i gsm remote sensing for transmission line

i

GSM REMOTE SENSING FOR TRANSMISSION LINE MONITORING SYSTEM

USING FPGA

ROSLIN BIN JAMALUDIN

A thesis submitted in

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

DECEMBER 2013

iv

ABSTRACT

Copper cable is used as a medium of communication whether for a fixed telephone line

or internet services. Currently, the price of the copper increases due to a high demand of

global trading market. As consequences, telephone cable stealing activities in Malaysia

are also increased due to the copper inside the telephone cable. Therefore, this project

presents the works in designing and developing an innovative apparatus that will be able

to help the local telecommunication company to monitor and detect not only the area or

location of loss signal occur but also the distance of the telephone cable being cut. This

project applies the FPGA-based monitoring system using GSM (Global System for

Mobile) network. The project used 555 timer as a capacitance detector to detect the

frequency value of the copper cable. The Altera DE2-70 board is used to calculate the

cable distance, which influenced by the cable frequency. After detecting an occurrence

of a cable has been cut, this prototype will automatically activate alarm and send an

instant message (SMS) to alert the person in charge indicating the area and the distance

of the cable being cut.

v

ABSTRAK

Kabel tembaga digunakan sebagai medium komunikasi sama ada untuk talian telefon

tetap atau perkhidmatan internet. Pada masa ini, harga bagi tembaga meningkat

disebabkan permintaan yang tinggi oleh pasaran dagangan sedunia. Akibatnya, aktiviti

kecurian kabel telefon di Malaysia juga turut meningkat disebabkan tembaga yang

terdapat dalam kabel telefon. Oleh itu, projek ini mempersembahkan tugasan dalam

mereka bentuk dan membangunkan alatan yang inovatif yang berupaya membantu

syarikat telekomunikasi tempatan untuk mengawas dan mengesan bukan sahaja kawasan

berlakunya kehilangan isyarat tetapi juga jarak kabel telefon yang dipotong. Projek ini

mengaplikasikan sistem pengawasan berasaskan FPGA menggunakan rangkaian GSM

(Global System for Mobile). Projek ini menggunakan penentu masa 555 sebagai

pengesan kemuatan untuk mengesan nilai frekuensi bagi kabel tembaga. Papan Altera

DE2-70 digunakan untuk mengira jarak kabel, yang mana dipengaruhi oleh nilai

frekuensi kabel. Selepas kecurian kabel dikesan, prototaip ini akan mengaktifkan

penggera secara automatik dan menghantar pesanan ringkas (SMS) untuk mengingatkan

individu yang bertanggungjawab mengenai kawasan dan jarak berlakunya kecurian

kabel.

vi

CONTENTS

TITLE i

STUDENT’S DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Project Objective 4

1.4 Thesis Outline 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Paper Review 7

2.2 Summary of Literature Review 15

vii

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Project Architecture 22

3.2 Input Devices 23

3.2.1 Twisted Pair Copper Cable 23

3.2.2 Reflectometer 24

3.3 Output Devices 25

3.3.1 GSM Development Board 25

3.3.2 LCD Module 26

3.3.3 7-Segment Display 27

3.4 System Processor 28

3.5 Project Phase 29

3.5.1 Project Planning and Preparation 29

3.5.2 Literature Review 29

3.5.3 Component and Hardware Selection 30

3.5.4 Design of Reflectometer Circuit 30

3.5.5 Construct and Testing Reflectometer 30

Circuit

3.5.6 Design the FPGA Architecture 30

3.5.7 Combining Hardware and Programming 31

3.5.8 Testing and Troubleshooting 31

3.5.9 Report Writing 31

3.6 System Development 32

3.6.1 Hardware Development 32

3.6.2 Software Development 34

viii

3.7 Final Assembly 34

3.8 Project Flowchart 35

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 37

4.1 Register-Transfer Level (RTL) Circuit 38

4.1.1 Counter Block 38

4.1.2 Nios II Block 39

4.1.3 Phase Lock Loop (PLL) Block 40

4.2 Results and Discussion 41

4.2.1 Practical Result 41

4.2.2 Simulation Result 44

4.2.3 Final Result 47

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 48

5.1 Conclusion 48

5.2 Future Recommendation 49

REFERENCES 50

APPENDIX 54

ix

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Summary of paper review 16

3.1 16x2 LCD pins assignments 27

3.2 RS232 pin configuration 33

4.1 Error percentages of the copper cable frequency 43

and length

4.2 Length to capacitance value conversion 44

4.3 Simulation result 46

x

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Topology of copper cable transmission line 4

