hydrogen station data collection and analysis · 2018 annual merit review and peer evaluation...

Hydrogen Station Data Collection and Analysis

Sam Sprik (PI), Jennifer Kurtz, Chris Ainscough, Genevieve Saur, Shaun Onorato, Matt RupleNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryJune 14, 2018

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2018 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting

This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information.

Project ID TV017

NREL | 2

Overview

• Project start date: 10/2011• FY17 DOE funding: $300k• FY18 planned DOE funding:

115k• Total DOE funds received to date:

$1,485k

• Lack of current hydrogen refueling infrastructure performance and availability data

Timeline and Budget Barriers

• Industry and agencies listed on collaborations slide

Partners

NREL | 3

Relevance: Evaluating Existing Stations/Equipment

Objectives • Use existing stations as real-world guide

for future innovations• Identify issues for research• Have results readily available (both public

and private)

First Element, Coalinga, CA. Photo: NREL

ITM Power, Riverside, CA. Photo: NREL

A Developing “Retail” Market• 34 retail stations open (27 last AMR)

• All in CA (as of April 2018)• Supporting 2,473 registered FCEVs in

CA (Oct. 2017, AB8 Report*) • Up from 925 the previous year

*Joint Agency Staff Report on Assembly Bill 8 (Dec 2017)

NREL | 4

NREL’s National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center

Approach: NFCTEC Data/Analysis/Results Handling

CDPs

DDPs

Composite Data Products (CDPs) • Aggregated data across multiple systems, sites, and teams• Publish analysis results without revealing proprietary data every 6 months2

Detailed Data Products (DDPs) • Individual data analyses• Identify individual contribution to CDPs•Only shared with partner who supplied data every 6 months1

1) Data exchange may happen more frequently based on data, analysis, and collaboration2) Results published via NREL Tech Val website, conferences, and reports

Results

Internal analysis completed quarterly

Bundled data (operation and maintenance/safety)

delivered to NREL quarterly

ConfidentialPublic

NREL | 5

Collaborations

Air LiquideAir Products

California State University Los AngelesFirst ElementH2 Frontier

LindeProton OnSite

ShellStratosFuel

California Energy CommissionCalifornia Air Resources Board

California Fuel Cell PartnershipIPHE and HySUT

Gas Technology InstituteH2USA

SCAQMD

Data Requirements > Data Reporting > Analysis Results > Feedback

NREL | 6

Hydrogen Station Activities Across the U.S.

66 StationsRetail and Non-Retail34 are Retail - Open

California34 Retail - Open30 Retail - Planned

North East12 Retail - Planned

www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen_locations.html

As of 5/4/2018

Now Defaults to Retail Only

NREL | 8

Cumulative Stations - Retail Stations

2014

Q4

2015

Q1

2015

Q2

2015

Q3

2015

Q4

2016

Q1

2016

Q2

2016

Q3

2016

Q4

2017

Q1

2017

Q2

2017

Q3

2017

Q4

2018

Q1Future

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

ber o

f Sta

tions

Future - AwardedRetiredOpen

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_10

Created: May-04-18 12:25 PM | Data Range: 2011Q1-2017Q4

Cumulative Number of Retail Stations

2018Q1: 33 Open (34 in April), 29 futureDoes not include 12 northeast stationsNo retail station has been “retired”

2,473 FCEVs925 FCEVs

NREL | 9

Station Types

Hydrogen Station Type - Retail Stations

Trailer

s

Mobile Fuele

r

Onsite E

lectro

lysis

Onsite S

MR

Compresse

d Delive

ry

Liquid Delive

ry

Delive

red Pipeli

ne

Delivered On-Site Other Projects

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f Sta

tions

RetiredFutureOpen



• Although most retail stations are compressed H2 delivery,they also include liquid delivery, pipeline, SMR and onsiteelectrolysis.

