i have no financial relationship with - cleveland clinic ... · diagnosis can be made by clinical...

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Jon Ivar Einarsson MD PhD MPH Director of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Harvard Medical School

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Page 1: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Jon Ivar Einarsson MD PhD MPHDirector of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic SurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyHarvard Medical School

Page 2: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

I have no financial relationship witha commercial entity producinghealth‐care related products and/orservices

Page 3: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Maintain exposure at all times Do not proceed without having exposure Do not proceed without orientation/anatomic landmarks

Always know where your ureters are Enter the retroperitoneal space early in distorted anatomy

Page 4: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

“You got to know when to hold ‘em, know when to fold‘em,

know when to walk away and know when to run”

Page 5: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving
Page 6: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Surgery is like chess – you should think at least 2 games ahead Communicate

What will you need next? Cystoscope Interceed Sutures

If you don’t have what you need, it is your fault

Page 7: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Extremely important Easiest to find ureters at 

pelvic brim –make a small incision at pelvic brim, medial to the IP ligament and carry the incision along the pelvic sidewall aiming at the uterosacral ligament – this will make identification of the ureter easy

Avoid dissecting parallel to the ureter prior to finding it –if you are in the wrong plane it will take you a while to find the ureter

Page 8: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

STRATEGY Follow similar principles throughout Break down into steps

Page 9: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Step 1 – Left ureteral dissection and bowel mobilization Dissection starts at left pelvic brim  Mobilize sigmoid colon Enter retroperitoneum Find left ureter Follow ureter down to uterine vessels Drain ovarian endometrioma/free ovary and suspend to round ligament

Consider using plain gut to leave the ovaries suspended

Page 10: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Step 2 – Right ureteral dissection Open retroperitoneum at right pelvic brim and perform right sided ureterolysis

Important!! – the ureterolysis needs to be completed all the way down to uterines – the ureters can be distorted medially at any point…more often towards the lower end of their course

The ureters are pulled medially here and can be very close to bowel and uterosacral ligaments

Mobilize and/or drain right ovary and suspend to round ligament

Page 11: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Step 3 – Hysterectomy or not If hysterectomy is planned mobilize bladder and skeletonize uterines – coagulate IF bowel is away

If possible remove the uterus and then tackle bowel, but often need to partially mobilize bowel first

If no hysterectomy, consider suspending the uterus to anterior abdominal wall with sutures and remove the uterine manipulator

This frees up the vagina for manual exploration which can guide the dissection

Page 12: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Step 4 – Remove endometriosis off bowel/bladder/ureter Dissect rectosigmoid off uterus/cervix/vagina Prefer to stay on uterine/vaginal side Make sure the bowel is fully mobilized from ureters Can use dilute vasopressin to reduce oozing Don’t use energy next to the bowel/ureters

Page 13: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Incidence of bowel endometriosis 5.3‐12% Rectum and Sigmoid are most commonly affected with 90% cases in this area

Common symptoms include pelvic pain, dyschezia (especially during menses), deep dyspareunia and less frequently rectal bleeding

Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, transvaginal ultrasound, transrectal ultrasound, virtual CT colonoscopy or Barium Enema

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What causes these symptoms? Anterior or lateral fixation of the rectum to adjacent structures Rectal stenosis (more likely at rectosigmoid junction) Cyclic inflammation of the rectal wall, causes▪ Diarrhea▪ Dyschezia▪ Feeling of incomplete bowel emptying during menstruation

Concurrent IBS, Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis are fairly common

Page 15: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Some GI symptoms therefore may not be from endometriosis

Removing an endometriosis nodule may not improve GI symptoms

Constipation usually does not improve There is usually significant improvement in dyspareunia, pelvic pain and dyschezia after surgery

Page 16: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Sensitivity Specificity Pros Cons

MRI 86% 100% Detects extrapelvic endo Expensive

Transvaginal ultrasound 92.9% 90% Gynecologist friendly User dependent

Transrectal ultrasound 97% 89.3% High sensitivity Radiologist

Other options include virtual CT colonoscopy and Barium Enema

Preoperative evaluation can be helpful for planning surgical times, teams and equipment

Ultimately though, the surgeon must make a decision intraoperatively on how to proceed

The plan can change!

