i ntroduction to i nfections. i nfection invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body...
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INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIONS
INFECTION
Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms
in body tissues, especially that causing local
cellular injury due to competitive
metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication,
or antigen-antibody response
Overview of Plasmodium's life cycle
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFECTIONS
Airborne infection: one that is contracted
by inhalation of microorganisms or spores
suspended in air on water droplets or dust
particles.
Droplet infection: infection due to
inhalation of respiratory pathogens suspended
on liquid particles exhaled by someone already
infected.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFECTIONS
Endogenous infection: that due to
reactivation of organisms present in a dormant
focus, as occurs in tuberculosis.
Opportunistic infection: infection by an
organism that does not ordinarily cause
disease but becomes pathogenic under certain
circumstances (e.g., impaired immune
responses).
AIRBORNE INFECTION
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
Infection involving the respiratory tracts
Classified as an upper respiratory tract or
a lower respiratory tract infection
Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia,
tend to be far more serious conditions than
upper respiratory infections, such as the
common cold.
URTI
Infections in the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
Typical infections of the upper respiratory tract include:
Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Influenza
Common cold
SYMPTOMS OF URTIS
Cough
Sore throat
Runny nose
Nasal congestion
Headache
Low grade fever
Sneezing
LRTI
Lower respiratory tract infections are generally
more serious than upper respiratory infections
LRIs are the leading cause of death among
all infectious diseases
The two most common LRIs:
Bronchitis and pneumonia
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of
the lung
Especially affecting the microscopic air sacs
(alveoli)
Associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a
lack of air space (consolidation) on a chest X-ray
CAUSES
Microbial infections:
Bacteria,
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Other causes
TYPICAL SYMPTOMS
Cough
Chest pain
Fever
Difficulty breathing
DIAGNOSIS
X-rays
Sputum examination
CLASSIFICATION
Community-acquired
Aspiration
Hospital-acquired
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
CAUSATIVE AGENTS
Viruses and bacteria (most common)
Fungi and parasites (less common)
Mixed infections with both viruses and bacteria:
Up to 45% of infections in children
15% of infections in adults
Causative agent is not isolated in approximately
half of cases
INFLUENZA
Influenza affects both the upper and lower
respiratory tracts
More dangerous strains such as H5N1 tend
to bind to receptors deep in the lungs
MANAGEMENT
Antibiotics
Antiviral