NREL | 10

Hydrogen Dispensed By Quarter - Retail Stations

2015

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2016

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2017

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q40

50

100

150

Hyd

roge

n D

ispe

nsed

[1,0

00 k

g]

Cumulative Hydrogen Dispensed = 545,583 kg

By Year

2,341 kg

104,891 kg

438,352 kg

0 100 200 300 400 500

H2 Dispensed [1,000 kg]

2015

2016

2017

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_01Created: Feb-16-18 2:08 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4 Note: Colors represent individual stations

Accomplishments and Progress:Hydrogen Dispensed by Quarter

Retail stations dispensing significantly more each quarter

NREL | 11

Accomplishment: Hydrogen Dispensed by Region

Hydrogen Dispensed By Region - Retail Stations

2015

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2016

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2017

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q40

50

100

150

Hyd

roge

n D

ispe

nsed

[1,0

00 k

g]

Cumulative Hydrogen DispensedNorthern California = 180,120 kg Southern California = 348,080 kg Connector California = 17,383 kg

Northern CaliforniaSouthern CaliforniaConnector California

By Year

0 100 200 300 400 500

H2 Dispensed [1,000 kg]

2015

2016

2017


Created: May-05-18 6:48 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4

NREL | 12

0

50

100

150

200

70M

Pa [k

g]

Daily Fueling Amounts Over Time - Retail Stations

*Daily Average per Month

0

50

35M

Pa [k

g]

2015 Feb Mar Apr

May Jun Ju

lAug

Sep OctNov

Dec20

16 Feb Mar AprMay Ju

n JulAug

Sep OctNov

Dec20

17 Feb Mar AprMay Ju

n JulAug

Sep OctNov

Dec

Months

0100200

All

[kg]


Created: May-05-18 6:35 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4 *Daily average only includes days with fills.

Accomplishments and Progress:Daily Fueling by Month – Retail Stations

Median and Average are now above 50 kg/daySeveral “outlier” days above 150 kg/day

NREL | 13

Accomplishment: Hydrogen by Day and Hour –Connector/Destination

sun

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

15

%

mon

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

tue

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

15

%

wed

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

15

%

thu

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

15

%

fri

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

sat

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

HydrogenGasoline*

Fueling Amounts by Day and Hour - Retail Stations - Connector/Destination California

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_88a

Created: May-05-18 5:35 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4*Chevron gasoline profile "Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Options Analysis", T. Chen, 2008.

NREL | 14

Accomplishment: Hydrogen PriceHydrogen Price by Quarter - Retail Stations

2016

Q1

2016

Q2

2016

Q3

2016

Q4

2017

Q1

2017

Q2

2017

Q3

2017

Q4

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20H

2 Pr

ice

[$/k

g] H70 Price RangeH35 Price RangeH70 Weighted Price (by kg)H35 Weighted Price (by kg)



H70 Sales Price - Weighted AvgBy Amount Dispensed:$16.31 in 2017Q4

NREL | 15

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180

1

2

Rat

e [k

g/m

in]

Monthly Averages for 700bar Fills >1kg with Pre-Cool of -40 C (SAEJ2601)

- Avg: 0.88

Overall AvgIndividual Station Avg

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180

5

10

Tim

e [m

in]

- Avg: 3.8


2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180

2

4

6

Am

ount

[kg]

- Avg: 3.2




Accomplishments and Progress:Monthly Averages for 700bar Fills >1kg with Pre-Cool of -40C

Time to fill is decreasing below the average of 3.8 minutes.Average amount filled increasing above average of 3.2 kg

NREL | 16

Total Events 1 = 4,66369% unscheduled

11%

19%

21%

46%

multiple

systems649

classifiedevents

4014

Event Count

Total Hours 1 = 14,71565% unscheduled

21%

14%

21%

13%

31%

dispenser

compressor

entire

chiller

station other



Maintenance by Equipment Type - Retail Stations

Classified Events

MISC includes the following failure modes: feedwater, electrolyzer,thermal management, storage, safety, gas mgmt panel, air, electrical,

other

1. Total includes classified events (plotted) and unclassified events.

Accomplishments and Progress:Maintenance by Equipment Type – Retail Stations

Most maintenance remains on dispensers, followed by compressors. Chiller maintenance large portion of events and hours (stations fill at -40 C).

NREL | 17

Maintenance Costs Per kg Dispensed Over Time - Retail Stations

Overall Average: $25 per kg.

2015 2016 2017 20180

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Cos

t per

Am

ount

Dis

pens

ed [$

/kg]

AverageIndividual Stations



*Each color represents a unique station. 0 data points excluded that were over $1000/kg

Accomplishments and Progress:Dispenser Maintenance Cause and Effects

Decreasing maintenance cost per kg as more hydrogen dispensed and as stations mature.

