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平成23年 機械・知能系 5セメスター 4.成形加工 粉末成形 Forming processes : powder processing 機械創成学I Creation and Production I

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Page 1: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

平成23年 機械・知能系 5セメスター

4.成形加工 粉末成形 Forming processes : powder processing

機械創成学I Creation and Production I

Page 2: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

主な材料加工法 Manufacturing processes

成形加工 除去加工 付加加工

塑性加工

粉末・射出成形

切削加工

研削加工

特殊加工

接合・溶接

表面改質・処理

鋳造

めっき、蒸着

Forming processes Removal processing Joining processes

Casting

Plastic forming

Powder processing Injection molding

Cutting

Grinding

Advanced processes

Bonding and welding

Surface treatment, modification

Page 3: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

粉末成形とは? What is powder processing?

( )し、金属部品を作る方法。セラミックスの成形にも用いられる。 Processes in which ( ) to form a solid piece. This method is also applied to ceramics.

近年:様々な組成の材料に適用可能、精度・能率よく、大量生産向きであることが認識され、普及 The availability of a wide range of metal-powder compositions and the overall economics of the operation give this process its numerous attractive and expanding applications

従来:W(タングステン)などの高融点材料等、他の素材加工では難しいものに使用された. Conventionally applied to refractory metals such as tungsten which are difficult to be processed by the other machining processes.

Page 4: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

粉末成形の適用分野 Applications of powder processing

機械部品 Mechanical parts 自動車部品、エアコンプレッサーなどAutomobiles, Air compressors, etc.

含油軸受、フィルター

Oil impregnated bearing, filters

磁性材料 Magnetic materials 永久磁石(モータ用)、軟磁性材料

A permanent magnet, soft magnetic materials

切削工具、耐摩耗工具材料

Cutting tools, high wear resistant tools

摩擦材料 Frictional materials

ブレーキパッド、クラッチ板

Brake pads, clutch plates

電極用材料 Electrode materials

タングステンフィラメント

Tungsten filaments

パンタグラフ集電用すり板

A pantograph slider for current collector

新素材 New materials メカニカルアロイング、ナノ複合材料、金属間化合物

Mechanical alloying, nano-composites, intermetallic compounds

Page 5: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

粉末成形の特徴 Characteristics of powder processing

利点 Advantages

1) 焼結温度が( )でよい。

Sintering temperature : ( )

2) ( ) が製造できる。

The ability to produce ( )

3) ( ) でも粉末状にすれば成形できる。 The ability to form ( ) 4) 複雑な形状の物が精度よく大量生産できる。 Mass production of parts with complex shape 5) 材料の歩留まりがよく、省資源化に役立つ。 High yield rate of materials resulting in a resource saving 6) ( ) の製造手段として有効

Effective in making ( )

7) 偏析がなく、微細金属組織が得られ、従来では不可能であった合金成分の ものが製造できる。 No segregation, availability to produce alloys.

Page 6: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

粉末成形の特徴 Characteristics of powder processing

欠点 Disadvantages

1) 真密度にしなければ機械的性質が劣る。 Low mechanical properties because of low density caused by porosity 2) 粉末の価格が溶製材に比べて高い Cost of powders is higher than that of ingot materials. 3) ( ) である。

Needs ( )

4) ( ) の製造が困難。 Difficult to produce ( ) 5) 粉末表面の酸化皮膜が問題になることがある。 Oxide layer of powers sometimes cause problem

Page 7: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

粉末成形の工程 Processes and operations of powder-metallurgy

原料粉末

後加工(熱処理) 製品

Metal powders Including additives

Secondary and finishing operations such as heat treating, etc.

Products

Page 8: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

金属粉製造方法 Production of metal powders

還元、噴霧、機械的粉砕、電界、メカニカルアロイング Reduction, atomization, electrolytic deposition, mechanical communication, mechanical alloying →現在では( ) が主流 Recently, ( ) is mainstream.

タンディッシュ 溶湯

噴霧媒体

(水,ガス)

ノズル

噴霧

粉末

Tundish

Molten metal

Atomizing water or gas

Metal particles

spray

nozzle

金属粉の粒径、形状 The size and shape of the particles

⇒溶湯温度、溶湯の流量、ノズル形状、噴霧媒体の種類

The temperature and flow rate of the molten metal, nozzle size, and jet characteristics

Page 9: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

( )→機械的に合金化する ( ) . Under the impact of the hard balls, the powders fracture and bond together by diffusion, entrapping the second phase and forming alloy powders.

