HYPERTENSIONBy Nazia Ashrafnazia.ashraf1536@gmail,com

WHAT IS HYPERTENSIONHigh blood pressure, also called "hypertension," is a serious medical condition. It happens when the force of the blood pumping through your arteries is too strong.When heart beats, it pushes blood through arteries to the rest of the body. When the blood pushes harder against the walls of the arteries, pressure goes up. Blood pressure may be different at different times of the day. It is usually higher when first wake up, after exercise, or when under stress.Hypertension is pressure higher than 140 over 90 mmHg (millimeters of mercury).

TYPES OF HYPERTENSIONMajor Types 1. Primary HypertensionPrimary or essential hypertension, that has no known cause, is diagnosed in the majority of people2. Secondary Hypertension: Diabetes (both due to kidney problems and nerve damage) Kidney disease Pheochromocytoma (a cancer) Cushing syndrome (which can be caused by use of

corticosteroid drugs) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (disorder of the adrenal

glands, which secrete the hormone cortisol)

TYPES OF HYPERTENSION Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). Hyperparathyroidism (which affects calcium and

phosphorous levels) Pregnancy Sleep apnea Obesity

The other types include:3. Malignant Hypertension.4. Isolated Systolic Hypertension5. White Coat Hypertension6. Resistant Hypertension

RANGES OF BLOOD PRESSURE (IN MMHG)

• Normal blood pressure is below 120 systolic and below 80 diastolic

• Pre hypertension is 120-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic • Stage 1 high blood pressure (hypertension) is 140-159

systolic or 90-99 diastolic • Stage 2 high blood pressure (hypertension) is 160 or

higher systolic or 100 or higher diastolic • Hypertensive crisis (a medical emergency) is when

blood pressure is above 180 systolic or above 110 diastolic.

WHAT CAUSES HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Smoking Being overweight or obese Lack of physical activity Too much salt in the diet Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day) Stress Older age Genetics Family history of high blood pressure Chronic kidney disease Adrenal and thyroid disorder Sleep apnea

SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTENSION

High blood pressure itself is usually asymptomatic, meaning that patients do not experience any direct symptoms of the condition

The silent killerDamage to the cardiovascular systemLong-term hypertension can cause complications

through arteriosclerosis

THE COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION

a. An enlarged or weakened heart to a point where it may fail to pump enough blood (heart failure)

b. Aneurysm an abnormal bulge in the wall of an artery (which can burst, causing severe bleeding and, in some cases, death)

c. Blood vessel narrowing - in the kidneys this can lead to possible kidney failure, in the heart, brain and legs, this can lead to heart attack, stroke or the need for amputation, respectively

d. Blood vessels in the eyes my rupture or bleed, leading to vision problems or blindness (hypertensive retinopathies - classified by worsening grades one through four).

TREATMENTS FOR HYPERTENSION

Lifestyle changes are important for both treatment and prevention of high blood pressure

Salt restriction High consumption of vegetables and fruits and low-fat Moderation of alcohol consumption Reducing weight and maintaining it Regular physical exercise Stress reduction

NERVOUS MECHANISM FOR REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

ROLE OF BARORECEPTORS WHEN BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES

Rise in B.P activation of impulses to nucleus baroreceptors of tractus solitarius

nucleus of Reduces vasomotor inhibition of tractus solitarius

acts . tone vasoconstrictor area on vasomotor center

excites vasodilator area

Redution in peripheral resistance Blood- & Vasodilatation occur pressure decreases (force of contraction & Cardiac output decrease)

Decreased blood pressure Decreased flow of blood Decrease in O2 & Increase in CO2

Excitation in the chemoreceptors

Send impulses to vasoconstrictors

Blood pressure rises and blood flow increases

1. By regulation of ECF volume

Increase in excretion of water excretion of salts (sodium)

B.P (pressure diuresis) (Pressure Natriuresis)

Blood pressure decrease in blood decrease in ECF

restored volume volume

2. By regulation of ECF volume

Decrease in reabsorption Increase in ECF

B.P from & Blood renal-tubules volumes

Blood pressure Increase in cardiac

Restored output

The number of people living with hypertension (high blood pressure) is predicted to be 1.56 billion worldwide by the year 2025