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hypertension
t . Samavat MD,Cadiologist,MPH
Head of prevention and control of CVD disease
office Ministry of heath
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
HYPERTENSION DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT, AND TREATMENT
Definition of hypertension
Hypertension is sustained elevation of resting systolic BP
(≥140mmhg),diastolic BP(≥90mmhg),or both.
Two type of hypertension was categorized:
-Primary HTN ,that hemodynamics and physiologic
components vary indicating that primary HTN have no a
single cause but multiple factors involved in sustaining
elevated BP.
-secondary HTN cause include renal parenchyma
disease,renovascular diseas,pheochromacytoma,cushing,
Hyper and hypothyroidism, alcohol consumption,coarctaion
Of aorta, adrenal disease.
Key Messages for the Management of Hypertension
1. All adults should have their blood pressure assessed at all appropriate clinical visits.
2. Optimum management of the hypertensive patient requires assessment and communication of overall cardiovascular risk.
3. Home BP monitoring is an important tool in self-monitoring and self-management.
4. Treat to target.
5. Lifestyle modifications are effective in preventing hypertension, treating hypertension and reducing cardiovascular risk.
6. Combinations of both lifestyle changes and drugs are generally necessary to achieve target blood pressures.
7. Focus on adherence.
Reversible Risk Factors for Developing Hypertension
• Obesity
• Poor dietary habits
• High sodium intake
• Sedentary lifestyle
• High alcohol consumption
Prevalence of Hypertension
of those age 15 to 39
of those age 40 to 59
of those age 60 to 70
21.8%
Number of
adults + 15
suffering from
hypertension
…have hypertension.
3.3%
21.8
%
52.4
%
Staging of hypertension for office blood pressure determination
DIASTOLIC
(PRESSURE(mmhg
SYSTOLIC
mmhg))PRESSURE
HYPERTENSION
STAGE
<80 <120 Normal
80-89 120-139 Pre hypertension
90-99 140-159 Stage1 hypertension
≥100 ≥160 Stage2 hypertension
Definition of HTN by office and out-of-office BP level
Office BP ≥140 and/or ≥90
Home BP ≥135 and/or ≥85
Amb BP
Daytime(or awake) ≥135 and/or ≥85
Nighttime(or sleep( ≥120 and/or ≥70
24 hour ≥130 and/or ≥80
category Systolic
BP(mmhg)
DdiastolicBP(m
mhg)
High Risk of Developing Hypertension in Those with pre hypertension
• pre hypertensive Individuals are at high risk of progression to overt hypertension.
• Annual follow-up of patients with pre -hypertension is recommended.
Blood Pressure Assessment: Patient preparation and posture
1.Standardized Preparation:
2.Patient
3.No acute anxiety, stress or pain.
4.No caffeine, smoking or nicotine in the preceding 30 minutes.
5.No use of substances containing adrenergic stimulants such as phenylephrine or pseudoephedrine (may be present in nasal decongestants or ophthalmic drops).
6.Bladder and bowel comfortable.
7.No tight clothing on arm or forearm.
8.Quiet room with comfortable temperature
9.Rest for at least 5 minutes before measurement
10.Patient should stay silent prior and during the procedure.
Blood Pressure Assessment: Patient preparation and posture
Standardized technique:
Posture
• The patient should be
calmly seated with his or
her back well supported
and arm supported at the
level of the heart.
• His or her feet should
touch the floor and legs
should not be crossed.
Blood Pressure Assessment: Patient position
X
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Hypertension and Recommendations for Follow-up
BP: 140-179 / 90-109
ABPM (If available) Clinic BPM Home BPM (If available)
Yes
Hypertension Visit 2
Target Organ Damage
or Diabetes
or BP >180/110?
Hypertension Visit 1
BP Measurement,
History and Physical
examination
Hypertensive
Urgency /
Emergency
Diagnosis
of HTN
No
Elevated Out of the
Office BP
measurement
Elevated Random
Office BP
Measurement
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Hypertension and Recommendations for Follow-up
*Consider home
blood pressure
measurement for
follow-up readings,
to assess for the
presence of
masked
hypertension or
white coat effect
and to enhance
adherence.