NREL | 18

Accomplishments and Progress:Missed Opportunity Fueling

Calculated from average dispensing profiles from each station and their SOSS “Offline” status.

NREL | 19

0 2 4 6 8 10

Compression Energy per kg [kWh/kg]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Mon

thly

Dat

a Po

ints

Compressor Energy - Retail Stations

Average = 1.61 [kWh/kg]

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Amount Compressed [kg]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Com

pres

sion

Ene

rgy

[kW

h/kg

]

Energy Consumed Only in Start Up and Shut Down

2015 2016 20170

2

4

6

8

10

Com

pres

sion

Ene

rgy

[kW

h/kg

]



Accomplishments and Progress:Sampling of Results – Retail Stations

Fueling Rate Average 0.9 kg/min

Fueling Amount Average 3.1 kg

Fueling Time Average 3.69 min

Compressor Energy Average 1.61 kWh/kg

Total Hydrogen Dispensed (29 Stations)

545,583 kg143,938 kg - 17Q4

Electrolyzer Energy Average(retail and non-retail stations)

62.2 kWh/kg

Maintenance Hours Average 90 hours/Quarter

Fueling Final Pressure Average 775 bar

Average Electricity Cost by Delivery Type 2017Q4

$1.70/kg – Compressed$1.74/kg – Liquid

$4.52/kg –Electrolysis

Histogram of Fueling Rates

2.5 minute fill of5 kg

171,456 EventsAverage = 0.9 kg/min

0.3% >1.51 kg/min0.1% >2 kg/min

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Avg Fuel Rate (kg/min)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Num

ber o

f Fue

ling

Even

ts [1

,000

]

2020 MYRDD TargetUltimate MYRDD Targetdata1



Histogram of Fueling Amounts

Average = 3.10 kg

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Amount Fueled (kg)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Num

ber o

f Fue

ling

Even

ts [1

,000

]

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_04Created: Feb-16-18 3:33 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4

Maintenance Labor Hours By Quarter - Retail Stations

15Q1

15Q2

15Q3

15Q4

16Q1

16Q2

16Q3

16Q4

17Q1

17Q2

17Q3

17Q4

18Q1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Avg

. Mai

nten

ance

Lab

or H

ours

per

Sta

tion

per Q

uart

er



Overall Average:90 hours per station per quarter.

Stars represent individual stationmaintenance hours in a given quarter.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Mon

thly

Ele

ctric

ity C

ost p

er k

g [$

/kg]

Electricity Cost per kg Over Time- Retail Stations

16-J

16-F

16-M 16

-A16

-M 16-J

16-J

16-A

16-S

16-O

16-N

16-D 17

-J17

-F17

-M 17-A

17-M 17

-J17

-J17

-A17

-S17

-O17

-N17

-D

Compressed Delivery, Average: 5.97 $/kgCompressed Delivery AverageLiquid Delivery, Average: 7.52 $/kgLiquid Delivery AverageOnsite Electrolysis;Compressed Delivery, Average: 4.89 $/kgOnsite Electrolysis;Compressed Delivery Average



40 50 60 70 80

Production Energy per kg [kWh/kg]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dat

a Po

ints

Rep

orte

d

Electrolyzer Energy

Average = 62.2 [kWh/kg]

NREL cdp_infr_36


Budget Amounts* (Avg Total = $2.17M), 43 Stations

4%

85%

7%4%

General & Administration

Station**

Commissioning

Data Reporting***

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_41Created: Dec-16-16 1:58 PM | Data Range: 2009Q1-2016Q3

Average Station Cost by Category - Retail Stations

*Based on budgeted data from station awards (includes cost share)

**Station includes: Hydrogen Equipment and Station Engineering, Design, Fabrication, Procurement, Site Preparation, Installation, andConstruction

***Data Reporting includes quarterly reporting on performance, operation and maintenance

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900Final Pressure [bar]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

% o

f Fue

ling

Even

ts

Fueling Final Pressures - Retail Stations

450

bar*

350 bar Fills (200 to 450 bar) 700 bar Fills ( > 450 bar)

Avg Final Pressure = 343 bar% of Fills > 350 bar = 46%Number of Fills = 5559


AverageNominal

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_09Created: Feb-16-18 3:32 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4 *The line at 450 bar separates 350 bar fills from 700 bar fills. It is slightly over

the allowable 125% of nominal pressure (437.5 bar) from SAE J2601.

