I. Organization of the Skeletal System A. Types of Bone Tissue - Architectural Arrangement 1. Compact (Dense) Bone 2. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone B. Bone Structure 1. Periosteum a. Osteoblasts

b. Osteocytes c. Perforating (Sharpey’s) Fibers 2. Diaphysis (Long Bone) 3. Epiphysis (Long Bone) 4. Articular Cartilage a. Hyaline Cartilage 5. Medullary Cavity a. Yellow Marrow 6. Endosteum a. Osteoclasts b. Remodeling

7. Metaphysis (Long Bone) a. Epiphyseal Plate b. Epiphyseal Line 8. Diploe (Flat Bone) a. Red Marrow C. Histological Organization of Bone 1. Osteon (Haversian) System (Compact Bone) a. Concentric Lamellae

b. Lacunae c. Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals d. Central (Haversian) Canal e. Canaliculi 2. Remodeling

a. Interstitial Lamellae b. Circumferential Lamellae 3. Trabeculae (Spongy Bone)

D. The Skeleton 1. Axial Division – 80 Bones 2. Appendicular Division – 126 Bones E. Bone Classification - Gross Anatomy – Shape 1. Long 2. Flat 3. Short 4. Irregular 5. Sesamoid 6. Sutural (Wormian) F. Bone Markings 1. Elevations and Projections (General) a. Process b. Ramus

2. Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment a. Trochanter b. Tuberosity c. Tubercle d. Crest e. Line f. Spine g. Epicondyle 3. Projections that help to form joints - Articulations a. Head b. Neck* c. Condyle d. Trochlea e. Facet

4. Depressions a. Fossa b. Sulcus 5. Openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass (usually) a. Foramen (Foramina) b. Canal (Meatus) c. Fissure d. Sinus (Antrum)

II. Axial Skeleton A. Skull Bones 1. Cranium a. Frontal Bone 1) Coronal Suture 2) Anterior Cranial Fossa 3) Frontal Squama (Glabella) a) Frontal (Metopic) Suture 4) Supra-orbital Foramen (Notch) 5) Lacrimal Fossa b. Occipital Bone 1) Lambdoid (Occipitoparietal) Suture 2) Posterior Cranial Fossa 3) Small part of Middle Cranial Fossa 4) Foramen Magnum 3) Occipital Condyles 4) Hypoglossal Canals 5) External Occipital Crest 6) External Occipital Protuberance 7) Superior Nuchal Line 8) Inferior Nuchal Line 9) Condylar Fossa – Canal may not be present

c. Parietal Bones 1) Sagittal Suture 2) Superior Temporal Line 3) Inferior Temporal Line d. Temporal Bones 1) Squamous Suture 2) Contribute to Middle Cranial Fossa 3) Zygomatic Process a) Forms Zygomatic arch with the Temporal Process of the Zygomatic Bone 4) Articular Tubercle 5) Mandibular Fossa 6) Squamous Part a) External Acoustic (Auditory) Meatus b) Mastoid Process contains Mastoid Air Cells c) Styloid Process d) Stylomastoid Foramen 4) Petrous Part a) Internal Acoustic Meatus b) Jugular Foramen c) Carotid Canal (Foramen)

e. Sphenoid Bone 1) Sphenoparietal suture 2) Contribute to Anterior & Middle Cranial Fossae 3) Lesser Wings 4) Greater Wings 5) Orbital Surface 6) Sella Turcica a) Hypophyseal Fossa b) Tuberculum Sellae c) Posterior Clinoid Processes (Dorsum Sellae) d) Anterior Clinoid Processes 7) Pterygoid Processes a) Lateral Plate b) Medial Plate c) Pterygoid Canal 8) Foramen Ovale 9) Foramen Spinosum 10) Foramen Rotundum 11) Foramen Lacerum* 12) Superior Orbital Fissure 13) Inferior Orbital Fissure* 14) Optic Canal (Foramen) 15) Optic (Chiasmatic) Groove

f. Ethmoid Bone 1) Contribute to Anterior Cranial Fossa 2) Crista Galli 3) Cribriform Plate a) Olfactory Foramina 4) Perpendicular Plate 4) Lateral Masses a) Ethmoidal Labyrinth 1] Ethmoidal Air Cells 5) Superior Nasal Conchae (Turbinates) 6) Middle Nasal Conchae (Turbinates)

2. Facial Bones a. Maxillary Bones (Maxillae) 1) Infra-orbital Foramen 2) Alveolar Process (Margin) 3) Palatal (Palatine) Process 4) Incisive Fossa b. Zygomatic Bones 1) Zygomaticofacial Foramen 2) Temporal Process c. Nasal Bones 1) Frontonasal Suture d. Lacrimal Bones 1) Lacrimal Fossa e. Inferior Nasal Conchae (Turbinates) f. Palatine Bones 1) Greater Palatine Foramen 2) Lesser Palatine Foramen g. Vomer 1) Nasal Septum

h. Mandible 1) Body 2) Angle 3) Ramus 4) Mandibular Notch a) Coronoid Process b) Mandibular Condyle (Condylar Process) 1] Articular Surface of Head 2] TMJ - Temporomandibular Joint 5) Alveolar Process (Margin) 6) Mental Protuberance (Mandibular Symphysis) 7) Mental Foramen 8) Submandibular Fossa 9) Mandibular Foramen