2.1 System architecture 7

2.2 System structure diagram 8

2.3 Structure of remote monitoring system 9

2.4 System block diagram 10


2.6 Block diagram of simple remote station 12


2.8 System Overview 14

3.1 Architecture diagram of GSM remote sensing 22

monitoring system

3.2 Twisted pair copper cable 23

3.3 Relation between capacitance values with the cable 23

length

3.4 Reflectometer circuit for open-circuited wire 25

detection

3.5 Siemens TC35 GSM Development board 25

3.6 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 26

3.7 7-segment display 27

3.8 Altera DE2-70 Development board 28

3.9 Project development phases 29

3.10 Hardware development 32

3.11 Serial RS232 pin out 33

xi

3.12 Hardware development process flow 35

3.13 Software development process flow 36

4.1 Overall Register-Transfer Level (RTL) circuit 38

4.2 Counter block 39

4.3 Nios II block 40

4.4 Phase Lock Loop (PLL) block 41

4.5 Oscillloscope view of the Reflectometer output 42

for 12 meter copper cable

4.6 Length converting programming in Frequency 42

Counter program

4.7 Results on 7-segment display and LCD 43

4.8 Simulation circuit for Reflectometer circuit in 45

NI Multisim

4.9 Output signal viewed using NI Multisim simulator 45

4.10 Frequency comparison between Altera DE2-70 and 46

simulation result

4.11 The SMS received at user mobile phone 47

xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

f - Frequency

R - Resistor

C - Capacitor

Hz - Hertz

V - Voltage

L - Length

T - Period

E - Enable

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

CEO - Chief Executive Producer

DCE - Data Circuit Terminating Equipment

DB - Data Bus

DP - Distribution Panel

DTE - Data Terminal Equipment

ESD - Electrostatic Discharge

FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array

GND - Ground

GSM - Global System for Mobile

GPS - Global System Positioning

GUI - Graphical User Interface

HEX - Hexadecimal

HDL - High Description Language

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

xiii

LSB - Less Significant Bit

MDF - Main Distribution Frame

MSB - Most Significant Bit

MSC - Multimedia Super Corridor

PDU - Protocol Data Unit

PLL - Phase Lock Loop

RS - Register Select

RW - Read/Write

RILL - Radio in Local Loop

RTL - Register Transfer Level

SMS - Short Messaging System

SOPC - System on a Programmable Chip Builder

TM - Telekom Malaysia

UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

VHDL - VHSIC High Description Language

EXT_CLK - External Clock

UTHM - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Overall Register Transfer Level (RTL) circuit 54

B1 Simulation result for 12 meter cable 55






1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the thesis including with a short overview of

transmission line. Furthermore, it details the problem statement of the project, as well as

the objective of the project and finishing with the outline of the thesis.

1.1 Project Background

In Malaysia, copper cable is used as a medium of communication network to connect

people around the world, whether as a fixed telephone line or internet services. To

facilitate the user can communicate with each other, the telecommunications provider

must ensure the connectivity in all the premises are in good condition without any

problems.

Currently, copper cables owned by telecommunications providers face the

problem of copper cable stealing activity. Many feedbacks and complaint received from

end users that there is no service on their premises. The technical team has been

investigating the case and found that the cable has been lost in certain areas. At this time,

many people are not satisfied with the provider of telecommunications services offered

in this country because if a fault occurs on transmission lines, telephone and internet

2

services will be disrupted. Therefore, the problem may be solved by creating a remote

sensing monitoring system to monitor the stealing activities of the copper cable. This

project will be presented an FPGA-based monitoring system for a copper cable

transmission line using GSM (Global System for Mobile) network. This system will

offer a powerful and user friendly way of 24 hours real-time remote monitoring system.

The control language will be using a Verilog Hardware Description Language

implemented in hardware using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The

monitoring system will be designed to monitor and detect the location of loss signal of

the copper cable on the transmission line. A Reflectometer circuit or a sensing circuit is

used to detect an open circuit along the copper cable.

If there is no report regarding the state of the cable is not functioning properly,

the theft of cable cannot be resolved as soon as possible. In addition, this project is

considered using a low-cost component, raw materials and low-cost processing for

commercialization. Part of it, this project will enable the detection of the cutoff copper

cable distance where the device shall connected at the Main Distribution Frame (MDF).

