,DRMauthorities,MinistriesofEnvironment|CEWARN,CEWERUs|IDDRSI:Focalpoints|)

• Create linkages between Regional Consultative Process + Regional Migration Coordination Committee and Resilience Fora (IDDRSI Platform etc.)

• Improvetheconditionsforlocalintegrationandbuildingself-relianceofrefugees,IDPsandhostcommunitiesprotractedrefugeesituationscanbeimproved.

• Capacity development to better understand migration issues in Member states

• ImprovedatacollectionthroughtheStatisticalUnittobeestablishedinIGADwithsupportfromAUC/AfDB,mechanismsforsharingofdataisessential/IGADdataandinformationsharingpolicyneedstobedeveloped


7. RESOURCE MOBILIZATIONResources for the Regional Programmes are mobilized through dialogues and interactionsatmultiple levels.While IGAD takes the lead inmobilizing funding for the regional initiatives,commitmentsby theHeadsof Statesof theMemberStates, key implementingministries anddevelopment partners play crucial roles. To facilitate this, countries allocate funds from theirnationalbudgettoenhancedroughtresilienceanddevelopmentpartnersexpressedcommitmenttoaligntheirsupport,asappropriate.

ThepurposeofRPPistoprovideatoolfortheIGADSecretariat,itsmemberstates,developmentand implementing partners for themost effective alignment of their contributions to achievea common goal of enhancing drought disaster resilience. The aim is to enhance synergies,coherence and avoid gaps or duplications in the use of the available financial resources. Thesharedunderstandingof the commonprogrammingpaperand the sustainedcommitmentofMemberStatesanddevelopmentpartnerswillhelpimprovethealignmentofpartnersupporttotheinitiative.


8. INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

Mostprogrammeinterventionswilltakeplaceatcountrylevelwhereinstitutionalandimplementationmechanismswillbuildasmuchaspossibleonexistingeffectiveinstitutionsandmechanismswhenpossible.ThesemechanismsaredescribedintheseparateCPPsofeachcountry.

In complement to the country programmes, some regional interventions will need to beundertakentoaddresscross-borderissuesandmulti-nationalrequirementsinwhichtheIGADSecretariatwillplayaprimaryrole,as leaderandcoordinator intheplanningandexecutionoftheseprogrammes.Theseinterventionswillinvolvespecificregionalinfrastructure,regionaltradedevelopment, trans-boundarydiseases,coordinationandharmonizationofpolicies,knowledgesharing, capacity development and guidance of states, regional level information system anddisaster risk reduction.

Coordinationapproachesof theRegionalProgrammesduring thefirstphaseof IDDRSI variedfromcountrytocountry.Insomecountries,theyputthecoordinationofRegionalProgrammesinagriculture,whereasinsomecountriesitwasmanagedbythelivestockdepartment.

Thecritical issuesare linking theRegionalProgrammeswith theCountryProgrammingPapersthatidentifiedthestrategicinterventionareas,andtheIDDRSIStrategythatprovidestheoverallstrategicdirectionsinbuildingresilienceintheMemberStates,withadueemphasisofregionalissuesthatrequirecollectionactionsbycountries,includingcrossborderinterventions.

Withgrowingnumberofregionalprogrammes,thereisaneedtoestablishaTechnicalWorkingGroup of Regional Programmes (TWG-RP), led by IGAD/IDDRSI and represented by Directors leading theimplementationofregionalprogrammes,CoordinatorsoftheeachregionalprogrammesandM&EExpertsoftherespectiveprogramme.TheTWG-RPwillmeettwiceayear,beforethemeetingoftheSteeringCommittee,toassesstheprogressofregionalprogrammes.

At regional level the IGADSecretariat is expected toplay the following roles in relation to theimplementationoftheDroughtResilienceandSustainabilityInitiative(IDDRSI):

• Coordinationandharmonization.

• Programmingleadership(initiation,followup,guidance,monitoringandreporting)

• Knowledgemanagementincludingcommunicationandinformationsharingamongallregional programmes.

• CapacitydevelopmentofMemberStatesandtheIGADSecretariat.

• Advocacy and promotion (awareness creation, lobbying for support).

• Policy and Strategy development.

• Useofitsconveningpowerforaddressingcomplextrans-borderemergencysituations

• Implementation of regional and trans-boundary activities.