B. Auditory Ossicles – within petrous portion of Temporal Bones - Associated Bones of the Skull 1. Malleus – Hammer 2. Incus – Anvil 3. Stapes – Stirrup C. Hyoid Bone* - Associated Bone of the Skull 1. Cornua (Horns) a. Lesser Horn – Anterior b. Greater Horn - Posterior D. Paranasal Sinuses 1. Frontal Sinus 2. Sphenoidal Sinus 3. Ethmoidal Sinus a. Ethmoid Labyrinth houses Ethmoidal Air Cells 4. Maxillary Sinus 5. Clinical Application a. Sinus Congestion b. Sinusitis

E. Fetal Skull & Skeleton 1. Fontanels (Fontanelles) a. Anterior (Frontal) Fontanel b. Posterior (Occipital) Fontanel c. Sphenoidal (Anterolateral) Fontanel d. Mastoid (Posterolateral) Fontanel 2. Frontal Bones a. Ossification (Growth) Centers b. Frontal (Metopic) Suture 3. Temporal Bones 4. Facial Bones a. Mandibles 1] Mandibular Symphysis

F. Vertebral Column (Spine) 1. Regions a. Cervical – 7 b. Thoracic – 12 c. Lumbar – 5 d. Sacrum 1) 5 Fused Sacral Vertebrae e. Coccyx 1) 4 (3 – 5) Fused Coccygeal Vertebrae 2. Spinal Curvatures a. Primary Curves – Accommodation Curves 1) Thoracic Region 2) Sacral Region b. Secondary Curves – Compensation Curves 1) Cervical Region 2) Lumbar Region c. Clinical Applications: Abnormal Curvatures 1) Scoliosis 2) Kyphosis 3) Lordosis

3. Intervertebral Discs a. Annulus Fibrosus b. Nucleus Pulposus c. Clinical Applications 1) Herniated (Ruptured or Slipped) Discs 4. Structure of a Typical Vertebra a. Vertebral Body (Centrum) b. Spinous Process c. Transverse Process d. Lamina 1) Vertebral (Neural) Arch 2) Clinical Application: Spina Bifida e. Pedicles 1) Vertebral (Spinal) Foramen a) Line up to Form the Vertebral Canal or Spinal Cavity 2) Inferior Vertebral Notch a) Intervertebral Foramen f. Superior Articular Process 1) Superior Articular Facet g. Inferior Articular Process 1) Inferior Articular Facet

4. Cervical Vertebrae a. Transverse Foramen – common feature of all Cervical Vertebrae b. Bifid (Bifurcated) Spinous Process – a feature of Vertebrae C2-C7 c. Atlas – C1

1) Anterior Arch 2) Posterior Arch 3) Posterior Tubercle d. Axis – C2 1) Dens (Odontoid Process) 2) Transverse Ligament e. Vertebra Prominens – C7 1) Nonbifid, Long Spinous Process 2) Ligamentum nuchae 5. Thoracic Vertebrae a. Transverse Costal Facets b. Costal Facets 1) Superior Costal Facet 2) Inferior Costal Facet

6. Lumbar Vertebrae a. Superior Articular Facets on Processes 1) Posteromedially Directed b. Inferior Articular Facets on Processes 1) Anterolaterally Directed 7. Sacrum a. Sacral Canal b. Sacral Hiatus 1) Apex 2) Sacral Cornua c. Sacral Foramina d. Median Sacral Crest e. Lateral Sacral Crest f. Auricular Surface g. Sacral Tuberosity h. Sacroiliac Joint i. Sacral Alae j. Sacral Promontory 1) Base k. Transverse Lines 8. Coccyx a. Coccygeal Cornu

G. Thoracic Cage (Bony Thorax or Rib Cage) 1. Sternum a. Manubrium 1) Clavicular (Notch) Articulation 2) Jugular Notch b. Body (Gladiolus) 1) Sternal Angle 2) Transverse Lines c. Xiphoid Process 1) Xiphisternal Joint 2. Ribs (Costae) a. Classifications (Types) of Ribs 1) True – Vertebrosternal 1-7 2) False – Vertebrochondral 8-10 3) Floating – Vertebral 11 & 12 b. Head 1) Superior & Inferior Articular Facets c. Tubercle d. Neck e. Body (Shaft) 1) Angle 2) Costal Groove

III. Appendicular Skeleton A. Pectoral Girdle 1. Clavicle a. Sternal (Medial) End – Sternoclavicular Joint b. Acromial (Lateral) End – Acromioclavicular Joint c. Conoid Tubercle d. Costal Tuberosity

