I. Spinal cord A. Cross section• 1. anterior median

fissure• 2. posterior median

sulcus• 3. white matter-three

columns or funiculi• 4. gray matter• a. Anterior Ventral• b. Posterior Dorsal• c. Gray commissure 5. dorsal root ganglion 6. dorsal root 7. ventral root

B. Locations of function with regard to the spinal cord• 1. dorsal root ganglion-

pseudo-unipolar neurons• 2. dorsal gray horn• 3. lateral gray horn• 4. ventral gray horn• 5. ventral root• 6. spinal nerve is mixed• 7. interneuron

II. Reflex arcs A. Five basic parts• 1. sensory

receptor• 2. afferent

neuron• 3. association/

interneuron• 4. motor neuron• 5. effector• 6. traits• a. Automatic• b. Unconscious• c. Homeostatic• d. Mono vs.

polysynaptic

B. Three types of reflexes 1. Simple stretch reflex

• a. Monosynaptic• b. Ipsilateral• c. Intrasegmental• d. Patellar reflex

2. Withdrawl reflex

• a. Polysynaptic• b. Ipsilateral• c. Intersegmental• d. Reciprocal

innervation

3. Crossed extensor reflex

• a. Polysynaptic• b. Contralateral• c. intersegmental

III. Structure of nerves

• A. Epineurium• B. Perineurium• C. Endoneurium• D. Fasicle

IV. Spinal cord and dermatomal map

V. Functional Anatomy of the Brain A. Introduction

• 1. difficult to talk about• 2. two fistfuls of pinkish/gray• 3. wrinkled• 4. consistency of cold oatmeal• 5. three pounds• 6. hugely complex• 7. four basic regions

– a. Cerebral hemispheres– b. Diencephalon– c. Brain stem– d. cerebellum

B. Cerebral hemispheres

• 1. most important part• 2. overshadows

diencephalon and brain stem

• 3. mushroom cap covers top of stalk

• 4. gyri• 5. sulci• 6. fissures-ie longitudinal

cerebral fissure• 7. Lateral cerebral fissure

C. Parts of cerebrum 1. Frontal lobe

• a. Frontal lobe controls mainly motor function

• b. Primary motor area is on the precentral gyrus -governs conscious motor control which can be mapped

Motor homunculus

c. Motor homunculus

• -specific regions of the precentral gyrus control specific body parts

• -finer the movements, the more brain area needed to control those movements

d. Premotor area • -learned

repetitive tasks

• Typing, playing piano

• Athletes learn tasks by visualizing motions

• Ingrained in this area

e. Broca’s area• speech center• Usually located left cerebral hemisphere• Damage here causes inability to speak

f. Prefrontal area

MotivationPlanning Emotional behavior MoodsOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest

2. Parietal lobe-mainly sensory and association function

• a. Post central gyrus mimics the precentral gyrus except that it is sensory in function

• b. Sensory information is directed to the postcentral gyrus where it reaches conscious level

• c. Seems to be upside down as you progress laterally

• d. projection

e. Other primary sensory areas

• Taste area• Olfactory area• Primary

auditory cortex

• Visual cortex

f. Association areas

• Second stop for sensory signals

• Directed from primary sensory areas to association areas

• Association area compares present stimulus to previous experience

• Process of recognition

3. Basal Nuclei of cerebrum

• a. A nucleus is an area of gray matter within CNS• b. Deep in cerebral hemispheres are basal nuclei• c. Concerned with gross motor movements• d. Arms swinging and posture• e. Parkinson’s disease is a basal nuclei disorder

C. Diencephalon1. Thalamus a. Encloses third vent. b. Screens incoming sensory messages2. Hypothalamus a. ANS center for body temperature and water balance b. Regulates pituitary3. Epithalamus a. Pineal gland b. Choroid plexus

4. Role of thalamus is like a switchboard operator

•

Fig. 14.8

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Thalamus

Tertiaryneuron

Cerebrum

Midbrain

Secondaryneuron

Pons

Medulla oblongataDorsal root ganglion

Primary neuroncell body

Spinothalamictract ofanterolateralsystem

Spinal cord

Primary neuron

Free nerveendings

InterneuronGraycommissureWhitecommissure

D. Brain stem• 1. size of thumb• 2. midbrain• 3. pons • 4. medulla

5. medulla

• a. Reflex centers for heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomitting etc

• b. Anterior surface-pyramidal tracts

• c. Decussation of motor nerves consciously controlling voluntary function

6. pons

• a. Name means “bridge”• b. Contains fiber tracts

specifically between cerebrum and cerebellum

• c. Basically an interchange• d. Also contains nuclei for

cranial nerves• e. nuclei of respiratory reflex

7. midbrain

a. Corpora quadrigemina• b. superior and inferior

colliculi• Reflex centers for vision

and hearing

E. Cerebellum

1. Cauliflower shape

2. Controls balance and equilibrium

3. Produces smooth and coordinated muscular contractions

4. Arbor vitae

F. Miscellaneous topics 1. Limbic system

• a. The limbic system is a complex set of structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum.

• b. It includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and several other nearby areas.

• c. It appears to be primarily responsible for our emotional life, and has a lot to do with the formation of memories.

2. Reticular Activating System (RAS)

• a. Regulates sleep-wake cycles

• b. Works with thalamus to focus attention

• c. May be involved with ADHD

3. Corpus callosum

a. Commisural fibersb. Connects right and leftc. Right side of brain is

spatial and artisticd. Left side of brain is

analytical and mathematical

e. Two talk to each other through the corpus callosum

f. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc

VI. Protection of the brain

• A. Meninges• 1. dura mater• 2. arachnoid • 3. pia mater• B. CSF• 1. produced

choroid plexi• 2. flow• 3. functions• 4. hydrocephalus