When the copper cable in a failed state, it will shoot a signal using 555 timer

Reflectometer circuit to the Altera track DE2-70 board. Once the Altera track receives

the signal, it will display the distance and area of the cable being cut on the LCD screen

and at the same time it sends an instant message or alert through GSM wireless network

to the user mobile phone.

In facts, cable theft has taken place every year in our country caused the high

price copper cables. On the other hand, the main reasons causing copper cables are often

the target of thieves, is because of the quality of the copper content in high demand in

the market. In 2011, TM company has reported a total of 11,539 cases of cable theft and

a total of 6,759 cable theft cases were reported in the first eight months of 2012. Also,

the TM CEO Datuk Seri Zamzamzairani Mohd Isa says that the cable theft not only

occur outside the city but the cases also increased in the city due to cable theft in the

Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) in Cyberjaya increased by 71 cases compared to 52

cases in 2011, while cases increased by 58 cases from 30 cases in Kuala Lumpur [34].

3

1.2 Problem Statement

Copper can be sold as scrap items at RM30 per kg, resulting in cable owned provider of

telecommunications services in Malaysia to become easy targets of unscrupulous thieves.

In fact, theft is endemic, due to the market price of copper has increased because of

irresponsible people will take the opportunity to earn an easy profit, despite the fact that

it brings inconvenience to the public [27].

The telecommunication cable is very important and necessary to communicate

each other and ease people to do their daily works. Not everyone cares about the

importance of the use of communication cable because they feel it is not their

responsibility. This resulted in no reports of failure and if there is, the report is usually

delayed until the person in charge. Due to cost and management issue, there are no 24

hours routine patrols to ensure that all copper cables are in good condition and prevent

cable from stolen. At last, customers are complaining about their internet disconnected

or telephone not function.

For example in Pendang, Kedah, the area doesn’t have Streamyx services due to

the cable line always get stolen. Fiber optic cable is not installed due to the area don’t

have many users. On the other hand, the area’s telephone services uses a wireless

connection (RILL or CDMA) but the connection is not stable if compare with the cable

connection. Therefore, with this project, it might able to help the police or the

telecommunication company such as Telekom to detect not only the area of the stealing

activities occurs but also the distance of the line being cut. Figure 1.1 shows the

topology of the copper cable transmission line at user premise.

4

Monitoring System

(FPGA Controller)

GSM NetworkMDFCabinet

Copper

Cable

DP

Residential

Exchange

Figure 1.1: Topology of copper cable transmission line.

1.3 Project Objective

The main objectives of this project can be summarized in four points as stated below:

(i) To develop an anti-theft alert system to inform the authority or the

telecommunication provider regarding the copper cable stealing activities

by sending an instant SMS.

(ii) To develop a system that can detect not only the area of stealing occurs

but also indicate the distance of the copper cable being cut.

(iii) To demonstrate the FPGA as a controller using Altera track DE2-70

board.

(iv) To apply the GSM network as a remote sensing application.

5

1.4 Thesis Outline

This report is arranged and distributed into five chapters. Chapter 1 has presented a brief

introduction of the project mainly about transmission line and copper cable. It also

discusses the problem statements and the objectives of the project to be carried out.

Chapter 2 of the dissertation a includes a literature review related to this project

as per referred to previous studies and results obtained by past researchers. It also

contains some important findings from past researchers such as advantages and

disadvantages which are discussed.

Chapter 3 provides a methodology in how this project is conducted in sequence.

It also includes the development and progress of 555 timer circuit, GSM module and

FPGA design. Details of the overall project flow are explained and description is

provided in this chapter.

Chapter 4 contains the results and findings of the project. A simulation is run on

555 timer circuit to compare the results with real application. Simulation result is

analyzed and studied. Also the result of real application is shown in this chapter.

Lastly is chapter 5 where this chapter concludes the dissertation. It presents a

summary of research achievements together with a discussion of their significance.

Some recommended for future work are also presented in this chapter.

6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter discusses the basic concept and technical knowledge about some significant

hardware devices and software before going into the developing process of the entire

project. Several projects and papers have been revised which are related to this project.

This associated work has been studied in detail to improve the quality and reliability of

this project. By analyzing the related projects done by other researchers, it is potential to

know what the lack of features in their projects. They also recommend certain future

work could be done to improve the project. In addition, there are some valuable ideas

that can be implemented in this project from other projects of similar. Thus, the

literature review process extended from beginning to end the project. By studying

previous works, a proper plan on how the project can be conducted and the

characteristics that must be added in order to make this project achieve.