NREL | 20

Proposed Future Work

• Analysis and CDP publication– Complete data analysis and publish results

• Calendar 2018 Q1 and Q2• Calendar 2018 Q3 and Q4

• Update data collection, analysis and feedback– Add to utilization and dispensing profiles of stations– Work with station providers to deep dive into specific issues as they

arise for feedback to research– Identify needs for future stations

Any proposed future work is subject to change based on funding levels.

NREL | 21

Summary

• Relevance– Independent validation of hydrogen infrastructure

• Approach– Collaborate with industry partners and agencies involved in hydrogen infrastructure– Continue to develop core NFCTEC and analysis capability and tools– Leverage years of analysis and experience from hydrogen demonstrations

• Accomplishments and Progresso Analyzed performance data from 29 open, retail stations and 4 open, non-retail

stations.o Performed detailed reviews of individual results– Published results via CDPs that cover topics of station daily utilization compared to

maximum demonstrated capacity, maintenance, fueling performance, operationcosts, and efficiencies

• Collaborationso Working closely with industry and government partners to validate methodology and

with key stakeholders to ensure relevance and accuracy of results

• Future Worko Complete analysis of hydrogen infrastructure data and publish every 6 monthso Identify new opportunities to document hydrogen infrastructure progress and

feedback results to researchers

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

www.nrel.gov

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiencyand Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Thank You

Technical Back-Up Slides

NREL | 24

Accomplishments and Progress: Responses to Previous Year Reviewers’ Comments

• Reviewer comment: To collect (some) information more often(e.g., monthly) might be interesting.– Even though the data is collected quarterly using the templates

provided, we have more resolution such as the exact time of eachfill and the date of maintenance events. The CDPs for dailydispensed hydrogen binned by month and monthly averages forrates, times and amounts are examples of more resolution thanquarterly.

• Reviewer comment: A supply of relevant information forhydrogen station users/customers might be of additional value.This might also lead to live information for stationavailability/price/etc.– Response: CaFCP has SOSS for availability AFDC is linked to it.

We’ve integrated that data with fueling profiles to identify missedfueling opportunities. Price CDP shows range of prices by quarteras well as weighted average by amount dispensed.

NREL | 25

Photos: NREL

Costa MesaFirstElement Fuel Riverside

ITM Power

BurbankH2 Frontier

CSULA

TorranceShell West Sacramento

Linde

AnaheimAir Liquide

Harris RanchFirstElement Fuel

Competition brings diversity to stations

NREL | 26

Approach: Data Templates

Data Templates• Aggregation requires multiple partners providing similar data• NREL/NFCTEC templates developed to establish consistent data

requirements• Template date required in award contracts through DOE, California Energy

Commission, California Air Resources Board, and SCAQMD.• NOT static

– Updated as needed (station downtime, fueling performance)– Modified for other uses (ex. Mobile Fueler)

NREL | 27

Approach: Focusing on Retail Stations

• Most recent• Sell H2 by the kg• No special approval, any

OEM FCEV can fill• Credit card• 91 CDPs

Composite Data Products

Retail Stations All Stations

• Retail and Non-Retail• Continuing a separate set

of CDPs that includes “All”Stations

• 91 CDPs

NREL | 28

Approach: Data Reporting

Data Reporting• As of 2017Q4, data reported from 29 (out of 31) open, retail stations and 4

open, non-retail stations• MOU with CEC to collect and analyze data from their funded stations.• The current retail stations are required to report through October 2018• New GFO-15-605 awards (>$44 million CEC + >$20 million matching funds)

– 16 Stations (NOPA Feb 2017) + 5 Stations (Revised NOPA Nov 2017)– 1 year minimum data reporting for CapEx and 3 years for O&M.

• New operation & maintenance awards from CEC (GFO-17-601) wereannounced in January 2018– Proposed awards to 16 stations for ~$2.4 million

NREL | 29

Dispensed Hydrogen per Day of Week - Retail Stations

Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat

Day of Week

0

5

10

15

20

Dis

pens

ed F

uel [

% o

f tot

al]

H2 Stations [%]

Gasoline Station [%] 1

Individual Stations [kg/day]Average of Stations [kg/day]

0

30

60

90

120

Dai

ly A

vera

ge [k

g/da

y]

max station avg: 111 kg/day


1. Chevron weekly demand profile "Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Options Analysis", T. Chen.

Accomplishment: Hydrogen per Day of Week

Most hydrogen is dispensed Monday through Friday, but beginning to even out.

