i. arabia before the prophet ii. muhammad, prophet of islam iii. islamic faith and law
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I. Arabia Before the Prophet II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam III. Islamic Faith and Law IV. The Expansion of Community and State V. The Abbasid Era, Zenith of Classical Islamic Civilization VI. Islamic Culture. I. Arabia Before the Prophet Yemen - Saba’ - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present
Chapter Outline
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
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I. Arabia Before the Prophet
II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam
III. Islamic Faith and Law
IV. The Expansion of Community and State
V. The Abbasid Era, Zenith of Classical Islamic Civilization
VI. Islamic Culture
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
I. Arabia Before the Prophet
Yemen - Saba’from eight century B.C.E. to third
C.E.Commercial networks
A. The Bedouintribal organization
shaykhrelated families’asabiyya = common interests,
collective honorethics
muru’a = manly virtue
B. Early Meccathe Hijaz (“barrier”)at meeting of caravan routesKa’ba (“cube”)
Black Stoneancient temple
Quraysh tribe
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632)
marries KhadijaFatima, daughter
A. Muhammad’s Message and Early Followers
Qur’anrecords revelationsAllah’Islam (“submission”)Early Followers:Ali, Abu Bakr
B. The Hijrainvited to Yathrib> Madinat al-Nabi (“City of the
Prophet”)umma =communityjihad = struggleattempt to win convertsto Mecca
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632)
C. The Death of Muhammad632, at MedinaSuccession?Abu Bakr
first caliph = successorTeachings of Muhammad
> hadith
Practice of Muhammad> sunna
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
III. Islamic Faith and Law
A. The Qur’anword of God revealed to Muhammad
B. The Tenets of Islamic Faithmonotheism28 prophets proceeded MuhammadThe Five Pillarsshahada - profession of faithsalat - prayer, summoned by muezzinzakat - alms, usually 2.5%sawm - fasting during Ramadanhajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
C. Islamic LawSharia - established by Muhammadulama - (“those who know”)interpreters, administrators of the
shariadhimmis - non-Muslimspay jizya - head tax
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
IV. The Expansion of Community and State
A. Expansion under the First Four Caliphs
(632–661)Rashidun ("Righly Guided")Abu Bakr (632–634)Umar (634–644)Uthman (644–656)AliJihadmeaning?651 - control Persian Empire
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
IV. The Expansion of Community and State
B. Defining the CommunityAuthority?
Assassination of Uthman> Sunna and ShiaShi-itesonly descendants of Prophetthrough FatimaSunnisconsent of umma decides
C. Umayyad RuleMuawiyagovernor of Syriarelative of Uthmantakes title of caliphcapital to Damascus> Umayyad Dynastyuntil 750Al-AndalusTariq ibn ZiyadHusaynson of Alikilled by Umayyad> martyr
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization
(750–1258)
Abu al-Abbas (750–related to Muhammad's uncle, Abbassupported by non-ArabsBaghdadfounded as centerShiftfrom Arab domination of Islamfrom tribal organizationgeographic
A. Trade, Industry and Agricultureno tariff barriers
B. The Spectacular Reign of Harun al-Rashid (786–809)
Charlemagneused against Umayyad
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization
C. Challenges to Abbasid Authority(Umayyads - al-Andalus, from 756Fatimids - Egypt)
Seljuk Turkstake Baghdad, 1055Turco-MongolsChingiz KhanEgyptFatimidsAyyubidsSalah al-Din, founder (1169–1252)Mamluks (“slaves”) (1250–1517)military officersoverthrow Ayyubids
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
ears
o n E
duca
tion,
Inc.
VI. Islamic Culture
A. Advances in Medicine900–1100 - high point in learning
Abu-Bakr Muhammad al-Razi (d. 925)
On Smallpox and MeaslesIbn Sina (980–1037)
(Avicenna)Canon of Medicine
B. Progress in Other SciencesAl-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (d.1038)
work on opticsbenefited from Greek and Hindu
workEuclid, Ptolemy
Al-Khwarizmi (d. c. 844)Arithmetic
Arabic numeralsAlgebra
Omar Khayyám (d. c. 1123)
C. Islamic Literature and ScholarshipArabian Nights
Omar Khayyám's RubáiyátIbn Sina
Aristotle and IslamIbn Rushd (d. 1198)
(Averroës)Córdobacommentaries on Aristotle
Moses MaimonedesGuide to the PerplexedJudaism and Aristotle
Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406)"father of sociology"
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
©20
06, P
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Inc.
An Islamic Map of the World
VI. Islamic Culture
D. The Sufistasawwuf = mysticism(suf = woolen clothes of early mystics)Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273)
E. Art and Architectureprohibitions against
representationAlhambra, 1248–1354