7

2.1 Paper Review

W. M. El-Medany and M. R. El-Sabry [1] present a GSM-Based Remote Sensing and

Control System Using FPGA. In this paper, the authors present the design and

implementation of a remote sensing, control, and home security system based on GSM

(Global System for Mobile). The design has been described using VHDL (VHSIC

Hardware Description Language) and implemented in hardware using FPGA (Field

Programmable Gate Array). The system works as a remote sensing for the electrical

appliances at home to check whether it is on or off. At the same time the user can control

the electrical appliances at home by sending SMS (Short Messaging Service) message to

the system. The advantages of the system, it offers a complete, low cost, powerful and

user friendly way of 24 hours real-time monitoring and remote control of a home

security. The advantages of using FPGA as a controller is it can achieve multi inputs and

outputs. Figure 2.1 shows the implemented system architecture.

Figure 2.1: System architecture [1].

G. Cao, T. Xu, T. Liu, Y. Ye and G. Xu [2] present a GSM-Based Wireless

Remote Controller. The authors present the design and implementation of a wireless

remote power controller for home automation based on GSM network. They

implemented a controller with MCU (Microcontroller Unit) and GSM network. MCU

controls the GSM module to receive messages and send reply information to the user’s

8

mobile phone. It is composed of the mobile phone, MCU, GSM module and relays. The

smart wireless remote communication between user and homes is realized by GSM

network. The advantages of the system, the controller can remotely control the power in

our homes through GSM module at anytime and from anywhere. This operation is not

limited to a fixed mobile phone or phone number. On the other hand, text service

communications have been widely used, which is very cheap and convenient. An easy

usage, excellent reliability, wide coverage and low cost are reflected in this system.

Therefore, it will further promote the home environments more smart. In addition, it

could be used in other fields. Wireless remote controller will have a more application

prospect in the remote managing field. Figure 2.2 shows the implemented system

structure.

Figure 2.2: System structure diagram [2].

C. Peijiang and J. Xuehua [3] have also designed and implement a Remote

Monitoring System Based on GSM. The system is mainly composed of the central

monitoring station, remote monitoring station and GSM network. The central monitoring

station is divided of monitoring central server and GSM modem, and the remote

monitoring station is divided by MCU (Microcontroller Unit), peripheral circuit and

GSM modem. The system can on-line monitor the status of the remote monitored object,

and it can send setting commands to the remote monitoring station by the mode of

sending short messages. The advantages of the remote monitoring system, it is an

9

effective method to obtain, analyze, transmit, manage and feedback the remote goal

information, and it combines the most advanced science and technology field of satellite

positioning technology, communication technology, internet technology and other areas,

and it is the comprehensive use of instrumentation, electronic technology, modern

communications technology, computer software and so on. Wireless communication of

using GSM has some features such as two-way data transmission function, stable

performance and so on. Figure 2.3 shows the implemented structure of a remote

monitoring system.

Figure 2.3: Structure of the remote monitoring system [3].

X. Li, Q. Yuan, W. Wu, X. Peng and L. Hou [4] present an Implementation of

GSM SMS Remote Control System Based on FPGA. In this paper the authors present a

design of a GSM SMS (Short Message Service) remote appliance control system based

on FPGA. They mainly design a remote appliance control system using the GSM SMS

to finally achieve the dual-mode control of phone and SMS control. The main works

completed in this paper include hardware module design (GSM SMS module, RS232

interface module, and the temperature monitor module), FPGA logic design, and system

board-level verification. As advantages, GSM SMS for remote wireless communications

has various characteristics of lower communication cost, less limits of communication

lines and regions, high reliability and security, strong anti-interference, being easy to

10

use, flexible and efficient communication. It also has features of high reliability and is

worthy to be popularized. Figure 2.4 shows the implemented system block diagram.

Figure 2.4: System block diagram [4].