2. Scapula a. Body 1) Superior Border 2) Medial (Vertebral) Border 3 Lateral (Axillary) Border 4) Superior Angle 5) Lateral Angle 6) Inferior Angle b. Suprascapular Notch c. Subscapular Fossa d. Spine e. Supraspinous Fossa f. Infraspinous Fossa g. Acromion h. Glenoid Cavity i. Supraglenoid Tubercle j. Infraglenoid Tubercle k. Coracoid Process l. Scapular Neck

B. Upper Limb (Extremity) 1. Humerus (Arm or Brachium) a. Head b. Greater Tubercle (Lateral) c. Lesser Tubercle (Medial) d. Intertubercular Groove/Sulcus (Bicipital Groove) e. Anatomical Neck f. Surgical Neck g. Deltoid Tuberosity h. Radial Groove i. Condyle 1) Capitulum 2) Trochlea j. Coronoid Fossa k. Olecranon Fossa l. Radial Fossa m. Medial Epicondyle n. Lateral Epicondyle

2. Ulna (Part of Forearm or Antebrachium) a. Trochlear (Semilunar) Notch b. Olecranon Process c. Coronoid Process d. Radial Notch e. Ulnar Tuberosity f. Ulnar Head g. Styloid Process of the Ulna 3. Radius (Part of Forearm or Antebrachium) a. Radial Head – Proximal Radioulnar Joint b. Neck c. Radial Tuberosity d. Styloid Process of the Radius e. Ulnar Notch – Distal Radioulnar Joint 1) Interosseous Membrane

4. Bones of the Hand a. Carpus 1) Proximal Carpal Bones a) Scaphoid Bone b) Lunate Bone c) Triquetrum (Triangular Bone) d) Pisiform Bone 2) Distal Row a) Trapezium b) Trapezoid Bone c) Capitate Bone d) Hamate Bone (1) Hook of the Hamate b. Metacarpal Bones I – V 1) Heads (Knuckles) 2) Bases c. Phalanges (Phalanx) 1) Proximal 2) Middle a) Except Thumb (Pollex) 3) Distal

C. Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle) 1. Coxal Bones (Hip or Pelvic Bones) - Ossa Coxae (Os Coxa) a. Acetabulum 1) Lunate Surface 2) Acetabular Fossa 3) Acetabular Notch b. Ilium 1) Iliac Crest a) Tubercle of the Iliac Crest 2) Anterior Superior Iliac Spine 3) Posterior Superior Iliac Spine 4) Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine 5) Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine 6) Greater Sciatic Notch 7) Auricular Surface – Sacroiliac Joint 8) Gluteal Lines – Anterior, Posterior & Inferior 9) Iliac Fossa 10) Arcuate Line

c. Ischium 1) Ischial Spine 2) Lesser Sciatic Notch 3) Ischial Tuberosity 4) Ischial Ramus d. Pubis 1) Pubic Tubercle – Inguinal Ligament a) Pubic Crest – Pubic Symphysis 2) Superior Ramus 3) Pectineal Line 4) Inferior Ramus 5) Obturator Foramen e. Pelvis – Composed of Hip Bones, Sacrum & Coccyx (Comparison of Male and Female) 1) False (Greater) Pelvis 2) True (Lesser) Pelvis a) Pelvic Outlet 1] Perineum b) Pelvic Inlet 1] Pelvic Brim (Linea terminalis) c) Pelvic Cavity 3) Pubic Arch (Angle)*

D. Lower Limb (Extremity) 1. Femur a. Head 1) Fovea Capitis – Ligamentum capitis femoris b. Neck c. Greater Trochanter d. Lesser Trochanter e. Intertrochanteric Line f. Intertrochanteric Crest g. Gluteal Tuberosity h. Pectineal Line i. Linea Aspera j. Medial Supracondylar Ridge k. Lateral Supracondylar Ridge l. Popliteal Surface m. Adductor Tubercle n. Lateral Condyle o. Medial Condyle p. Intercondylar (Notch) Fossa q. Patellar Surface r. Lateral Epicondyle s. Medial Epicondyle

2. Patella a. Base b. Apex c. Surface for Patellar Ligament d. Medial Facet e. Lateral Facet 3. Tibia a. Lateral Condyle b. Medial Condyle c. Intercondylar Eminence 1) Medial Tubercle 2) Lateral Tubercle d. Tibial Tuberosity e. Anterior Margin (Crest) f. Medial Malleolus of the Tibia g. Articular Surface h. Popliteal Line 4. Fibula a. Head of Fibula – Superior Tibiofibular Joint b. Lateral Malleolus – Inferior Tibiofibular Joint 1) Interosseous Membrane

5. Bones of the Foot a. Tarsal Bones (Tarsus) 1) Posterior Bones a) Talus b) Calcaneus 2) Anterior Bones 1) Navicular (Scaphoid) Bone 2) Cuneiform Bones 1] Medial Cuneiform 2] Intermediate Cuneiform 3] Lateral Cuneiform 3) Cuboid Bone

b. Metatarsus I – V 1) Forms Arches of the Foot a) Longitudinal Arches 1] Medial (Talar) 2] Lateral (Calcaneal) b) Transverse Arch c. Phalanges 1) Proximal 2) Middle Except Great Toe (Hallux) 3) Distal