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Laparoscopic shaving Partial or down to mucosa

Laparoscopic rectosigmoid discoid resection Segmental resection

Lesion size Repair Pros Cons

Shaving <1 cm Suturing Simple Not radical

Discoid <3 cm Circular stapler Simple Not radical

Segmental >3 cm Stapler Radical (?) Complications

Page 20: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Least invasive Effective A recent prospective series of 500 patients with mean follow up of 3.1 years showed high rates of symptom resolution, low recurrence rates (8%), high pregnancy rates (84%) and low complication rates

Mean lesion size 3.4 cm (range 2‐6 cm) Can be performed by the gynecologist Not as radical as resection

Donnez et al. Human Reproduction 2010;25(8):1949‐58

Page 21: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving
Page 22: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving
Page 23: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Especially useful for discrete lesions on anterior surface of rectosigmoid Full thickness Circular stapler greatly facilitates this procedure Many will need collaboration with a colorectal surgeon Maybe higher risk of anastomotic complications compared with shaving

Page 24: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving
Page 25: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

For larger lesions or significant narrowing (>60‐80%) of the bowel lumen

Most often requires a team of colorectal and gyn surgeons Higher complications rates, but perhaps lower recurrence rates?

Page 26: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving
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Segmental resection Shaving

Ureteral injury 0.9‐4% 0.8%

Anastomotic leak 3.5% 0%

Conversion to laparotomy 3‐11% 0%

Severe anastomotic stenosis 3% n/a

Rectovaginal fistula 3‐9% 0%

Sepsis and/or pelvic abscess 2‐4% 0%

Median operating time (min) 312 (60‐720) 78 (50‐218)

Rectal perforation 0.4 1.4%

Temporary urinary retention 3‐19.9% 0.8%

Primary temporary ileostomy 14% 0%

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Page 29: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving
Page 30: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Repeat surgery was performed in 12 (2.4%) women after the shaving technique 7 nodule resections 3 segmental bowel resection 2 discoid resection

Recurrence of pelvic pain Overall 7.8% Women who got pregnant after surgery 3.6% Women who did not get pregnant after surgery 15.7%

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Reported between 6‐20% Follow up variable A retrospective cohort study at one center compared women who had segmental resection vs women who underwent only “endometriosis removal”

Average follow up was 4 years The most common reason for not performing a bowel resection in patients with rectovaginal endometriosis was lack of adequate surgical consent

Stepniewska et al. Fertil Steril 2010;93:2444‐6.

Page 32: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Resection Shaving p

Complete pain relief for dyspareunia 81% 46% 0.002

Complete pain relief for dyschezia 81% 46% 0.010

Relief of nonmenstrual pain 87% 33% <0.001

Relief of dysmenorrhea 76% 41% <0.001

Recurrence of symptoms 10% 35% 0.002

Need for reoperation 13% 38% 0.005

Anastomotic fistula 3.2% Not reported

Ureteral injury 1.6% Not reported

Bladder injury 1.6% Not reported

Anastomotic stenosis 1.6% Not reported

Urinary retention > 1 month 5% Not reported

Blood transfusion 12.8% Not reported

Page 33: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

In 10% of cases the margins are not clear when performing a segmental resection

Bowel endometriosis can be multifocal and may be missed even with a segmental resection

There is some data to suggest that small amounts of residual bowel endometriosis remain quiescent in most cases and do need further treatment

Page 34: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

RCT between bowel resection and shaving Enrollment complete (60 total) Pts with symptomatic rectal endometriosis and at least on nodule >20 mm, less than 15 cm from the anus and less than 50% rectal circumference

Primary outcome; major constipation, increased stool frequency, anal incontinence, dysuria and bladder atony

Results will be available 2016

Page 35: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving

Excision of endometriosis can be challenging Conversion to a laparotomy does not equal defeat

Doing nothing may be the best thing to do in some cases – then refer to a specialist

Master retroperitoneal anatomy – videos, cadaver courses, observe surgeries, participate in advanced cases

Based on available evidence segmental resection should be reserved for cases of severe stricture, mucosal involvement (1‐3%), a large lesion (>3‐6 cm) or multifocal disease

Page 36: I have no financial relationship with - Cleveland Clinic ... · Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam, MRI, ... improve GI symptoms ... RCT between bowel resection and shaving