The IGAD Secretariat will need to mobilize existing global and regional resource institutionsinvolvedinresearchandcapacitydevelopment,fortechnicalsupportandassistance.TheIGADSecretariat will also associate its Development Partners and will need to bring on board civil society andNGOs.TheIGADRegionalPlatformforDisasterResilienceandSustainabilitywillbethevehicle


to mobilize the multi-stakeholder partnerships in support of regional activities. DevelopmentpartnerswillcoordinatetheireffortsandsupporttotheIGADSecretariatanditsMemberStatesthroughtheCoordinationUnitoftheDroughtResilienceandSustainabilityPlatform.Inordertoenhanceimplementationcapacities,theIGADSecretariatshouldseekpracticalpartnershipswithregionalandinternationalactorstosupporttheimplementationofparticularactivities.

The IGADSecretariat, itsMemberStatesandDevelopmentPartnerswillneed toworkout thebestway to streamline and progressively converge the various processes in place in supportofdroughtresilience in the IGADregion, inorder toseeksynergiesandensurebestpracticesthrougheffectivecoordination.

At the regional level the IGAD Secretariat will play a key role in implementing the functionsdevelopedinthisRPP.Indischargingitsroles,theIGADSecretariathasthefollowinginstitutionaland implementation arrangements:

• ASecretariatheadedbytheIGADExecutiveSecretarywhichhas6DivisionsandanumberofsectionsundereachDivision.

• DifferentspecializedIGADinstitutionsandprogrammes;namely,CEWARN,ICPAC,ICPALDand ICVE

• Relevant institutions in Member States.

• TheIGADRegionalPlatformforDroughtResilienceandSustainability(General,Assembly,Steering Committee, Platform Coordination)


9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMTheMonitoringandEvaluationSystemfortheRegionalProgrammingPaperisinterlinkedtotheIDDRSIStrategyandCountryProgrammingPapers.WhilethestrategicdirectionsemanatesfromIDDRSIstrategy,operationalaspectsoftheM&EsystemisdependentontheCountryProgrammingPapers where implementation takes place. Hence, three levels of results are pursued: theexpectedoverallimpactoftheCountryProgrammingPapersthroughtheimplementationoftheNationalDevelopmentPlansforeachcomponentthatarerelatedtoIDDRSIaswellasthetargetedoutcomesandoutputsofthe8PriorityImplementationAreas.TheexpectedoutputsfromeachoftheindividualinterventionsandactivitieswillbeworkedoutatcountrylevelatthestageofdetailedformulationofspecificprogrammesandprojectsforPIA.Thus,theCPPswillhaveadetailedresultframeworkthatshowsafullresultchain–impact,outcomes,outputsthatarelogicallyconnectedtodeliverthedesiredresults.

RegionalProgrammingPaperswillhavespecificresultframeworkthattracksthecontributionoftargetedstrategicinterventionareasofdifferentregionalprogrammes.IndicativeResultFrameworkfor Regional Programmes is given in Table 1. At regional level, IDDRSI will monitor limited number ofhighlevelindicatorsattheCountryandRegionallevelsfortheregionalresilienceoutlook.


Table 1: Result Framework of IDDRSI Regional Programming Paper

Priority Intervention Areas

Result Areas Outcomes Indicators

PIA 1: Natural Resources and Environment Management

Strategic Objective: Toenhancedrought-pronecommunities’ access to and use of sustainably managed natural resources and environmental services

1.1 Water Resources Development and Management

EnhancedWaterResources Development and Proper Management for Sustainability and Access

Numberofhydrologicalassessments conducted covering IGAD region and disclosed water resources maps.

Numberofwatershedmanagement plans developed in potential trans-boundary areas

Levelofwaterstress:freshwaterwithdrawalasaproportionofavailablefreshwaterresources

Annualextractionfromsurfacewater in relation to its minimum annualrecharge(i.e.waterbalancesheet)

Annualextractionfromgroundwater in relation to its minimum annualrecharge(i.e.waterbalancesheet)

1.2 Rangeland Management and Pasture Development

Rangelands and pastures under sustainable management are increased

Acreage of available improved pasture and forests areas under sustainable management and livestock carrying capacity

Proportionoflandthatisdegraded over total land area

1.3 Environmental Management and Bio-diversity

Conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems servicesenhanced;Biodiversity losshalted;Environmental service payment improved

Number of NR policies and effectiveinstitutionalframeworksfor managing natural resources.