メカニカルアロイング Mechanical alloying

Milling liquid

Dispersed particles

Stainless steel ball

Mixing Blend Alloying

S. Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6th edition),Prentice Hall (2010).

Page 10: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

金属粉の流動性・圧縮性 Flow and compaction property

●粉末の粒径 Particle diameter:数mm~約100mm ●粉末の形状 Particle shape:球状、樹枝状、針状、不規則形状など Spherical, dendritic, acicular, irregular, etc.

●粉体の密度 ( ) S. Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6th edition),Prentice Hall (2010).

Page 11: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

粉体の流動性・圧縮性 Flow and compaction property

●流動性:粉末粒径は大きく、球状の方が良い。 Fluidity : large size and spherical shape ・粉末の流動性評価:( ) の測定 Fluidity evaluation : ( ) ●圧縮性:compaction property ・圧縮率(圧縮体密度と粉末のみかけ密度の比)が高いほうが、 圧縮性にすぐれる。 High compression ratio, the ratio of green density and apparent density of power, indicates better compaction property.

ロートから

粉末を落下

させる

Drop powder

from funnel q

安息角大: Large q : 安息角小: Small q :

Page 12: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

圧縮成形 Compaction of metal powders

Lower punch

上パンチ

下パンチ

ダイス

粉体 圧粉体

イジェクタ 100

95

90

85

80 Ele

ctr

ica

l co

nd

uctivity (

% IA

CS

)

プレス圧の増加⇒( ) ⇒機械的性特性の向上 Increase in the pressure applied ⇒increase in ( ) ⇒increase in the mechanical properties

S. Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6th edition),Prentice Hall (2010).

Page 13: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

( ) を利用して室温で粉末の成形を行う. Process in which green compact is subjected ( ) in order to achieve more uniform compaction and, hence, density at room temperature

●型: Mold : ●圧力媒体: Pressuring media:

●粉体をゴム袋に封入し圧力容器内の

液中に浸漬して加圧成形する方法。

(超硬合金の金型や工具の製造)

The metal powder is placed in a flexible

rubber mold. The assembly then is

pressurized hydrostatically in a chamber,

using liquid. Cemented metals mold or

cutting tool is made with this method.

冷間等方圧成形 CIP:cold isostatic pressing

Upper cover

Lower inside cover

湿式(ウェットバッグ)法 The wet bag process

Fluid

Pressure vessel

Powder

Pressing rubber mold

Page 14: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

(1) 高い( ) が得られる compacts having ( ) (2) ( ) 成形体が得られる compacts having ( ) (3) ( )が少なくてよい。 Less amount of ( ) (4) 成形体の大きさ、寸法比に制約がない。 No limitations on size and dimensional ratio of compacts (5) 型費用が安価である Use of cheap mold (6) 複雑形状のものも成形できる Ability to produce compacts with complex shape

CIPの特徴 Characteristics of CIP

Page 15: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

Ar、N2などの不活性ガスを圧力媒体として( )で焼結する方法 Process in which green compact in the container generally made of high-melting-point sheet metal is subjected to ( ).

熱間等方圧成形 HIP:Hot isostatic pressing

・( ) を得るこ

とができるため、優れた機械的特性を得ることができる。

Ability to produce compacts having ( ) , resulting good

mechanical properties. ・( ) ためにも利用される。

Used to ( ) to improve mechanical properties of sintered alloys.

・高コスト、大量生産に向かない Higher cost, unfit for mas production

ガス注入口

加熱用コイル

高圧シリンダ

加工物

断熱材

S. Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6th edition),Prentice Hall (2010).

Page 16: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

焼結 Sintering

●焼結:( )により、粒子同士が 凝着・凝集すること Process in which green compact are heated in a controlled atmosphere furnace to a ( ), but sufficiently high to allow bonding (fusion) of the individual particles.

●焼結における特徴 Characteristics 1) 微粉の方が緻密化する。 Fine particles are more densified. 2) 焼結雰囲気:アンモニア・ CxHy・窒素・水素・真空 ⇒還元・酸化の防止のため Atmosphere: N3H4 , CxHy, N2, H2, or vacuum in order to prevent reduction and oxidation

Particle

Pore

体積大、密度小 High volume, low density

体積小、密度大 Low volume, high density

( )

Page 17: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

●機械的性質は、( ) する。 Mechanical properties of sintered compact is significantly ( ).

