Hydraulic Fracturing in the U.S.y gPrestige World Wide

•OverviewHydraulic Fracturing – “Fracking”y g g

The Process & Origins – What daily operations are performed1

John Ryan Davis during a frack job?

Ingredients – What is being pumped into the ground?Rachael Solari

1.

2.

Why is fracking necessary?JR Norton3.

Sh l G R Wh i ll hi l

Controversy – Does fracking have a negative 5

4.Shale Gas Reserves – Where is all this natural gasBrandon Merrill coming from?

Controversy Does fracking have a negative Paige Guilbeaux impact on our environment?

5.

The Process & Origins of FrackinggJohn Ryan Davis

• Technological breakthroughs in the 20th century granted access to •Origins of U.S. Shale Gas Revolution

Hydraulic Fracturing

shale gas reserves which were previously unreachable

• Hydraulic Fracturing• Fracking experimentation – early 1900’s

• Rapid growth in production Hydraulic Fracturing

applications – 1950’s

• Horizontal Drilling• Horizontal Drilling• Early 1980’s became commercially

viableHorizontal

• Mitchell Energy & Development Corp.• First success in Barnett Shale in 90’s

Horizontal (Directional) Drilling

First success in Barnett Shale in 90 s

[1 ]•Frack Equipment

Post-drilling operations the “frack-crew” will set up onsite.

[1.]•Frack Equipment

•The Fracking ProcessDaily Operations

Pre-Frack Operations:

1 Drill

y p

Stage 1•Pump water

down-hole, through

Stage 2•Sand and

proppants are added to the

Stage 3•After the

fracture is complete this

Stage 4•Water

pressure reduced, fluid

1. Drill2. Lay casing3. Pump cement4. Perforate casing

and cement through perforations and fracture the formation.

added to the fluid at an increasing rate as the job continues.

complete this area of the well bore is plugged to allow for a new area to b f k d

reduced, fluid travels back up-hole, leaving sand holding in the cracks to

ll

and cement

Post-Frack Operations:

1 Mill out/remove be fracked. allow gas to flow.

1. Mill-out/remove plugs

2. Well tests3. Gas flow begins

(Production)(Production)

[1.]

The Ingredients Used During a Frack JobRachael Solari

•Typical Ingredients Used in FrackingW d S d k h j i Water and Sand make up the majority

•Other Additives used in FrackingMakes up about 2% of Ingredients

• Gelling Agent• Thickens water to suspend sand

p g

p

• Breakerf• Allows delayed breakdown of gel

• Friction Reducer• “Slicks” the water

A id• Acid• Dissolves minerals

•Odd/Questionable IngredientsFull Public Disclosure

• Instant CoffeeW l h ll• Walnut shells

• Carcinogens• BenzeneBenzene• Methanol

• Anti-bacterial Agent

Why Frack?yJR Norton

•Why is Fracking Necessary?

• Formation• Porosity• Porosity• Permeability

• Improves FlowImproves Flow• Increased surface area

of well head• Lowers formation

resistance

•Production and Reserves

• 17%/yr 2000-2006/y• 48%/yr 2006-2010• 45% of total natural

gas by 2035• Shale plays are 16 %

of reservesof reserves• U.S. has gas for 110

years

•Natural Gas Energy

Uses:• Buses• Fleets• Industrial• Rig conversions• Electricity

•Electricity Generation Capacity

Generation• Transportationy p y

Additions by Fuel Type [Gigawatts]

Shale Gas Reserves in theUnited StatesBrandon Merrill

Operating areas across the US [1]

•Barnett ShaleNorth Texas & Permian Basin

• First well 1981• Tight Gas Reservoirg

• Need for advanced techniques

• Underlies city of Fort WorthUnderlies city of Fort Worth• Drilling expanded in 1990’s

with new techniquesD illi g D th• Drilling Depths:

• 5,000-8,000 feet in North TX [9]6 000 10 000 f t i P i • 6,000-10,000 feet in Permian Basin [10]

[11]

•Haynesville ShaleEast Texas/Louisiana

• Discovered in 2008

/

• Drilling Depths:• 10,000-13,000 feet

E ti t d l g t t l • Estimated largest natural gas field in contiguous 48 states [12].

[13]

•Eagle Ford ShaleSouth Texas

• Discovered in 2008• Petrohawk exploration well in

La Salle County [14]

• Both Oil & Gas rich regions Both Oil & Gas rich regions of the field

• Drilling Depths:• Up to 12,000 feet

[14]

•Other Prevalent U.S. Shale Gas Reserves

• Marcellus Shale• Ohio/Pennsylvania/WV• One of most active

plays• Significant use of

frackingfracking

• Bakken Shale• North Dakota/Montana

• Fayetteville Shale• Arkansas/Oklahoma

• Woodford ShaleWoodford Shale• Texas/Oklahoma

[15]

Controversy Over FrackingP i G ilbPaige Guilbeaux

•Earthquakes

• Fluid injection changes seismic dynamics underground

• Fracking can cause minor • Fracking can cause minor quakes

• Could lead to larger and more dangerous earthquakes

•Waste of Water

• Millions of gallons of water are being pumped into the ground

• Estimated 13 5 billion • Estimated 13.5 billion gallons were used in Texas in 2010

• Only 20 to 25 percent of water used can be recoveredrecovered

•Water Contamination

Fracking fluid contains chemical additives

GasLand Documentary• Man lights faucet

water on fire• Blamed it on

fracking

Questions?QPrestige World Wide

1 http://www hydraulicfracturing com/Pages/information aspx

•References1. http://www.hydraulicfracturing.com/Pages/information.aspx2. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/the-hard-facts-about-fracking?click=main_sr3. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/10-fixes-for-the-new-energy-

crisis?click=main_sr#fbIndex84. http://geology.com/energy/world-shale-gas/5. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es1401/es1401page04.cfm 6. http://thesocietypages.org/graphicsociology/2011/02/28/fracking-natural-gas/7. http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/oilgas/shalegas/index.html8. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383%282011%29.pdf9 http://www halliburton com/public/solutions/contents/Shale/related docs/Barnett pdf9. http://www.halliburton.com/public/solutions/contents/Shale/related_docs/Barnett.pdf10. http://proamlib.blogspot.com/2011/01/strange-things-in-arkansas-dead-birds.html11. http://geology.com/research/barnett-shale-gas.shtml12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynesville_Shale13. http://www.twincitiesdev.com/haynesville-shale.html14. http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/eagleford/index.php15. http://www2.sacurrent.com/news/story.asp?id=7128516. http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/03/10/954439/-Former-Bush-EPA-appointee-says-fracking-exemption-

needs-fresh-scrutiny17. http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/gasland/slideshow/slideshow.html17. http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/gasland/slideshow/slideshow.html18. http://opinion.latimes.com/opinionla/2011/07/fracking-the-conversation.html19. http://drjerryparsonsblog.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/drought/20. http://signsofthelastdays.com/archives/tag/earthquakes21. Popular Mechanics Sept. 2011. “Drilling Down: Fact vs. Fiction in the Great Fracking Debate.”