I ~ J A.\ '- pd."'! I '1) ) -- ri , '-;, CJ ~ { ~ I l , .,'-., n {' , I j , \ r " _ • i< r 1 "' , • _ _

- PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD QUESTIONS SOLVED

oL-How are the c_entres of craft production 0 dentified? Described briefly.

. [CBSE, Delhl 2009) Ans. Histonans look the following to identify

the centres of craft. (a) Raw materials: copper, stone, shells and

tools. (b) Rejects and waste materials. (c) Wastes are considered the good indicator

for the production of crafts as shells or stones are cut to make new objects, so little pieces of such materials are the evidences.

(d) Past enabled the historians to reflect that apart small specialised empires-Lothal, Balakot, production was also in large cities: Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

Q2. Describe briefly how the study of artefacts help in identifying social differences of the Harappan period. [CBSE 2009, 2010, 2011]

Ans. Refer to NCERT Q. 2, 2 point.

Q3. How do archaeologists classify their finds? [CBSE 2009)

Ans. Refer to NCERT Q8.

Q4. Describe the various ways in which the Harappan procured material for craft production. [CBSE 2009]

OR Explain the strategies for procuring materials by the Harappans for the craft production.

[Al 2015)

Ans. Refer to NCERT Q7.

Q5. Discuss briefly how seals of Harappan period help in reconstructing their religious beliefs. [CBSE 2010)

Ans. Refer to SATQ. Q9.

Q6. Mention any four items found in the graves of the Harappa. [Al 2011]

Ans. Pottery,ornaments,jewellery,shellrings, heads, copper mirror are found in the graves.

Q7. How did the Harappan obtain red colour carnelian? (Al 2011)

Ans. (i) Archaeologists revealed that the : 0 d colour of carnelian was obtained by finng the yellowish raw material and beads at V .

( .. anous stages of production. H) Nodules were chipped into rough shape and then finely flaked into the final shape.

Q8. What do the studies done by the archaeologists-zoologists reveal about the Harappans'? [Delhi 2011]

Ans. These study show that the animal bones of sheep, goat, buffalo and pig were found at Harappan sites. These animals were domesticated. Bones of wild species such as deer, boar and gharial were also found. Bones of fish, and fowl were a lso found.

Q9. Describe briefly the drainage system of the Harappan cities. [CBSE 21)12, 2014, 2017]

Ans. Refer to SATQ. Q5. QlO. How did the architectural features of

Mohenjodaro indicate planning? Support your answer with suitable examples.

[CBSE, Delhi 2014] Ans. The Harappan culture was an example

of Scientific town planning. (i) The Harappan settlement is divided into

two sections. Archaeologist mention these as the citadel and the lower town.

(ii) The settlement was first planned and then implemented as per the set plan. The other indications of planning comprise bricks which sun-dried or baked, were of standardised ratio.

(iii) Drainage system was well planned. The roads and streets were laid out along a 'grid' pattern, intersecting at right angles.

(iv) The Great Bath situated in the citadel mound was a beautiful brick work. It was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a planned corridor on all four sides. Rooms were on three sides. Archaeologists suggest that it was meant for some kind of a special ritual bath.

Qll. To what extent had the Harappa people established trade relation with world? Explain. [Delhi 2014]

Ans. Refer to LATQ. Q2 QI2. Who was Cunningham? Mention any

one source he collected to understand the Harappan culture. · [Delhi 2016]

Ans. (i) Cunningham was the first Director-General of the Archaelogical Survey of

. _India (ASI). left b (ti) Cunningham used the accounts . . Y

Chinese-Buddhist pilgrims who had VldSlt~ the subcontinent between tbe 4th an 7

BRICKS, B EADS AND BONES ■ 31

' ' b. I ,,-:.:f ~.It:~ '\ Jo),.._~ ti~ &le.Lt ' h ~~ '1 ...:l M o() J\R C. ~'-11 s~,-.vi_,,.1, l)t An c)._q._ <.,(J )Jc~\~~ k y, ~ I ll ' ·h,c4 0- r\'J.J\.."'-(..0. no. 11 ~ ~ cJ.,.,r1,.,,✓f\ -1: ·(.,, .. I I d .. r..,,....... _i',A. ,:_ t --1-' ~1o41--9chang:S rt~r "w~e C) centuries CE to locate early settlements of Q6. Mentwn any BCE • H • . . • observed after 1900 in arappan Harappan civ1hsabon. . . . . What could have brought these Q13. "Early Harappan archaeologist thought civihzationE. 1 • (Delhl 2016) [Al 2008 2010] · h 1 changes? xp ain. ' that certain objects wh1c seems unusua . .' Aft,e 1900 BCE the unique artefacts and unfamiliar may have had a religious Ans. (A) (i) _ ·i·sration became disappeared· . of this c1v1 1 . d · significance". Substantiate. . ht als long distance tra e and OR we~~ s, se '

wntmg. h • The problems of archaeological inter­pretations are perhaps most ~vident in _the attempts to reconstruct religious pra~tices of Harappan. Explain. [Al Delhi 2016]

. . struction tee n1ques were (u) Ho~se tcdonand large public structures detenora e

were not in use. . Th (B) Many expected causes were given. ey might be.

(i) Changes were counted in climate, of deforestation. . .

Ans. Archaeologists found many objects, that may have had a religious significan~e.

(i) These induced terracotta figurmes women heavily jewelled, with elabo:ate head dresses and Harappan people might consider as Mother goddesses.

(ii) Identification of priest king is based on ideas from Mesopotamian History.

(iii ) In excavation, found a seal, depict a male God, had horns on his head, shown seated cross legged in a yogic posture and some times covered all around by animals may be considered as Pashupati.

