hydrogen vehicles
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green.economical.future
Mayank BatraME - 1508311
NCCE
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Gas prices/Oil Market Oil currently around $80/barrel.
Projections have oil hitting $110/barrel in few years.
Environment
Extraction of fossil fuels cause a lot of pollution.
Burning of fossil fuels contributes a lot towards greenhouse effect.
Need of eco-friendly energy source is the need of the hour.
Moreover supply of fossil fuels is limited. And we are running out of
sources.
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Uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power.
Include hydrogen fueled space rockets, as well as automobiles and other
transportation vehicles.
As of now, there are two methods/technologies of using hydrogen as a fuel
in vehicles. These are:
Fuel Cells
Internal Combustion Engines
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Hydrogen does not come as a pre-existing source of energy. First produced and then stored as a carrier, much like a battery.
Hydrogen for vehicle uses needs to be produced using either renewable or
non-renewable energy sources.
The molecular hydrogen needed can be produced by many thermo-
chemical methods like
Coal gasification
Biomass gasification
Thermolysis
Biological hydrogen production
From water by Electrolysis
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Two storage options:
1. Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store it onboard the
vehicle (the direct hydrogen option)
2. Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a tiny onboard
hydrogen plant (the onboard fuel processor option)
Hydrogen FCs 2 times as efficient as internal combustion
Internal combustion efficiency 15-25% Hydrogen FCs 50-60%
Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve equivalent of 80 miles/gallon
gasoline.
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Internal Combustion Hydrogen Engines
Slightly modified form of internal combustion engine
Burns hydrogen, produces pure water exhaust
100% Eco-Friendly
Cheap to produce and maintain
Serious range problems
Low efficiency
Leakage maybe a problem
Still under testing phases
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Above diagram illustrates a Internal Combustion Hydrogen Engine
concept by one of the leading vehicle manufacturer BMW. The
illustration shows an engine similar to the current Internal Combustion
Engines that use Gasoline or Petrol as fuel.
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A BMW concept of an Internal
Combustion Engine
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The hydrogen 7 developed by BMW uses hydrogen as a fuel. The car utilizes anInternal combustion engine (discussed in previous slide) that runs on hydrogen.
The car is still in the concept phase and is worked upon. Since the cost of
Manufacturing is still high and we are still looking for a better way to use hydrogen,
Expect some delay before you see this car on road.
Snapshots showing Hydrogen 7
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An old idea whose time has come
Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich
Schnbein
Aspects of engines as well as batteries
No pollution emitted
Proton Exchange Membrane FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, buildings &
much smaller applications
Reliable, old and useful technology. Like an engine, a fuel cell will run as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied.
Like a battery, it produces electricity by electrochemical reactions
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Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical
process, not combustion, its safe and eco-friendly
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times moreefficient than fuel burning.
Internal Combustion Engines that run on hydrogen are still undergoing
research phase and we still dont know when the technology will be ready
to be used on a commercial scale.
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It operates similarly to a battery, but it
does not run down nor does it require
recharging
As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell
will produce both energy and heat
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A Fuel Cell consists of twocatalyst coated electrodes
surrounding an electrolyte
One electrode is an anode and
the other is a cathode The process begins when
Hydrogen molecules enter the
anode
The catalyst coating separateshydrogens negatively charged
electrons from the positively
charged protons
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The electrolyte allows the protons to
pass through to the cathode, but not the
electrons
Instead the electrons are directed
through an external circuit which
creates electrical current
While the electrons pass throughthe external circuit, oxygen
molecules pass through the
cathode
There the oxygen and theprotons combine with the
electrons after they have passed
through the external circuit
When the oxygen and theprotons combine with the
electrons it produces water and
heat
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Individual fuel cells can then be placed
in a series to form a fuel cell stack
The stack can be used in a system to
power a vehicle or to provide stationary
power to a building
Fuel cells are similar tobatteries, but designed for
continuous replenishment of
energy via external fuel
Many different types of fuel
cells, most common will likely
be the PEM FC
Hydrogen and oxygen in, watervapor and liquid water out
Typical output is about .8 volts
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This is the leading cell type for
passenger car application
Uses a polymer membrane as the
electrolyte
Operates at a relatively low
temperature, about 175 degrees
Has a high power density, can
vary its output quickly and is
suited for applications wherequick startup is required making
it popular for automobiles
Sensitive to fuel impurities
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In order to produce enough
voltage, cells are grouped into
stacks
A hydrogen fuel cell automobile
would have at least 45 cells in a
stack
Hydrogen is stored and injected
in either liquid or gas form
Many cells, but only output is
still liquid and vapor water
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Most abundant element Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the
Universe, which makes up about 3/4 of all matter
Hydrogen has the highest energy content. Energy content of hydrogen
is the highest per unit of weight of any fuel. Therefore it offers the most
"bang for the buck".
Hydrogen is non-polluting. Along with it's effectiveness as a fuel,
hydrogen is non-polluting. The only byproduct of hydrogen when it burns
is heat and water.
Hydrogen is renewable source of energy. It can be regenerated right
from its combustion by-product.
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Hydrogen is an energy carrier rather than an energy source.While
hydrogen always exists in conjunction with other elements, such as in water, it
must be separated from these elements and is therefore considered an energy
carrier, as opposed to an energy source.
Costly to convert to liquid. Because hydrogen is a gas, it cannot be
compressed into a liquid form without intensive cost and energy input.
Fossil Fuels May be Needed to Produce Hydrogen. By the same token,
other methods to produce hydrogen must use energy to separate the hydrogen
from the oxygen.
The Hydrogen Hazard Stereotype. By its very nature, hydrogen is very
powerful. Who has not heard of the hydrogen bomb?
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We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
There are definite issues, but nothing compared to the economic, political
and environmental issues associated with being wholly dependent on oil.
Large dependency on fossil fuels and rising price of fuel prices is enoughto burn a hole in the countrys pocket.
Countries will need to look beyond the sticker price.
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http://wikipedia.org http://howstuffworks.com
http://fuelcellworks.com
http://planetforlife.com http://fi.edu
http://hydrogencarsnow.com
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http://wikipedia.org/http://howstuffworks.com/http://fuelcellworks.com/http://planetforlife.com/http://fi.edu/http://hydrogencarsnow.com/http://hydrogencarsnow.com/http://fi.edu/http://planetforlife.com/http://fuelcellworks.com/http://howstuffworks.com/http://wikipedia.org/