S. Jin, S. Jinglin, H. Qiuyan, W. Shengde and Y. Yan [5] introduce A Remote

Measurement and Control System for Greenhouse based on GSM-SMS. The whole

system consists of a central station and base stations. The central station is composed of

a PC (Personal Computer) server along with its application software, the GSM module,

and the database system. The base station consists of a microcontroller, sensors,

actuators, and GSM module. The base station receives and sends messages through

GSM module; it samples environment parameters and compares them with parameters

sent by the central station, and yields relevant control signals according to the

comparison result and sent these signals together with the sampled parameters to the

actuators. The advantages of the system, it is able to manipulate multiple environment

parameters of greenhouse according to feature of different crops. It has also conquered

the problems of excessive investigation in a wire transmission net of large greenhouse

group and inconvenience of maintenance. The implemented system architecture is

shown in Figure 2.5.

11


A. Alshamali [6] presents a GSM Based Remote Ionized Radiation Monitoring

System. In this paper the author present a monitoring system to continuously measure

ionizing radiation, store data locally and in case of abnormality where level of radiation

becomes greater than the preprogrammed alarm points, alarm messages will be

automatically transmitted to the central station. The connection of the remote monitoring

station with the central station is accomplished via the GSM (Global System for

Mobile). The system contains several remote sensing and measuring stations connected

to a central control station via GSM modems. This system works to act as an early

warning system for the safety of a region. As advantages, this system will save lives and

lower risks to human life and health on long-term bases. The selection of the existing

GSM network with full coverage for the entire country is a major source of cost

reduction. The proposed system has no boundary limitation with high reliability,

excellent performance and low cost; no need for new infrastructure to transfer the data

from the remote stations to the central station. The block diagram of the system is shown

in Figure 2.6.

12

Figure 2.6: Block diagram of simple remote station [6].

W. M. El-Medany [7] presents an FPGA Implementation for Humidity and

Temperature Remote Sensing System. The design based on using FPGA (Field

Programmable Gate Array) for the hardware implementation of the controller circuit and

GSM (Global System for Mobile) for remote monitoring. The controller circuit has been

described using VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). The system is mainly

to solve the task of greenhouse climate control, i.e. inside temperature, relative humidity

and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) level in order to improve crop production and soil status. It

consists of two units; the system board and the control centre. The control centre in turn

consists of two units; the PC (Personal Computer) and mobile phone connected together

through the serial communication port RS232. The system board consists of three units;

the controller unit which has been implemented in Spartan 3E FPGA, the sensor circuit,

and the GSM modem. The main function of system board continuously measures the

temperature and humidity ad compares the measured values with a threshold level, and

sends messages through GSM network to the control centre in case of high temperature

or humidity exceeds the threshold level. The system offers low cost and user friendly

way of 24 hours real-time remote monitoring for temperature and humidity using SMS

(Short Messaging Service) message. The system architecture is shown in Figure 2.7.

13


H. Huang, H. Bian and S. Zhu [8] present a Greenhouse Remote Monitoring

System based on GSM. This system is mainly comprised of eight modules; master

control module, detection module, keys set module, liquid crystal display module, data

storage module, GSM/GPRS module, site alarm module and power supply module.

In this system, STC89C51RC is used as a CPU (Central Processing Unit) and SIM900B

is used as GSM/GPRS communication module. The temperature sensor, humidity sensor

and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) concentration sensor constitute the detection module. The

system can show environmental parameters of liquid crystal screen, realize data remote

alarming through the GSM module. The advantages of the system, users can set the

standard values of the parameters by short text message. Users can also know the real-

time information about environmental parameters by making a phone call as well.

H. Kanma, N. Wakabayashi, R. Kanazawa and H. Ito [9] propose a Home

Appliance Control System over Bluetooth with a Cellular Phone, which enables remote-

control, fault-diagnosis and software-update for home appliances through Java

applications on a cellular phone. Bluetooth for a communication medium and a cellular

phone as the control terminal have been chosen in the proposed system. Attached a

communication adapter to the home appliances in order to add Bluetooth communication

functionality. The system consists of home appliances, a cellular phone, Bluetooth

communication adapters for the appliances, and a Bluetooth communication adapter for

the cellular phone. Also consists of hardware and software for those adapters, Java

applications running on the cellular phone and the interface software between the Java

applications and the adapter. Bluetooth is a low cost short- range wireless technology.

14

Bluetooth can connect the home appliances and the cellular phone without wire. The

overview of the system is shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8: System Overview [9].