Forest area as a proportion of total land area

Proportion (percentage) of land areaformallyestablishedasprotected area

Proportion (percentage) of seas/lakesformallyestablishedasprotected area

Area of forest under sustainable forestmanagement(hectares)

Growth/valueofruralbusinesseslinked to environmental services (e.g. value of services from forests, eco-tourism)

Valueofcarbontradingschemes


1.4. Development of Renewable Energy

EnhancedenergysupplyfortheASALregion

Number of projects replicated, no.ofresearchstudiesdone

Number of Regulatory Frameworks developed

Number of policies developed and implemented, No. of Regional programmes & projects developed and implemented

1.5.Land Governance

Land Governance intheIGADregionenhanced

Capacity of national and cross border local institutions strengthened

Number of land governance frameworksharmonised

Proportion of total adult populationwithsecure

tenurerightstoland,withlegallyrecognized

documentationandwhoperceivetheirrightstolandas

secure,bysexandbytypeoftenure

Numberoffit-for-purposetechnologiesinsecuringaccessto land and natural resources adopted.

PIA 2: Market Access, Trade and Financial Services

Strategic Objective: To improve transport, market infrastructure and financialservicesin ASALs.

2.1 Access to Secure and AffordableFinancial Services

Enhancedaccessto secure and affordablefinancialservices

ValueoffinancialtransactionsintheASALareasofIGADstates

Householdincomesindrought-prone communities

PercentageoftheASALpopulationwhoareeligibletoobtain a business loan

PercentageoftheASALpopulationusingfinancialservices of formal banking institutions

Percentage of rural businesses (farm/non-farm)thathaveriskinsurance policies


2.2 Regional Trade

Enhancedregionaltrade

Volume of trade transactions in theASALareas

Number of operational regional infrastructures

Commonqualityandstandardsformulatedandestablished

Number private entrepreneurs invested in ASALs

Numberofharmonizedregulatory frameworks and taxationsystemsdeveloped

Number of Traders’ Associations establishedinASALs.

Change(percentage)inunitcostof transportation of agricultural

products

Average time and cost for registering business in ASALs

Number of polices, MoU’s agreement adopted by member countries

2.3 Regional Market Information Systems

Improved access to a reliable market information for buyers and sellers

Number of Market Information Systems installed for ASALs

Number of male/female benefitingutilizingmarketinformation systems in ASALs

2.4 Insurance Services

Livestock/Agricultural commodity insured

Number of farmers insured

Amount of Insurance fund paid to farmers

PIA 3: Enhanced Production and Livelihood Diversification

Strategic Objective: To increase adaptive capacitiesofthedrought-proneASAL communities

3.1Fisheriesand Apiculture development

Increased ASALs Fishery,honeyandwaxproductionandproductivity

Numberoffisheriesmanagementplan developed in ASALs

Capturefishproductionasapercentageoffishstock

%increaseoffishcatch(MT)perannumperhousehold(male/female)

Percentage of increased income fromfishingperyear

Numberoffishfolksassociationestablished(bymale/femalemembership)inASALs

Numberoffishinglicenseissuesper year


3.2 Crop and Livestock disease and pest control and management

Safeandhealthycrop and livestock products

Enhancedcontroland management of transboundary pests and disease

Transboundary animal diseases recorded in member states.

Number of animals vaccinated/treated in cross border areas

PIA 4: Disaster Risk Management

Strategic Objective: Toenhancedroughtdisastermanagement in IGAD Member States

4.1 Contingency Planning

Reduced vulnerability to disaster risk in drought-pronecommunities

Numberofcountrieswithcontingencyplandroughtandfloodrisks

Change(percentage)ofASALpopulationunderriskofdrought

Change(percentage)ofASALpopulationunderriskofflood

Numberofdeaths,missingpersonsandpersonsaffectedbydisaster per 100,000 people

Level of preparedness and response management capacity

National budget allocated for early warning response

4.2 Climate changeAdaptation & Mitigation

EnhancedcommunityResilience

Regional Early Warning System established

Changeinaccuracyofweather/climate forecasts/predictions

Changeinresourcesreceivedfrom international development partners for implementation of climatechangeadaptationandmitigation programmes

PIA 5: Research, Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer

Strategic Objective: To improveutilizationof knowledge for droughtresiliencein member states

5.1 Promote theNetworkof National and Regional Dry land Collaborative, Applied and Adaptive ResearchCenters

Robust learning indrought-pronecommunities promoted as well as Applied and adaptive researchalignedtothedevelopmentprioritiesoftheresilience agenda.

Numberoffunctionalresearchinstitutions in ASALs

Number regular regional drylandsforumsorganized

Number of dryland collaborative researchinitiatedinASALs

Adoption rate of appropriate technologiesforASALsCollaborativeregionalresearchprogrammeoperationalized

Number of policies and strategies implemented


5.2. Monitoring results measurement, learning and decision making.

Improved evidence based decision making process.