NREL | 30

Accomplishment: Hydrogen by Day and Hour – Southern CA

sun

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

mon

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

tue

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

wed

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

thu

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

fri

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

sat

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

HydrogenGasoline*

Fueling Amounts by Day and Hour - Retail Stations - Southern California

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_88c


NREL | 31

Accomplishment: Hydrogen by Day and Hour - Northern CA

sun

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

mon

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

tue

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

wed

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

thu

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

fri

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

sat

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

HydrogenGasoline*

Fueling Amounts by Day and Hour - Retail Stations - Northern California

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_88b


NREL | 32

Quarters

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Ave

rage

Util

izat

ion

2 (%

)

Station Capacity Utilization Trends by Quarter - Retail Stations

2015Q12015Q2

2015Q32015Q4

2016Q12016Q2

2016Q32016Q4

2017Q12017Q2

2017Q32017Q4

Number of Stations = 29 Total

Total H2 Dispensed = 545,583 kg

Individual Site 1

Average of All Sites2

100 150 200 250 300 350

Maximum Daily Fueling Capacity (kg)

Range of Station Capacities3



1 Trendlines connect continuous quarters of operation for a single station. Gaps in trendlines represent quarters in which

a station was offline or missing data. Each station is represented by a unique color.2

Average quarterly utilization only considers quarters when at least one fill occurred.3

Station nameplate capacity is as reported to NREL and reflects a variety of system design considerations including:

system capacity, throughput, system reliability, and maintenance. Actual daily usage may exceed nameplate capacity.

Accomplishments and Progress:Capacity Utilization

Station Capacity Utilization is Increasing

NREL | 33

Accomplishments and Progress:Fueling Amounts vs Times – 6 months at a time

Targets for 5 kg fills• 3.3 minutes (2020)• 2.5 minutes (ultimate)• 3-5 minutes (revised)

NREL | 34

0

FAILED PART

10

OUT OF CALIBRATION

20

COMMUNICATION ERROR

% o

f Eve

nts

MAINTENANCE ERROR

30

OPERATOR ERROR

PRESSURE LOSS

40

ALARMTIGHTFUNCTIONALITY LOST

UNDETERMINEDH2 LEAK

UPGRADE NASOFTWARE BUG SHUTDOWN HIGH

POWER OUTAGE/QUALITY SHUTDOWN LOWUNDETERMINEDMOISTURE

WARNING LOWENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSDATA ERRORSTRESS OUTSIDE DESIGN LIMIT



Maintenance Causes and Effects - Retail Stations

EffectsCauses

Component: ENTIRESubsystem: DISPENSER

Preventative Maintenance accounted for 21% of all events.

Suppressed in the plot to show detail for other causes.

Accomplishments and Progress:Dispenser Maintenance Cause and Effects

10 CDPs similar to this one for different componentsPreventative Maintenance accounted for 21% (not shown)

NREL | 35

Safety Reports By Equipment Involved - Retail Stations

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Number of Reports

Minor H2 Leak

Near Miss

Incident

Seve

rity

DispenserDispensing NozzleHose

Multiple SystemsPipes, Fittings, ValvesSensorsThermal Management


Created: Apr-23-18 3:21 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4

An Incident is an event that results in:

- a lost time accident and/or injury to personnel

- damage/unplanned downtime for project equipment, facilities or property

- impact to the public or environment

- any hydrogen release that unintentionally ignites

- release of any volatile, hydrogen containing compound (including the hydrocarbons used as common fuels)A Near Miss is:

- an event that under slightly different circumstances could have become an incident

- any hydrogen release sufficient to sustain a flame if ignitedA Minor H2 Leak is:

- an unplanned hydrogen release insufficient to sustain a flame, and does not accumulate in sufficient quantity to ignite

Accomplishments and Progress:Safety Reports by Primary Factors

Items include:Leaking through valve to ventNot following procedures Hydrogen leaks - dispenser, thermal mgmt

NREL | 36

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Mon

thly

Ele

ctric

ity C

ost [

$/kW

h]