Y. C. Chung, N. N. Amarnath and C. M. Furse [10] studies the Capacitance and

Inductance Sensor Circuits for Detecting the Lengths of Open- and Short-Circuited

Wires. In this paper the authors introduce several capacitance and inductance sensing

circuits to be tested and analyzed to find the best performance of the sensing circuit for

detecting the length of open- and closed-circuit. The sensing circuits presented in this

paper are Three-Gate Oscillator, Two-Inverter Oscillator, Schmitt Trigger Oscillator,

Differential Amplifier and 555 Timer Circuit. They discover that the 555 Timer Circuit

is able to give the best performance of sensing circuit that can locate both open- and

short-circuited wires with least error.

15

2.2 Summary of Literature Review

From the papers reviewed, all of the authors are introducing the GSM network as a

medium of remote sensing to remotely monitor or/and control various real time

parameters such as home appliances, greenhouse parameter, humidity, temperature, CO2

level, radiation and so on. They GSM module/modem is used to communicate between

the controller and the GSM network. The controller introduces are the Microcontroller

Unit (MCU) and FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) board. For this project, I will

combine the method of using the GSM module as a transmitter to send an alert message.

The controller selected for this project is the Altera DE2-70 FPGA board. The difference

of this project is the real time parameter to be monitored. The parameter selected is the

detection of the open-circuited wires in telecommunication system.

16

Table 2.1: Summary of paper review.

No. Researcher Title Method/Descriptions Advantages

1 Wael M El-

Medany and

Mahmoud R

El-Sabry

GSM-Based

Remote

Sensing and

Control System

Using FPGA

In this paper the authors present

the design and implementation

of a remote sensing, control, and

home security system based on

GSM (Global System for

Mobile).

Using VHDL (VHSIC

Hardware Description

Language) and implemented in

hardware using FPGA (Field

Programmable Gate Array).

The system works as a remote

sensing for the electrical

appliances at home to check

whether it is on or off, at the

same time the user can control

the electrical appliances at home

by sending SMS (Short

Messaging Service) message to

the system.

Offers a complete, low

cost, powerful and user

friendly way of 24 hours

real-time monitoring and

remote control of a home

security.

The advantages of using

FPGA as a controller is it

can achieve multi

inputs/outputs and low

cost.

2 Gang Cao,

Tiefeng Xu,

Taiun Liu

and Gaoming

Xu

A GSM-Based

Wireless

Remote

Controller


the design and implementation

of a wireless remote power

controller for home automation

based on GSM network.

This paper presents a controller

with microcontroller (MCU) and

GSM network. MCU controls

the GSM module to receive

messages and send reply

information to the user’s mobile

phone.

It is composed of the mobile

phone, MCU, GSM module and

relays. The smart wireless

remote communication between

user and homes is realized by

GSM network.

The controller can

remotely control the power

in our homes through GSM

module at anytime and

from anywhere.

This operation is not

limited to a fixed mobile

phone or phone number.

Text service

communications have been

widely used, which is very

cheap and convenient.

Easy usage, excellent

reliability, wide coverage

and low cost, are reflected

in this system.

Therefore, it will further

promote the home

environments more smart.

In addition, it could be

used in other fields.

Wireless remote controller

will have more application

prospect in the remote

managing field.

17


3 Chen Peijiang

and Jiang

Xuehua

Design and

Implementation

of Remote

Monitoring

System Based

on GSM

Design and implementation of

remote monitoring system based

on GSM network.

The system is mainly composed

of the central monitoring station,

remote monitoring station and

GSM network.

The central monitoring station is

divided of monitoring central

server and GSM modem, and

the remote monitoring station is

divided by MCU, peripheral

circuit and GSM modem.

The system can on-line monitor

the status of the remote

monitored object, and it can

send setting commands to the

remote monitoring station by the

mode of sending short

messages.

The remote monitoring

system is an effective

method to obtain, analyze,

transmit, manage and

feedback the remote goal

information, and it

combines the most

advanced science and

technology field of satellite

positioning technology,

communication

technology, Internet

technology and other areas,

and it is the comprehensive

use of instrumentation,

electronic technology,

modern communications

technology, computer

software and so on.

Wireless communication

of using GSM has some

features such as two-way

data transmission function,

stable performance and so

on.

4 Xuemei LI,

Qiuchen

Yuan,

Wuchen Wu,

Xiaohong

Peng and

Ligang Hou

Implementation

of GSM SMS

Remote

Control System

Based on

FPGA


a design of a GSM SMS (Short

Message Service) remote

appliance control system based

on FPGA.

Mainly designs a remote

appliance control system using

the GSM SMS to finally achieve

the dual-mode control of phone

and SMS control.