No of resilience monitoring measurement and analysis toolsStandardizedandoperationalized

PIA 6: Peace Building, Conflict Prevention and Resolution

Strategic Objective: To achievepeaceandstability in IGAD region

6.1 Peace Building and Mediation Mechanisms

Reduced incidences ofviolentconflictindrought-pronecommunities

Number of operational Peace CommitteesintheASALs(Member States, and Male, femalemembership)

Numberofconflictreported

Conflict-relateddeathsper100,000population,bysex,ageand type of crime

Number of crime incidents disaggregated by type of crime

6.2. Transnational security threats.

Reduced organised crime,extremismand terrorism incidentsindrought-prone communities ( cross border areas)

Noofdisplacedhouseholds/peoplebysex

Valueoflivelihoodlost

Reduction in response time for reported incidents

PIA 7: Coordination, Institutional Strengthening and Partnerships

Strategic Objective: To strengthentheinstitutional capacity, coordination structures and partnershipsforeffectiveimplementation of IDDRSI

7.1 Coordination, Institutional Strengthening,Capacity Building

Effectivelyfunctioninginstitutional arrangement to implement IDDRSI at regional and national level

Number of coordination forums establishedatnationalandsub-national levels

Number of coordination meeting conducted between regional and National levels


PIA 8: Human Capital, Gender and Social Development

Strategic Objective: To increaseequitableaccess to basic social services in drought-proneareas

8.1HealthandNutrition

Accessandqualityofhealthandnutritionfor cross border communities and refugeesenhanced

Proportion of total government spending on education

Maternal mortality ratio

8.2 Education and Training:

Inclusive and equitablequalityeducation for cross border communities and refugees promoted.

Proportion of total government spendingonhealth

Proportionofyouth(aged15-24years) in ASALs not in education, or training

8.3 Gender EqualityandWomen’s Empowerment

Genderequalityand women’s empowerment promoted

Proportion of population covered bysocialprotectionfloors/systems

AfricanGenderEqualityIndex(AfDB)

Whetherornotlegalframeworksare in place

to promote, enforce and monitor equalityand

non-discriminationonthebasisofsex


8.4 Social Development

Safe, orderly and regular migration and advocate for migration as an adaptation strategy promoted

Enhancedemployment opportunities for working age group of population in ASALs

Numberofcountriesthathaveimplemented

well-managed migration policies

Recruitment cost borne by employee as a

proportion of yearly income earned in country of

destination.

Numberofcountriesthathaveimplementedwell-managedmigration policies.

Mean scores on a scale from 0 to10forquestion:“Is[country]made a worse or a better place to live by people coming to live herefromothercountries?”

Percentagesofthenative-bornwhoconsiderimmigrationasmore of an opportunity, 2018

Unemploymentrate,bysex,ageand persons

withdisabilities

Proportion of total government spending on

Social protection

Unemploymentrate,bysex,ageand persons

withdisabilities


9.1 Results-based Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

Results-BasedMonitoring andEvaluationwill forman integral partof themanagementof theRegionalProgrammePaperasawayofenhancingefficiencyandeffectiveness.Informationderivedfromthisprocesswillenablethefine-tuningoftheentireprogramme,withtheaimofestablishingtheextenttowhichtheenvisagedresultsandoutputsaremetwithinthesettimeframes,usingallocated resources. Results-Based Monitoring & Evaluation (RBM&E), will be used to identify challengesandemergingtrendsinDroughtDisasterResilienceandSustainabilityInitiativeoftheIGAD region. The RBM&E Framework assumesperiodic analysis and reporting,whichwill giveMemberStatesandstakeholderstimetoassessresultsandinitiateactionwherenecessary.

Theprogrammemonitoringwillprovideamechanismforgoodmanagementandtimelydecisionmakinginresponsetoearly indicationofprogressor lackthereof, intheattainmentofresults.Focusedat the level of programmeoutcomesandoutputsbyproject, itwill assess efficiency,execution, compliancewith procedures and seek to reveal “what happened”, what is workingandwhatisnotworkingandwhy.Effectivemonitoringwillenableanassessmentofprogrammeexecutionperformancebyprojectagainstparametersdefinedinthebaselineprogrammeplanbyeachproject, thusenablingcorrectiveactions,wherenecessary.Theprogrammewilladoptmonitoringpracticesthroughouttheentireprogrammelifecycleandwillconsolidateresultantprogrammemonitoring information by specific project. Effective programme implementation,monitoring and reporting will yield the required quality standards, and avoid cost and timescheduleoverruns.Theregionalprogrammeswillbemonitoredatthreelevels:

• Compliancemonitoring:Thiswillenableassessingcompliancewiththesetpolicies,proceduresandstandardsinexecutingprogrammeactivitiesinthekeyareasofintervention.

• Performancemonitoring:Thiswillmeasureprogressinactivitycompletionagainstthesetresources, timeframes and plans towards desired results.