(iv ) Many seals with picture or conical stones have been considered Linga

(v ) Examining seals, one god between the branches of 'peepal' tree which explains that people of Harappan culture were used to worship the nature.

Ql-t_JYbo was John Marshall? How did he ~ark a change in the Indian Archaeology?

[Delhi 2016] Ans. (i) John Marshall was the Director

General of ASI. (ii) He was interested in new findings and

looked for patterns of every day life. (iii ) He tended to excavate along regular

horizontal units measured uniformaly throughout the mound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the site.

Q15. Who was R.E.M. Wheeler? Mention any one of his contributions in the field of Archaeology. [Delhi 2016]

Ans. (i) An archaeologist and director general of Archaeological survey of India.

(ii) He rectified the John Marshall's excavation and followed straitigraphy of the mound to excavate.

(ii) Floods in large scale, cha~ging in course of rivers or drying up of the nvers.

(iii) Excessive use of the landsca_pe. . Q7. Why do archaeol?gist ~nd h1st~nans find

Harappan script emgmatic? Explam reasons. [Delhi 2016]

Ans. Generally, Harappan seals have a line containing the name and the title of the owner of writing. Their script till date are undeciphered, large number of signs and symbols are on them. so they think so,

(i ) Many historians say that the script is not alphabetical. It has many signs between 375-400.

(ii ) The direction of writing is revealed from right to left.

(iii ) A wider spacing on the right and cramping on the left are shown on some seals.

(iv ) Archaeologist have speculated the various objects on which writing was found. Copper, tools, seals, copper and terracotta, tablets, jewellary, rim of jars, etc indica<e I

the literacy was wide spread. Q8. Describe the techniques for making beads

in the Harappan civilisation. [Delhi 2016] Ans. (i) The technique for making beads was

remarkable. It was differed according to the material.

(ii) Steatite, a soft stone, was very easy to work. Some moulded beads were made with the help of paste of steatite powder.

(ii i) The beads did not have geometrical form like the ones made out of harder stones. The red colour of carnelians was obtained by firing the yellowish raw material.

32 ■ History-XII-------------------- -

(iu) Nodules were chipped into rough shape, later flaked into final form. Grinding, polishing and drilling were the last part of the process.

Q9. Describe the bases on which John Marshall, Director General Archaeological survey of India in 1924 announced the discovery of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world. [Deihl 2016 (C)]

Ans. (i) John Marshall, the then Director General of Archaeological survey of India did a lot of work in this area.

(ii) Daya Ram Sahni found a number of seals near the ruins of Harappa. The importance of seals to be realised.

(iii) New excavations took place. It was led by R.D Banerji. He found similar seals at Mohenjo­daro. It led to the conjecture that these sites were the part of single archaeological culture.

Ql-4. Explain the techniques of craft production, especially bead making at the Harappan sites of Lothal and Ch anhudaro.

[Delhi 2017) Ans.(i) The technique for making beads was

remarkable. It was differed according to the material.

(ii) Steatite , a soft stone, was very easy to work. Some moulded beads were made with the help of paste of steatite powder.

(iii) The beads did not have geometrical form like the ones made out of harder stones. The red colour of carnelians was obtained by firing the yellowish raw material.

(iv) Nodules were chipped into rough shape, later flaked into final form . Grinding, polishing and drilling were the last part of the process. ~ 11»1A.-,J.~ .,e. --t i..,... 1-14~ .

Q15. Describe the distinctive feature s of 1 domestic architecture of Mohenjodaro-,,._ (iv) All artefacts, (seals, toys, pottery) from

the same unit were grouped whether they were found at different stratigraphic layer. Based on these findings in 1924 John Marshall announced the discovery of a new civilisation the Indus valley to the world.

Yl-.Ai , ,,() _"> 1 ~, . ..... "~ tst,J '""' · tl) '"" c. 1-,>~AI 2017] -- /J. ..{ c. ,._d I..~ n . r. J---·t ·t- d ...... ......_. ~> l ~

Ans. The Distinctive features of Domestic

QlO. "The burials in Harappan sites reveal the economic and social differences amongst the people living within a particular culture." Give two evidences in support of your answer. [Delhi 2017]

Ans. Refer to NCERT Q. 2. Qll. What evidences have been put forward to explain the collapse of the Harappan Civilization? _ _ [Delhi 2017] Ans. Refer to S~ed Q. 3. Ql2. Explain how different methods of

irrigation were developed for agriculture in the Harappan sites. [Delhi 2017]

Ans. Refer to SATQ. Q. 8. Ql3.Describe the contribution of John

Marshall in the Indian archaeology. · [Delhi 2017]

Ans. (i) John Marshall was the Director General of ASL

(ii) He was interested in new findings and looked for patterns of every day life.

(iii) He tended to excavate along regular horizontal units measured uniformaly throughout the mound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the site.

Architecture of Mohenjodaro (i ) Lower town of Mohenjo-Daro provides

examples of residential buildings. (ii ) Many were centered on a courtyard with

rooms on all sides. (iii ) The courtyard was probably the center of

activities such as cooking and weaving. (iv ) Every house was connected to street

drains. (v ) There was much concern for privacy.

There are no windows on the walls along the ground level.

(vi ) Main entrance doesn't give direct view of the interior or the courtyard.

(vii ) Every house had its own bathroc,m paved ~ with bricks; and with drains connected

through the wall to street drains. (viii ) Houses had staircase to reach the second ~ storey or the roof. (ix) Many houses had wells, often in a room

~ hat could be .reached from the outside and perhaps {ised by passers-by.

~ House drains first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while wastewater flowed out into the street drains. (Any other relevant points) (Any four points to be examined)