The main works completed in

this paper include hardware

module design (GSM SMS

module, RS232 interface

module, and the temperature

monitor module), FPGA logic

design, and system board-level

verification.

GSM SMS for remote

wireless communications

has various characteristics

of lower communication

cost, less limits of

communication lines and

regions, high reliability

and security, strong anti-

interference, being easy to

use, flexible and efficient

communication.

It also has feature high

reliability and is worthy to

be popularized.

18


5 Shen Jin,

Song

Jingling, Han

Qiuyan,

Wang

Shengde and

Yang Yan.

A Remote

Measurement

and Control

System for

Greenhouse

based on GSM-

SMS

The whole system consists of a

central station and base stations.

The central station is composed

of a PC server along with its

application software, the GSM

module, and the database

system.

The base station consists of a

microcontroller, sensors,

actuators, and GSM module.

The base station receives and

sends messages through GSM

module; it samples environment

parameters and compares them

with parameters sent by the

central station, and yields

relevant control signals

according to the comparison

result and sent these signals

together with the sampled

parameters to the actuators.

Can manipulate multiple

environment parameters of

greenhouse according to

feature of different crops.

Conquers the problems of

excessive investigation on

wire transmission net of

large greenhouse group

and inconvenience of

maintenance.

6 Ahmad

Alshamali

GSM Based

Remote

Ionized

Radiation

Monitoring

System

In this paper the author present

monitoring system to

continuously measure ionizing

radiation, store data locally and

in case of abnormal (level of

radiation becomes greater than

the preprogrammed alarm

points) alarm messages will be

automatically transmitted to the

central station.

The connection of the remote

monitoring station with the

central station is accomplished

via the Global System for

Mobile communication (GSM).

The system contains several

remote sensing and measuring

stations connected to a central

control station via GSM

modems.

To act as an early warning

system for the safety of a

region.

This system will save lives

and lower risks to human

life and health on long-

term bases.

The selection of the

existing GSM network

with full coverage for the

entire country is a major

source for cost reduction.

The proposed system has

no boundary limitation

with high reliability,

excellent performance and

low cost; no need for new

infrastructure to transfer

the data from the remote

stations to the central

station.

19


7 Wael M El-

Medany

FPGA

Implementation

for Humidity

and

Temperature

Remote

Sensing

System.

The design is based on using

FPGA (Field Programmable

Gate Array) for the hardware

implementation of the controller

circuit and GSM (Global System

for Mobile) for remote

monitoring.

The controller circuit has been

described using VHDL (VHSIC

Hardware Description

Language).

Mainly to solve the task of

greenhouse climate control, i.e.

inside temperature, relative

humidity and CO2 level in order

to improve crop production and

soil status.

The system mainly consists of

two units; the system board and

the control centre.

The control centre in turn

consists of two units; the PC and

mobile phone connected

together through the serial

communication port RS232.

The system board consists of

three units; the controller unit

which has been implemented in

Spartan 3E FPGA, the sensor

circuit, and the GSM modem.

The main function of system

board continuously measures the

temperature and humidity ad

compares the measured values

with a threshold level, and sends

messages through GSM network

to the control centre in case of

high temperature or humidity

exceeds the threshold level.

The system offers low cost

and user friendly way of 24

hours real-time remote

monitoring for temperature

and humidity using SMS

(Short Messaging Service)

message.

8 Hesong

Huang and

Hongning

Bian

A Greenhouse

Remote

Monitoring

System based

on GSM

In this system, STC89C51RC is

used as the CPU and SIM900B

is used as GSM/GPRS

communication module.

Users can set the standard

values of the parameters of

short text message.

20


The temperature sensor,

humidity sensor and CO2

concentration sensor constitute

the detection module.

The system can show

environmental parameters by

liquid crystal screen, realize data

remote alarming through the

GSM module.

This system is mainly

comprised of eight modules,

master control module, detection

module, keys set module, liquid

crystal display module, data

storage module, GSM/GPRS

module, site alarm module and

power supply module.

Detection module is mainly

comprised of a small CPU,

temperature sensors, humidity

sensors, CO2 concentration

sensors, serial communication

circuit etc.

Users can know the real-

time information about

environmental parameters

by making a phone call as

well.

9 Hiroshi

Kanma,

Noboru

Wakabayashi,

Ritsuko

Kanazawa,

Hiromichi Ito

Home

Appliance

Control System

over Bluetooth

with a Cellular

Phone

In this paper, the authors

propose a home appliance

control system over Bluetooth

with a cellular phone, which

enables remote-control, fault-

diagnosis and software-update

for home appliances through

Java applications on a cellular

phone.

