hydrogen fueled vehicle

7/30/2019 Hydrogen Fueled Vehicle

1/28

PRESENTED BY:RAVI KUMAR SHARMA

(4JN09ME072)

GUIDED BY :H.RAGHAVENDRA( ASSOC. PROF.)

PARMESHWAR S (LECT.)DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles

Technical seminar on


2/28

CONTENTS:INTRODUCTION

PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN AS A FUEL

PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND STORAGE

HYDROGEN FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

HYDROGEN ANCILLIARY SYSTEM

VALVE TIMING

TRAIN DRIVE

IGNITION SYSTEM

ENGINE PERFORMANCE

AIR POLLUTION

ECONOMICS

OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES


3/28

INTRODUCTION

Hydrogen is widely regarded as a promisingtransportation fuel.It is clean, abundant, and renewable. In a gaseousstate, it is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic.When hydrogen is combusted with oxygen, it formswater as the by-product .It can be completely combusted over a wide range

of air/fuel ratios.Unfortunately, the use of excess air also lowers thepower output of the engine.


4/28

PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN AS A FUEL

Hydrogen is eco-friendly and a clean fuel withproducts of combustion causing no severeenvironmental degradation.

It has high specific energy per unit weight.Hydrogen also posses higher thermodynamic

conversion efficiency as compared to petrol.

Hydrogen rapidly disperses in air which preventsits concentration from reaching lower limits of flammability and detonability in air.


5/28

PRODUCTION

Hydrogen can be produced by: Biophotolysis ( Production by Cyanobacteria and Green

Microalgae) . Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Electrolysis of water. Photoelectrolysis. As a byproduct in petroleum refineries or chloralkali

industries. With the help of photochemical cells which require a

liquid electrolyte sandwiched between cathode andanode.


6/28

Fig.1 : hydrogen pathways


7/28

STORAGE

High-pressure storage tanks.Cryogenic storage.Metal hydrides.

Carbon nanotubes.


8/28

HYDROGEN FUEL INJECTIONSYSYTEM

Pre -ignition occurs when the cylinder charge becomes ignited before the ignitionby the spark plug.

Port injection systems that inject the fuelinto the air stream near the intake valve;and direct injection systems that inject thefuel directly into the combustion chamber.

Precisely timing the injector opening andclosing times (tuning the system), canvirtually eliminate pre-ignition fromoccurring.


9/28

CONTINUED.

Direct injection systems also require higher fuel pressureand tend to be a little more complicated than the other two methods.The fuel injectors used to meter the fuel are solenoid

operated, pulse-width modulated, sonic flow injectorsespecially designed for gaseous fuels.Since the design of this system allows the flow of hydrogen and air to each cylinder to be independent of each other, any occurrence of pre-ignition in one cylinder would not influence (ignite) the air/fuel mixture of another To supply fuel to each injector, a single fuel rail wasdesigned and fabricated. This fuel rail contains a port for each of the fuel injectors.


10/28

CROSS SECTION OFINJECTOR

Fig.2: injection system Fig.3: cross section of injector


11/28

HYDROGEN ANCILLARY SYSTEM

The hydrogen ancillary systemconsists of a high flow capacitypressure regulator, a manual shut-off

valve, a solenoid operated on/off valve, three pressure gauges and afuel line.


12/28

VALVE TIMINGIt was ground to have 48 degrees of valve overlap and268 degrees of duration with a 0.74-inch valve lift at.050-inch tappet lift.


13/28

TRAIN DRIVE

If 5-speed manual transmission wasinstalled, this transmission has thefollowing gear ratios:

1 st gear: 3.27:12nd gear: 1.98:13 rd gear: 1.34:1

4th

gear: 1:15 th gear: .68:1


14/28

IGNITION SYSTEMMagnetic Breaker less distributor that usesmechanical weights for timing advance (maximumof 32 degrees). This system is mechanically linkedto the engine through a gear on the camshaft

Distributor vanes Fig.4:


15/28

ENGINE PERFORMANCE The maximum output for a hydrogen engine can beeither 15% higher or 15% less than that of gasoline if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is usedThe engine would be producing a large amount of

nox emissions .Thermodynamic efficiency

Where rv = the compression ratio and ,k = the ratio of specific heats


16/28

CONTINUED...

Fig.5: Compression ratio Vs Air/Fuel mixtures


17/28

AIR POLLUTION

Since no carbon is present in a hydrogenfuel system, hydrocarbon and carbonmonoxide pollution do not exist

However, when the air, consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, is heated inside theengine, nitric oxide pollution is formedUsing water induction technique, peak

combustion temperatures inside thehydrogen engine can be maintained atlevels below the threshold for nitric oxideformation


18/28

CONTINUED..

This results in a substantialdecrease in nitric oxide

formation, as shown in Figure

Fig.6


19/28

ECONOMICS

Only 2 ways to reduceour dependence onforeign oil

Increase production Decrease demand

The push for hydrogenfuel technology in carsrepresents the second

Fig.7


20/28


21/28

ADVANTAGES

High specific energy of hydrogen per unitweight.In several respects superior to other fuels.

Easy ignability of hydrogen.Wider flammability range.It is less hazardous than other fuels.

Engine can be run on leaner mixtures.In certain respects hydrogen is safer than other fuels.Many heavy and bulky items.


22/28

DISADVANTAGE

Easy diffusability and lack of visibility makedetectivity of leaking gas difficult.The equipment for storage is costly.

Production may be polluting and costly.Preignition, backfiring and knock may occur.


23/28

DEVELOPMENTS

The HydrogenHighway Worlds first hydrogen

refueling station openedin Iceland in 2003

California & Florida have

both approved funding BC Hydrogen Highway

link Vancouver & Whistler since start of 2010 Winter

Olympic Games.


24/28

ENVIRONMENT

Why we are pursuing HydrogenFCVs(?)Emissions freeThere are costs associated withenvironmentaldamage


25/28

So Where Are We At?

The BMW Hydrogen 7 is the world's firstproduction-ready hydrogen vehicle. 100cars have been put on testing.

Toyota and Nissan motors are working onconsumer production of hydrogen cars.But like manned space flight in early 60s,hydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitive

Do we need a 5 year goal ?Currently several times (5x?) moreexpensive.


26/28

CONCLUSION

Hydrogen is a very clean fuel which hardlyleaves any deposits on engine parts.Emissions from hydrogen engine arepractically non-existent although someproblems of nitrous oxide formation areencountered. Hydrogen is an ideal fuel for certain types of mobile applications.

Hydrogen as a vehicular fuel may help toreduce independence on fossil fuels infuture.


27/28

REFERENCES

Stewart, Ben (4 April 2008). "Chevy Volt Plug-in Car BatteriesReady for 2010 - GM Technical Center" . Popular Mechanics.Retrieved 19 September 2009."Light Weight Hydrogen 'Tank' Could Fuel Hydrogen Economy" .Sciencedaily.com. 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2010-12-12.Stewart, Ben (4 April 2008). "Chevy Volt Plug-in Car BatteriesReady for 2010 - GM Technical Center" . Popular Mechanics.Retrieved 19 September 2009."Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Car Earns Top Spot on ACEEE's

"Greenest Vehicles of 2008" List for the Fifth Straight Year".World.honda.com. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2011-01-31.Kreith (2004). "Fallacies of a Hydrogen Economy: A Critical Analysisof Hydrogen Production and Utilization". Journal of EnergyResources Technology 126: 249 257.
http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081104084215.htmhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.htmlhttp://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4257460.html


28/28

hydrogen fueled vehicle

Documents