Symptoms, severe hypertension, intolerance to anti-hypertensive treatment
or target organ damage
Are BP readings below target during 2 consecutive visits?
Non pharmacological treatment
With or without pharmacological treatment
Diagnosis of hypertension
Follow-up at 3-6
month intervals *
No Yes
Yes
More frequent visits *
Visits every 1 to 2
months*
No
BP: 140-179 / 90-109
ABPM (If available)
Diagnosis
of HTN
Awake BP
>135 SBP or
>85 DBP or
24-hour
>130 SBP or
>80 DBP
Awake BP
<135/85
and
24-hour
<130/80
Continue to
follow-up
Clinic BPM
Diagnosis
of HTN
Hypertension visit 3
>160 SBP or
>100 DBP
>140 SBP or
>90 DBP
< 140 / 90
Diagnosis
of HTN
Continue to
follow-up
<160 / 100
Hypertension visit 4-5
ABPM or HBPM
or
Home BPM
>135 SBP or
>85 DBP
< 135/85
Diagnosis
of HTN
Continue to
follow-up
Patients with high normal blood pressure (office SBP
130-139 and/or DBP 85-89) should be followed annually.
Repeat Home BPM
If
< 135/85
or
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Hypertension and Recommendations for Follow-up
A assessment of the Overall Cardiovascular Risk
• Search for exogenous potentially modifiable factors that can induce/aggravate hypertension
• Prescription Drugs:
• NSAIDs, including coxibs
• Corticosteroids and anabolic steroids
• Oral contraceptive and sex hormones
• Vasoconstricting/sympathomimetic decongestants
• Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporin, tacrolimus)
• Erythropoietin and analogues
• Antidepressants: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), SNRIs, SSRIs
• Midodrine
• Other:
• Licorice root
• Stimulants including cocaine
• Salt
• Excessive alcohol use
Assessment of the Overall Cardiovascular Risk Search for target organ damage
• Cerebrovascular disease 50% • transient ischemic attack
• ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke
• vascular dementia
• Hypertensive retinopathy
• Left ventricular dysfunction
• Left ventricular hypertrophy 30% of hypertensive patients by Echo
• Coronary artery disease • Ischemic heart disease more than 50%
• myocardial infarction
• congestive heart failure(the most common cause is HTN)
• Chronic kidney disease • hypertensive nephropathy
(GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)
• albuminuria
• Peripheral artery disease • intermittent claudication
• ankle brachial index < 0.9
Assessment of the Overall Cardiovascular Risk
• Over 90% of hypertensive have other cardiovascular risks
• Assess and manage hypertensive patients for
dyslipidemia, dysglycemia (e.g. impaired fasting glucose,
diabetes) abdominal obesity, unhealthy eating and
physical inactivity
Routine Laboratory Tests
Preliminary Investigations of patients with hypertension 1. Urinalysis
2. Blood chemistry (potassium, sodium and creatinine)
3. Fasting glucose and/or glycated hemoglobin (A1c)
4. Fasting total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides
5. Standard 12-leads ECG
Currently there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine testing of microalbuminuria in people with hypertension who do not have diabetes
Routine Laboratory Tests
Follow-up investigations of patients with hypertension
• During the maintenance phase of hypertension management, tests (including electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, and fasting lipids) should be repeated with a frequency reflecting the clinical situation.
• Diabetes develops in 1-3%/year of those with drug treated hypertension. The risk is higher in those treated with a diuretic or beta blocker, in the obese, sedentary, with higher fasting glucose and who have unhealthy eating patterns. Assess for diabetes more frequently in these patients.
