hydrogen and electrons from manure
TRANSCRIPT
8/8/2019 Hydrogen and Electrons From Manure
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Advancing Utilization of Advancing Utilization of
Manure Methane Digester Manure Methane Digester
Funding for this project was recommended by theLegislative Commission on Minnesota Resources
from the Minnesota Environment and Natural
Resources Trust Fund ($204, 375)
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Outline
Outline Background
Objective What we have done
Why we did it our way
Some results Where we go from here
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
BackgroundBackground Have a well operating digester on an 800 cow dairy herd
Biogas is being converted to electricity by 130 kW engine
generator
Digester is producing excess biogas
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Haubenschild Dairy Farm EnergyHaubenschild Dairy Farm Energy
ProductionProduction
Princeton, MinnesotaPrinceton, Minnesota
Milk Production + Crop Production +Electrical Production + Future Hydrogen
Production
=
Farm Income Diversification
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
View of digester, barn and engine generator building attime of installation in 1999.
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Digester Winter 2005
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Methane Digester B
reaks down organic matter inthe absence of oxygen tobiogas, which is
CH4 --methane,CO2 --carbon dioxide,
H2S --hydrogen sulfide,H2O --water vapor.
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Plug-Flow Digester - A small ³plug´ of slurry is pumped intoone end each day, causing a comparable amount to flow out of
the other end into the storage basin in the background.
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Engine
Generator set:
Internal
combustion
engine with 135kW 240 VAC
electrical
generator.
Caterpiller 3406
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Biogas Production Used in Generator
6
8
/ / / 6/ / 6/ / / / / / /
Date
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Opportunity
Opportunity
Complete side-by-side testing of technology
Observe odor reduction benefits of system
Compare emissions of two technologies
Do something that had not been done before
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Objective
Objective
Evaluate the feasibility of a fuel cell to convert
biogas (methane) to electricity.
Next step may be to produce hydrogen for farm
use from biogas.
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Procedures to AchieveO
bjectiveProcedures to AchieveO
bjective
Develop biogas gas cleanup system
Install fuel cell on digester
Test the fuel cell
Monitor systems for energy, consumption andemissions
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
ChallengesC
hallenges
Hydrogen sulfide removal
± Initial concentration ~3000 ppm
± Need concentration < 25 ppb
Moisture removal
± Need dry gas Carbon dioxide removal
± Need concentration < 50,000 ppm (5%)
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Types of FuelC
ellsTypes of FuelC
ells Proton Exchange Membrane -Low temp
Solid Oxide -High temperature
MoltenC
arbonate -High Temperature
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Biogas
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
A fuel cell is similar to a car battery in that it
produces electricity throughelectrochemical reactions. A fuel cell produces
electricity as long as the hydrogen
fuel source and oxygen passes through it.
Heat is also produced and can be utilized for space heating and hot water needs.
Electricity conversion efficiency is around 25%
The energy resources for hydrogen can be biogas, natural gas, propane,
methanol, ethanol, and other hydrogen based liquids or gases.
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Fuel Reformer
5 kW Plug Power Fuel Cell
Fuel Stack
Inverter
&BatteryBank
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Cost per kilowatt is very high.$10,000 -->20,000 per kW
Biogas must be cleaned up tostrict specifications. Adds costand complexity whileconsuming energy.
Fuel cell is an emergingtechnology.
Comparing Electrical Generator Technologies
Engine Generator System
Cost per kilowatt is low.$500 -->1000 per kW
Biogas can be used directlyfrom the digester with no cleanup.
ICE is mature technology.
Fu el Cell System
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Greenhouse emissions andparticulates are very low.
System is very quiet.
Few moving parts.
Comparing Electrical Generator Technologies
Engine Generator System
Greenhouse emissions of CO2,SO2, CO and particulates aresignificant.
Noise level is very high andsound mitigation is necessary.
Many moving parts, mostmoving in a hot environmentneeding oil and cooling.
Fu el Cell System
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Cost of maintenance is
unknown.
Fuel cell technology iscontinuously improving at arapid rate.
Comparing Electrical Generator Technologies
Engine Generator System
Maintenance is well known.
Technology is mature andchanging slowly.
Fu el Cell System
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM)
Advantages
Could buy one from a vendor with experience
Less expensive than others
Made in lower capacity
Disadvantages
Low temperature water for heating
Critical on gas quality
Lots of gas cleanup needed
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Biogas Clean UpBiogas Clean Up
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Biogas Clean UpBiogas Clean Up
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Biogas Clean UpBiogas Clean Up
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Biogas Clean UpBiogas Clean Up
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Gemini Gas Monitor
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Emissions from Haubenschild Generator Emissions from Haubenschild Generator Compared to Plug PowerCompared to Plug Power
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel CellProton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell
( 800ppmv) 4.18 g/kWh
(2960ppmv) 25.5 g/kWh
(277ppmv) 3.34 g/kWh
(20460ppmv) 53 g/kWh
( <1 ppmv) 0.014 g/kWh
(<1 ppmv) <.0023 g/kWh
(<1 ppmv) <0.030 g/kWh
(1790 ppmv) 14.5 g/kWh
Fuel CellEngine Generator
CO
NOx
SOX
CX HY
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Where we are nowWhere we are now
Fuel cell runs ok on cleaned up gas
Need to get more stable cleanup system Not getting value for electricity
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Where do we go next?Where do we go next?
Compress, transport and sell methane
Make hydrogen and sell hydrogen
More value and less regulated
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Environmental and Economic
Benefits
1) reduced reliance on fossil fuels2) reduced odors and emissions3) reduced soil and water pollution4) supports rural economy
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Project Participants
Philip R. Goodrich PE, David Nelson PE, Richard Huelskamp, David Schmidt PE,
R. Vance Morey from Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering,University of Minnesota.
Dennis Haubenschild from Haubenschild Farms, Princeton MN
Matthew Drewitz, Paul Burns, from Minnesota Department of Agriculture
Other participants in this project include:
Amanda Bilik, The Minnesota Project, Verlyn Johnson and Blanca Martinez, B AE
Henry Fischer, East Central Energy.
Rob Lowen, Plug Power, Inc. Jamie Tooley, CES-Landtec Engineering Don White, Donaldson Corp David Thimsen, EPRI Claudio Martinez & Stephan Becerra ,John Deere Co
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Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Thank you
Advancing Utilization of Manure Methane Digester Funding for this project was recommended by the Legislative
Commission on Minnesota Resources from the Minnesota Environmentand Natural Resources Trust Fund