Electricity Cost per kWh by Utility - Retail Stations

16-J

16-F

16-M 16

-A16

-M 16-J

16-J

16-A

16-S

16-O

16-N

16-D 17

-J17

-F17

-M 17-A

17-M 17

-J17

-J17

-A17

-S17

-O17

-N17

-D

PG&E, Average: 0.32 $/kWhPG&E AverageSCE, Average: 0.30 $/kWhSCE AverageSDG&E, Average: 0.38 $/kWhSDG&E Average



Electricity Cost per kWh by Utility

NREL | 37

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Mon

thly

Ele

ctric

ity C

ost p

er k

g [$

/kg]

Electricity Cost per kg Over Time- Retail Stations

16-J

16-F

16-M 16

-A16

-M 16-J

16-J

16-A

16-S

16-O

16-N

16-D 17

-J17

-F17

-M 17-A

17-M 17

-J17

-J17

-A17

-S17

-O17

-N17

-D

Compressed Delivery, Average: 5.97 $/kgCompressed Delivery AverageLiquid Delivery, Average: 7.52 $/kgLiquid Delivery AverageOnsite Electrolysis;Compressed Delivery, Average: 4.89 $/kgOnsite Electrolysis;Compressed Delivery Average



Electricity Cost per kg Dispensed by Month

NREL | 39

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900Final Pressure [bar]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

% o

f Fue

ling

Even

ts

Fueling Final Pressures - Retail Stations

450

bar*

350 bar Fills (200 to 450 bar) 700 bar Fills ( > 450 bar)



AverageNominal

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_09Created: Feb-16-18 3:32 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2017Q4 *The line at 450 bar separates 350 bar fills from 700 bar fills. It is slightly over

the allowable 125% of nominal pressure (437.5 bar) from SAE J2601.

Accomplishment: Fueling Final Pressures

Average pressure at end of fill:Low pressure fills: 343 barHigh pressure fills: 775 bar

NREL | 40

Accomplishment: Station Capacity Utilization

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Station (Sorted By Increasing Station Capacity)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cap

acity

Util

izat

ion

1 [%

]

Station Capacity Utilization - Retail Stations

63.4%

Maximum Daily Utilization

Maximum Quarterly Utilization 2

Average Daily Utilization2


Note: The focus for early stationsis geographic coverage

1Station nameplate capacity reflects a variety of system design consderations including system capacity, throughput,

system reliability and durability, and maintenance. Actual daily usage may exceed nameplate capacity.2

Maximum quarterly utilization considers all days; average daily utilization considers only days when at least one filling occ urred

Most stations are dispensing well below their stated capacity but two are over 50% on avg.

NREL | 41

Accomplishment: Maintenance Labor Hours by Quarter

Maintenance Labor Hours By Quarter - Retail Stations

15Q1

15Q2

15Q3

15Q4

16Q1

16Q2

16Q3

16Q4

17Q1

17Q2

17Q3

17Q4

18Q1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Avg

. Mai

nten

ance

Lab

or H

ours

per

Sta

tion

per Q

uart

er



Overall Average:90 hours per station per quarter.

Stars represent individual stationmaintenance hours in a given quarter.

NREL | 42

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

kg H 2 Dispensed 10 4

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Failu

re R

ate

(Fai

lure

s/kg

H2

Dis

pens

ed)

Historical Failure Rate (bathtub curve) by kg H2 Dispensed - Retail Stations

Station DataLeast Squares FitSample Point for Mean



= kg H 2 Dispensed (

-1 )

=0.932=0.629

40 Mean kg H2

Dispensed per Failure

at 5000 kg H2

Dispensed

Accomplishments and Progress:Failure Rates by kg Dispensed (bathtub curve)

Failure rates going down as more hydrogen dispensed

NREL | 43

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Monthly Amount of Hydrogen Dispensed [kg]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Mon

thly

Ele

ctric

ity U

sage

per

kg

[kW

h/kg

]

Electricity Usage - Retail Stations

Compressed DeliveryLiquid DeliveryOnsite Electrolysis;Compressed Delivery



Accomplishments and Progress:Electricity Usage per kg Dispensed

Station kWh/kg drops as more H2 dispensed

hydrogen station data collection and analysis · 2018 annual merit review and peer evaluation...

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