• EconomicandValueforMoney(VFM)datacollection:ThiswillensurethattheIDRRSI implementers collect accurate and complete data before, during and after an intervention.

IGADM&ETeamwilldevelopatrackingtoolthatwouldfacilitateasystematicprocessforcollectingand analysing data to measure performance by regional programmes and CPPs. Outputs will be trackedandtheircontributionstooutcomesmeasuredbyassessingthechangefrombaselineconditionstodesiredoutcomes.Outcomeindicatorswillbeidentifiedandagreedbyconcernedstakeholders. Subsequently, baseline data will be collected to set targets for performancemeasurement along the result chain. Performancemeasurement will employ both qualitativeandquantitativeindicators.Thismethodandapproachwillenabletheextractionofinformationrelated to theprogressmade towards theoutcome, factors contributing to theoutcomeandtheprogramme’scontributiontothesame.Anassessmentofperformancethroughanalysisandcomparison of indicators over time will be undertaken.

Theprogrammeevaluationwillinvolvetheapplicationofrigorousmethodstoassesstheextenttowhichtheprogrammehasachieveditsdefinedimpactobjectives.Itwillattempttodetermineassystematicallyandobjectivelyaspossible,therelevance,effectiveness,efficiencyandimpact(bothintendedandunintendedimpacts)oftheprogrammeinthecontextofitsstatedobjectives.The


evaluationfocusesatthelevelofoutcomesandresultsoftheintervention,andthereforebeabletoanswersquestionsof“whydidithappenornot”.Inevaluatingtheprojecttheissueofcausalitywillbeexamined,thatis,thecausalrelationshipsbetweenoutputs,outcomesandimpacts.

Theregionalprogrammeswillbeevaluatedbasedontheirlogicalframeworkandthereforetheevaluationwillincludedthefollowing:

1. Relevance:Whyarewedoingthis?Arethecomponentsandspecificinterventionsrelevantforthekeystakeholdersornot?

2. Effectiveness:Howisitgoing?Willitwork?

3. Efficiency:Isitworkingsmoothly?Thiswillascertainwhethertheprogrammeisoncoursetoattaintheintendedgoals,andifnot,establishwhy.

4. Impacts:Thiswillestablishtheprogramme’seffectagainstpre-determinedindicatorsontheintendedbeneficiaries/stakeholders.

5. EconomicandValueforMoneyanalysis:Thiswillestablishthecostofdeliveryandvalueofthebenefitsaccruingtotheintendedtargetcommunities.

Therewillbeaprogrammemid-termevaluationtoassesstheprogramme’sprogressinattainingsetobjectivesatitsmid-point,thusprovidinganopportunitytoreviewstrategiesandoutputs.

At theendofeachof the three5-yearprogrammingcyclesof theStrategicPlan,anend-termevaluationwillbeconductedintheperiodfollowingprogrammecompletion.Itisatthispointthattheexpectedimpactshallbemeasured.Itspurposewouldbetostudytheprogramme’simpactusingdefinedperformance indicators,and todrawconclusions forsimilar interventions in thefuture (lessons learned).

9.2 Information Sharing, Learning , Knowledge Generation and Reporting

Knowledgedistilledfromtheresults-basedmonitoringandevaluationprocesswillbedocumentedandusedasevidence-basedgoodpracticesandpromisingtechnologiesthatillustratewhyandhowdifferentstrategiesandapproachesworkunderspecificcontexts.This informationwillbedisseminatedamongstakeholdersandacademiapartnersatsuitableforums.

Feedback will consist of findings, conclusions, recommendations and lessons learned fromprogramme implementation experience. This feedback will be used to improve performance,informrelevantpolicy formulationanddecision-making,andthepromotionof learningculturewithintheorganization.

Reporting will be an integral part of results-based monitoring and evaluation process and will involve the systematic and timely collation and provision of essential information at periodicintervals.Therefore,quarterlyupdates;biannualandannualreportswillbeproducedbasedonresult-based monitoring and evaluation.


REFERENCECountry Programming Papers (2019) of the IGAD Member States (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya,Somalia,SouthSudan,SudanandUganda)

IDDRSI Strategy 2013 and 2019

IDDRSI Regional Programming Paper (2013).

THE IGAD DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVE (IDDRSI)

Regional Programming Paper2019 - 2024

For more information, contact:IGAD Drought Disaster Resilience & Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) Platform Coordination

Planning, Coordination and Partnerships Division, IGAD SecretariatAve Georges Clemenceau, P.O Box 2653, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti.

Tel: +253 21354050| Email: [email protected] Website: www.igad.int

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