焼結体の機械的性質と密度の関係

硬さHardness

引張強さ Tensile strength

伸び Elongation

衝撃値 Impact resistance

焼結体密度 Density of sintered compact(g・cm-3)

機械的性質

M

ech

anic

al p

rop

erti

es

密度:小 Density: low

密度:大 Density: high

Relation between mechanical properties and density of sintered compact

Page 18: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

再圧縮と高密度化 Recompression and density growth

●再圧縮 Recompression

( ):寸法精度を出すために再圧縮すること

( ):所定の表面形状を出すために再圧縮すること

●新しい再圧縮法 New recompression methods

( ):圧粉体を熱間鍛造する hot forging of green compact

( ):焼結体を熱間鍛造する hot forging of sintered compact

Relative cost

De

nsity(

g・

cm

-3)

1回成形・

1回焼結

1 forming

1 sintering

温間成形

Warm forming

焼結鍛造

Sinter forging

2回成形・2回焼結

2 forming

2 sintering

密度増 density increase

↓ コスト増

Increase in cost

For high dimensional accuracy

To get a given shape

Page 19: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

射出成形 Injection molding

●主に( )に用いられる成形方法.材料(ペレット)を加熱し、半溶融 状態にして、型内に注入し、冷却固化後に取り出す。 The pellets are fed into the heat cylinder, and melt is force into the mold by the rotating screw system of an extruder. This process is mainly used for forming ( ).

ホッパー Hopper

ペレット Powder pellets

イジェクタピン Ejector pins

ノズル Nozzle

金型 Mold

Nozzle

①スクリューの回転

②スクリューで溶融樹脂を金型に注入 The screw is pushed forward, filling the mold cavity with polymer.

③樹脂が凝固した後、金型を開放し、イジェクタピンにより成形品を取り出す。 After polymer is solidified, the mold opens, and ejector pins remove the molded part.

S. Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6th edition),Prentice Hall (2010).

Page 20: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

放電プラズマ焼結 SPS: Spark plasma sintering

●( )を熱拡散などに利用 することで、成形および焼結を行う。 Processes in which forming and sintering of particles are conducted using ( ) between particles for heat diffusion.

●特徴 Characteristics (1) (2) (3)

放電プラズマ

Discharge plasma

粒子

Particle

Page 21: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

三次元造形 Three dimensional (3D) printing

●金属・樹脂粉末を( )することにより成形する方法。 A piston supporting the powder bed is lowered incrementally, and with each step, ( ).

特徴 Characteristics ・プラスチック、金属、セラミックス等幅広い材料に適用可能。 Capable of applying to polymer, ceramic, or metallic power. ・3次元CADデータから直接自動造形可能。 Directly printing using three dimensional CAD data ・時間とコストをかけずプロトタイプの作製が可能 Rapid prototyping

テーブル

Table

Roller mechanism

粉末供給ローラー Powder

原料粉末

テーブル

Table

Laser or binder

レーザー

バインダ

焼結あるは固化

Sintered or fused

テーブル

Table

0.1mm

Laser or binder

レーザー

バインダ

Page 22: 機械創成学I - Tohoku University Official English Website...Kalpakjian and S. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (6 edition),Prentice Hall (2010). 粉体の流動性・圧縮性

<主な粉末成形法>

・冷間・熱間等方圧成形、射出成形,メカニカルアロイング,放電プラズマ焼結,

三次元造形など

Cold or hot isostatic pressing, injection molding, mechanical alloying, spark plasma sintering, three dimensional printing

本日のまとめ Today’s summary

●粉末成形

金属粉を金型に充填して固化成形した後に、焼結し、機械部品を

製造する方法。

Processes in which metal powders are compacted into desired and often complex shapes and sintered (heated without melting) to form a solid piece. This method is also applied to ceramics.

◆ 焼結温度が融点の65-85%でよい。

Sintering temperature : 65-85% of melting point

◆ 多孔質体が製造できる。

The ability to produce porous media

◆ 難加工材でも粉末状にすれば成形できる。 The ability to form a processing resistant material