The Role of Echocardiography
• Echocardiography is useful for:
• Assessment of left ventricular dysfunction
and the presence of left ventricular
hypertrophy
• Echocardiography is not useful for routine
evaluation of hypertensive patients
The Role of Echocardiography
• Echocardiography is useful for:
• Assessment of left ventricular dysfunction
and the presence of left ventricular
hypertrophy
• Echocardiography is not useful for routine
evaluation of hypertensive patients
Treatment Algorithm for Isolated Systolic Hypertension without
Other Compelling Indications
INITIAL TREATMENT AND MONOTHERAPY
Thiazide
diuretic
Long-acting
DHP CCB
Lifestyle modification
therapy
ARB
TARGET <140 mmHg (< 150 mmHg if age > 60 years)
Add-on Therapy for Systolic/Diastolic Hypertension without Other Compelling Indications
IF BLOOD PRESSURE IS NOT
CONTROLLED CONSIDER
• No adherence
• Secondary HTN
• Interfering drugs or lifestyle
• White coat effect
If blood pressure is still not controlled, or there are adverse effects,
other classes of antihypertensive drugs may be combined (such as
alpha blockers or centrally acting agents).
2. Triple or Quadruple Therapy
1. Add-on Therapy
If partial response to monotherapy
Drug Combinations
When combining drugs, use first-line therapies.
• Two drug combinations of beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have not been proven to have additive hypotensive effects. Therefore these potential two drug combinations should not be used unless there is a compelling (non blood pressure lowering) indication
• Combinations of an ACEI with an ARB do not reduce cardiovascular events more than the ACEI alone and have more adverse effects therefore are not generally recommended
Drug Combinations
• Caution should be exercised in combining a non dihydropyridine CCB and a beta blocker to reduce the risk of bradycardia or heart block.
• Monitor serum creatinine and potassium when combining K sparing diuretics (such as aldosterone antagonists), ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers.
• If a diuretic is not used as first or second line therapy, triple therapy should include a diuretic, when not contraindicated.
Choice of Pharmacological Treatment for Hypertension
Individualized treatment
• Compelling indications: – Ischemic Heart Disease
– Recent ST Segment Elevation-MI or non-ST Segment Elevation-MI
– Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
– Cerebrovascular Disease nicardipine labetolol .nitroproside Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
– Non Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease
– Renovascular Disease
– Smoking
• Diabetes Mellitus – With Nephropathy ARB but NO amlodipine
– Without Nephropathy
• Global Vascular Protection for Hypertensive Patients – Statins if 3 or more additional cardiovascular risks
– Aspirin once blood pressure is controlled
Vascular Protection for Hypertensive Patients: Statins
In addition to current recommendations on management of
dyslipidemia, statins are recommended in high-risk
hypertensive patients with established atherosclerotic disease
or with at least 3 of the following criteria:
• Male
• Age 55 or older
• Smoking
• Total-C/HDL-C ratio of 6
mmol/L or higher
• Family History of Premature
CV disease
• LVH
• ECG abnormalities
• Microalbuminuria or Proteinuria
Summary: Treatment of Isolated Systolic Hypertension without Other Compelling Indications
CONSIDER
• Nonadherence
• Secondary HTN
• Interfering drugs or
lifestyle
• White coat effect
Thiazide
diuretic
Long-acting
DHP CCB
Dual therapy
Triple therapy
Lifestyle modification
therapy
ARB
TARGET <140 mmHg, < 150 mmHg for age > 60years
*If blood pressure is still not
controlled, or there are adverse
effects, other classes of
antihypertensive drugs may be
combined (such as ACE
inhibitors, alpha blockers,
centrally acting agents, or
nondihydropyridine calcium
channel blocker).
Summary: Treatment of Systolic-Diastolic Hypertension without Other Compelling Indications
CONSIDER
• Nonadherence
• Secondary HTN
• Interfering drugs or
lifestyle
• White coat effect
Dual Combination
Triple or Quadruple
Therapy
Lifestyle modification
Thiazide diuretic
ACEI Long-acting
CCB
TARGET <140/90 mmHg
ARB
*Not indicated as first
line therapy over 60 y
Initial therapy
A combination of 2 first line drugs may
be considered as initial therapy if the
blood pressure is >20 mmHg systolic
or >10 mmHg diastolic above target
Beta- blocker*