Hydrology-How we use our water!

Condensation

Transpiration

PrecipitationRunoff

Infiltration

Infiltration

Zone of aeration

Zone of Saturation

Infiltration occurs when the regolith is:

permeable unsaturated moderate slope

Runoff occurs when the regolith is: Impermeable Saturated Steep gradient

PermeabilityThe ability of water to flow through.

The speed is the permeability rate.

The opening of the rock material must be interconnected to allow water to flow through.

Water infiltrates through the zone of aeration until it reaches the zone of saturation.

The water table is at the top of the zone of saturation.

Impermeable bedrock is below the zone of saturation.

Porosity• Is the amount of open space between

particles. It depends on – Shape– Packing– Sorting– Not size

Porosity and Shape• Rounds have greater porosity or open space

than angular particles.

Angular-very little open space

Round-more open space

Porosity and Packing

• Tightly packed materials have a lower porosity.

Loosely packed-high porosity

Tightly packed-low porosity

Porosity and sorting

Same size = well sorted (high porosity)

Different size = poorly sorted/unsorted (low porosity)

Same size = high porosity Mixed = low porosity

Porosity and size

• The same shape particles have the same porosity as long as they are sorted.

Porosity = 30% Porosity = 30% Mixed = 10%

Porosity and Permeability• For water to quickly infiltrate a material

must be porous and permeable

• Aquifer – natural water pipe

Water Retention

Smaller particles retain more water because smaller particles have more surface area.

Capillarity

Water moving upward through soil.

Smaller holes are better.

• Hydrologic cycle

• Aquifer – artesian well

• Capillary water

Weathering• Break down

• Preparation for erosion

• Smaller the particle=faster

• Climate and type of material make a huge difference in weathering rates.

Physical Weathering• SMALLER PIECES

– Frost Action– Abrasion– Exfoliation

Chemical Weathering

• Smaller BY CHEMICAL CHANGE– Oxidation - oxygen– Hydration - water– Carbonation – carbonic acid (acid rain)– Decay – rot, acid is given off, breaks down

materials

Today1. Turn in corrected quiz

2. Finish halite shake and finish lab

3. In packet, complete the soil section 2-2 using a Earth’s Changing Surface book. Take it home if needed.

Soil• End product of weathering.

• Residual – stays in one spot

• Transported – moved from the original rock

For Monday

• Correct Quiz

• Finish lab

• Look at chart on page 132

In computer lab:

• 1. Finish weathering and erosion scavenger hunt

• In book, 2-2 (should be done)

• In book, 2-3, Soil Conservation– Homework if it is not done today!

Surface area and weathering

• http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/resources/physics/texture/soilgeo.swf

• Starter, graph and questions page 132

• Soil and weathering video

• 10 questions

• Homework – Erosion 3-1 with book

Starter

On an index card, answer questions 1-10 on page 135-137 in your green book.

On your desk, please get out your homework 3-1 Erosion so I can check it.

Today: Erosion/Streamflow lab 3-2 and stream tables after your notes.

• Erosion

StarterVideo

Lab 3-3

For Thursday:

Water Erosion, using the Earth Changing Surface Book

Finish lab – including questions (conclusion)

Starter• On an index card, answer question 1-10 on

page 141-143. Use your notes!

• Lab from Friday out 3-2

Down cutting V-shaped valley

Stream

Lateral Erosion – flood plain

Youth

                                                                                                                                                                                         

•V-Shaped Valley •Rapids •Waterfalls •No Flood Plain •Drainage Divides Broad and Flat, Undissected by Erosion •Valley Being Deepened •General Agreement on this stage, lots of examples

Maturity (Early)

                                                                                                                                                                                         

•V-Shaped Valley •Beginnings of Flood Plain •Sand and Gravel Bars •Sharp Divides •Relief Reaches Maximum •Valleys stop deepening •General Agreement on this stage, lots of examples

Maturity (Late)

                                                                                                                                                                                         

•Valley has flat bottom •Narrow Flood Plain •Divides begin to round off •Relief diminishes •Sediment builds up, flood plain widens •River begins to meander •Lots of Disagreement from here on; some geologists believe slopes stay steep but simply retreat.

• Stream evolution

Old Age

                                                                                                                                                                       

                  ; •Very Wide Flood Plain •Land worn down to flat surface (Peneplain) •Resistant rocks form residual hills (Monadnocks) •Pronounced River Meanders •Cut-off Meanders (Ox-bow lakes)

Rejuvenation•Uplift of Land (Lowering of Sea Level, sometimes greater stream flow) causes stream to speed up and cut deeper.

•Stream valley takes on youthful characteristics but retains features of older stages as well. •Can happen at any point in the cycle.

                                                                                    

Meanders

ErosionDeposition

Erosion

Deposition

Cut-off

Cut-off

• Thursday - wrap up of erosion/deposition notes

• Friday – deposition/stream lab

• Monday – Go over constructed response

• Next Week – Tuesday – Section 1, Surface Processes Test

Tributaries

Distributaries

Delta – Alluvial fan

All delta deposits

Delta development

Sand Bars – parallel to the shoreline

Colloids never settle

Big sediment Small sediment