I. Second Great Awakening

I. Second Great Awakening

A. This was a religious reform movement 1.Preachers of this era rejected

Calvinistic ideals like predestinationb. Insisted people could improve

themselves and society

B. Revivalism

1. Large gatherings where preachers might draw up to 10,000 or more listeners

2. Designed to awaken religious fervor in listener through impassioned preaching and prayer

C. African American Church1. Second Great Awakening brings religion to

enslaved African Americans on a large scale2.There was a belief that all people belonged

to the same God3. Slaves and whites worshipped in the same

church at the same time4. Slaves saw the sermons as a promise of

freedom

• Salvation was a matter of choice• It focused on the second coming of Christ• There was felt a need to reform society to

hasten the new kingdom of God

African American Church

5.Slaves and whites worshipped in the same church at the same time

6.Slaves saw the sermons as a promise of freedom

African American Church

7.In the East many free African Americans had separate churches

8.Churches became a center for politics

D. Transcendentalism

What?!?

–Many people wanted a change from traditional religion but thought revivalism was too public

Transcendentalism

1.A philosophical and literary movement that was based upon simple living and the truth found in nature used emotion

a.This was started by Ralph Waldo Emerson –A New England writer

Transcendentalism

2. Led to a new literacy movementa.Henry David Thoreau – Walden

i.Based on self reliance

3. Civil Disobedience

3. Civil Disobedience- form of protest where you peacefully refuse to obey lawsa.Based upon the ideas of

transcendentalism i.Thoreau chose not to pay his taxes and went to jail

E. Unitarianism1.Focused on reason and the conscience as

the path to perfectiona. William Henry Channing

i. Purpose of Christianity was “the perfection of human nature, the elevation of men into nobler beings”

F.Similarities

1.Both Unitarianism and Transcendentalism agreed that individual and social reform were possible and important

G. Utopian societies

1. Utopian communities- experimental groups who tried to create “utopia” or a perfect place

a. They shared a common goal: self-sufficiency

b. Withdrawal from society

Non-religious Examples

• New Harmony, Illinois– Set up by Robert Owen in 1825 – Supposed to be self-sufficient and exist without

currency– Failed after several years

b. Non-Religious Examples were:

Brook Farm Brook Farm was established by George RipleyIt was transcendentalist in nature Contributors were Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Emerson

George Ripley

Oneida Commune

• Founded by John Noyes– Practiced eugenics, complex

marriages, and communal living

– Supported through manufacture of silverware

– Corporation still exists today

Religious Examples:

• Shakers and the Mormons were religious examples of Utopian Societies

H. Shakers

1.Set up by Ann Lee a. Believed:

i. Men and Women are equalii. Non-violence

iii. Vow to never have children or marry

• Why did they disappear?

II. Reform

A. Prison Reform1. Prisons included mentally ill

a. Dorothea Dix i. Wanted to reform the conditions

A. Prison Reform1. Prisons included mentally ill

a. Dorothea Dix i. iii. Between 1845 and 1852 she persuaded

nine Southern states to set up hospitals for the mentally insane

Prison Reform

• She also set to help reform criminals– Rehabilitation attempted to not create hardened

criminals– Work seen as a way to reform

Legal Code Reforms

Reduction in crimes punishable by death• Abolishing of public hangings in many states• Abandoning flogging and other cruel

punishments

B. School Reform

1.Before the 1850s there was no education policya. Conditions varied

2. School attendance was uncommon beyond the age of 10 in 1830

School Reform

3. By 1850 every state provided some degree of elementary schooling funded by taxpayers (public education)

School Reform4. Horace Mann of

Massachusetts was a leader in the reform movement– Established

teacher trainingb.Other states

followed his examples

Books• Noah Webster’s

dictionary – Standardized the English

language

• Willaim McGuffey– His books taught reading

in stages

Quiz

Make your own chart and fill in the different parts of the Second Great

Awakening. Under each add one key person from

each movement.

Second Great Awakening

Second Great Awakening

School Reform

Prison Reform

Mentally ill care reform

Unitarian Movement

Transcendentalism

RevivalismThe African

American ChurchUtopian Societies

Music

Literature

Abolition

Women’s Rights

Temperance

Trade Unions

C. Abolition

1. Abolition- the call to outlaw slavery2. Many termed it “a great national sin”3. Some antislavery groups wanted to

resettle African American slaves in Africa

Abolition

4. William Lloyd Garrisona. Started his own newspaper named the Liberator

in 1831b. His message was: • immediate emancipation

c. He founded the New England Anti-slavery Society

Abolition

5. David Walkera. He was a free blackb. Blacks should fight for their freedom

Abolition

AbolitionFrederick Douglas

d. He escaped to New Yorke. Garrison sponsored him as a lecturerf. He wanted abolition to be achieved through political actiong.Made his own newspaper The North Star