Bluetooth for a communication

medium and a cellular phone as

the control terminal have been

chosen in the proposed system.

Attached a communication

adapter to the home appliances

in order to add Bluetooth

communication functionality.

The system consists of home

appliances, a cellular phone,

Bluetooth communication

adapters for the appliances, and

a Bluetooth communication

adapter for the cellular phone.

Bluetooth is a low cost

short- range wireless

technology.

Bluetooth can connect the

home appliances and the

cellular phone without

wire.

21


Also consists of hardware and

software for those adapters, Java

applications running on the

cellular phone and the interface

software between the Java

applications and the adapter.

10 You Chung

Chung,

Nirmal N.

Amarnath

and Cynthia

M. Furse

Capacitance

and Inductance

Sensor Circuits

for Detecting

the lengths of

Open- and

Short-Circuited

Wires

In this paper the authors

introduce several capacitance

and inductance sensing circuits

to be tested and analyzed to find

the best performance of the

sensing circuit for detecting the

length of open- and closed-

circuit.

The sensing circuits presented in

this paper are:

1. Three-Gate Oscillator

2. Two-Inverter Oscillator

3. Schmitt Trigger

Oscillator

4. Differential Amplifier

5. 555 Timer Circuit

Able to find the best

performance of sensing

circuit that can locate both

open- and short-circuited

wires with least error.

22

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the architecture of the project and the overall methods used from

the beginning to end of the implementation of this project. The method used can be

separate into several phases of implementation.

3.1 Project Architecture

Figure 3.1 shows the architecture diagram of the project showing the input and output

device connection involves in this project.

GSM ModuleRS232FPGA Board

(Altera DE2-70)

Mobile Phone

Sensing

Circuit

Twisted Pair

Copper Cable

7-Segment & LCD DisplayActivate/Reset

Figure 3.1: Architecture diagram of GSM remote sensing monitoring system.

23

3.2 Input Devices

From Figure 3.1, the input devices of the system are the twisted pair copper cable, the

Reflectometer sensing circuit, then activates and the reset button to activate and reset the

system.

3.2.1 Twisted Pair Copper Cable

Figure 3.2: Twisted pair copper cable.

Figure 3.2 shows the twisted pair cable. Twisted pair cable is an input to the

Refleftometer sensing circuit. When the twisted pair copper cable is in open circuit state

after being cut by theft, the capacitance or ESD effect will occur [35]. Figure 3.3 shows

the theory of the copper cable relating the cable length to the capacitance effect.

Cable length, L1

Cable length, L2

L1 > L2 => C1 > C2

Equivalent Capacitance, C1

Equivalent Capacitance, C2

C C C C C C C C

C C C C

Figure 3.3: Relation between capacitance values with the cable length.

24

From Figure 3.3, the capacitance value of a copper cable pair will increase as the

length of the cable increases and will decrease as the length of the cable decreases. In

this project, Equation 3.2 is used to calculate the distance or length of the telephone

cable being cut from the origin point. To calculate the distance or length of the telephone

cable being cut from the origin point, the formula is slightly different due to long cable

have the higher capacitance value but it’s frequency value will be lower or vice versa.

2

1

1

2

,

,

,

,

fFrequencyCableCut

fFrequencyCableOriginal

LLengthCableOriginal

LLengthCableCut (3.1)

From Equation 3.1, Equation 3.2 is formed to find the cut cable’s length from the origin

point.

1

2

12 ,

,

,, LLengthCableOriginal

fFrequencyCableCut

fFrequencyCableOriginalLLengthCableCut

(3.2)

3.2.2 Reflectometer

The Reflectometer sensing circuit will act as a sensor to detect the capacitance value of

the copper cable and convert it into equivalent frequency value and send it as an input to

the FPGA board. The output of the Reflectometer is an input to the FPGA board (Altera

DE2-70), connected via EXT_CLK input. Figure 3.4 shows a 555 timer set up as an

astable multivibrator to form a Reflectometer circuit to sense and locates faults on the

open-circuited wire. The frequency of the voltage output is;

CRR

HzfBA 2

443.1

(3.3)

By changing the resistor value of the RA or RB, the Reflectometer would be able

to detect the open circuit of twisted pair cable for a certain range of distance.

50

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