Abolition

6. By 1830 most slaves had been born in the United States and spoke English

D. Slavery 1. Rural Slavery

a) Most worked in the fields under an overseer

b) Some slaves worked on small farms beside their owners

Slavery 2. Urban Slavery

a) Slaves with skills were in demand for the factories

b) Slaves were “hired out” by their ownersc) City slaves had more freedom

i. They weren’t watched as closelyii. There were less beatings

E. Rebellion of Slaves

Ways Slaves Rebelled1. Slaves rebelled in a variety of ways

a) Nonviolentb) Violent

E. Rebellion of Slaves

1. Nat Turner’s Rebelliona) Turner was born a slave in South

Hampton Virginia in 1800b) He was a preacherc) He believed he was chosen to lead his

people from bondage

Rebellion of Slaves

Nat Turner’s Rebelliond. In 1831 after seeing an eclipse he began a

rebellione. He had 80 followers f. They attacked 4 plantationsg. They killed 60 whites

Rebellion of Slaves

Nat Turner’s Rebellionh. They were captured by federal and state

troopsi. They were tried and hungj. In retaliation as many as 200 blacks most

innocent were killed

2. Outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Turner’s Rebellion strengthened the resolve of Southern whites to

defend slavery and control their slaves

Outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion

b. Owners wanted more control on African Americansi. These became known as slave codes

Outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion

c. Slave Codesi. Examples

Most slave owners stopped educating their slaves Slaves were forbidden from learning to read Alabama forbade African Americans from preaching Free blacks were denied the right to vote Could not own property

La Amistad Revolt

• In 1839 a slave revolt happened on the ship• - 53 African natives were kidnapped and sold

into Spanish slavery• They were sent to Cuba and purchased by two

Spaniards• These men put them on the ship La Amistad

and planned to move them to a different part of Cuba

La Amistad• Two days into the journey two of the slaves

broke free and freed the other slaves• The slaves took over the ship killing the

captain and the cook- but not their owners• They planned to return to Africa and set sail

using the sun however the Spainish men changed course at night

• The ship ended up in New York and was seized by the U.S. government

• This ended in a legal battle over what to do with the slaves

F. Defending Slavery

1. Virginia Debate

a) A motion was made in the Virginia legislature to abolish slavery

b) The motion lost and the issue was closed

Defending Slavery

2. Used the Bible3. Myth of a happy slave

G. Abolishing Slavery

a. Abolitionists swamped Congress with petitions to end slavery

b. Congress put a gag rule into effecti. Ended debate on the issue

H. American Colonization Society

• Wanted to gradually emancipate blacks and settle them in Africa

• Started in 1816

H. Limits on Women’s LivesWidely held views

1. Women were inferior to men.

2. Women should attend only to household and family duties—and to their husbands.

3. Matters of business, government, and politics should be handled by men.

I. Women Abolitionists

1. Sarah and Angelina Grimke were the daughters of a South Carolina slave owner

a. Raised money, distributed literature, collected signatures petitioning congress to end slavery

b. The abolitionist movement became a powerful beginning to other reform causes such as the women’s rights movement

Seneca Falls Convention

• Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Focused on women’s rights• In 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention the

Seneca Fall Statement was drawn up it was a statement of the mistreatment of women by men

Declaration of Sentiments

• Called for the social and legal equality of women

Women’s Rights

• Lucy Stone began speaking out for women’s rights in 1847 and organized a series of national conventions

• Susan B. Anthony joined the cause in 1851 and

worked ceaselessly for women’s rights

J. Sojourner Truth

Sojourner Truth1. Was a slave for the first 30 years of her life2. She went throughout the country

preaching 3. She wanted women’s rights and abolition

a. Many women feared taking on the slavery issue

K. Temperance Movement

a. Religiously based in violation of the Sabbath

b. Movement included abstinence and prohibition

Temperance

• Included Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and Carrie Nation

L. Education for Women1. Few opportunities exist for women prior to 1820

1821 – first all girls school opens in Troy, New York1837 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary is founded in Mass.

1837 – Oberlin College accepts 4 women to its degree program and becomes the first co-educational college in the U.S.

M. Women’s Rights Movement

1. Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 – Women’s rights conventiona.“Declaration of Sentiments” – Women

should participate in all public issues on an equal basis with men.

b. Women’s suffrage

N. The Changing Workplace

1. Strikes began to happen 2. Workers wanted better conditions in which to

work3. Trade unions were made

a. Workers banned together for changes4. The court backed the strikers