04/07/2023

Submitted by :-

Ashish Porwal

Anuj Saini

Nitin Jain

Shubhra Bhugra

Sonali Gambhir

04/07/2023

Introduction

Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environment friendly source of energy.

Oldest energy technique known to mankind for conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Contributes around 22% of the world electricity supply generated.

Maximum benefits in minimum time. Offers the most fastest economical means to enhance

power supply, improve living standards, stimulate industrial growth and enhance agriculture with the least environmental impact and without heavy transmission losses .

Due to less transmission losses there is a reduction in distribution cost as well

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HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER

The first hydroelectric power dam in the world was built in Appleton, Wisconsin in 1882.

In India, Jamshed ji Tata built the first hydroelectric power dam in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra in the early 1900s to supply power to Bombay’s Cotton and Textile Mills.

He took the British Government’s permission to build dams, namely the Andhra, Sirowata, Valvan and Mulshi hydel dams in the Western Ghats to generate electricity using high rainfalls in the hills as storage.

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Hydropower In India

With the liberalization of the economy, the Government of India has been encouraging and invited private sector for investment in the power sector.

A conducive policy environment has been created by modifying the Electricity Act. The new Electricity Act-2003 deals with the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity.

The Act has specific provisions for the promotion of renewable energy including hydropower and cogeneration. It has been made mandatory that every state regulatory commission would specify a percentage of electricity to be purchased from renewable by a distribution license

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HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES

1) Enhancing the level of energy consumption, particularly in less developed and developing countries, is a global challenge. (20% of world population living in industrialized countries consume 60% of energy and remaining 80% of population have to manage within 40% of total energy.

Result wide disparities between the standard of living and quality of life of high energy consuming countries on the one hand and those who do not have the opportunities of adequate access to energy on the other.

Decision Should be taken development of different sources of energy and increase in its consumption has become a priority agenda of all the developing countries.

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2) Various countries have adopted their own strategies to provide energy to their people during last 30 years .

Hydroelectric power generation reduced from 21% in 1973 to less than 17% in 2000.

Coal based generation increased from 38% to 39%

Gas increased substantially from 12% to 17.4%

Nuclear rise from 3.3% to 16.9

Conclusion Special efforts are required to develop Hydroelectric capacities

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Inspite of hydroelectric power requiring a clean energy generation process, exploitation of Hydroelectric potential in various countries has been rather on a lower side.

  (MW)  

COUNTRY POTENTIAL INSTALLED PERCENTAGE

Norway 47,000 27,360 58

Canada 160,000 65,378 48

Brazil 170,000 52,427 31

China 310,000 56,000 18

India 150,000 27,000 18

3)Low Exploitation of Hydro Potential

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4)Declining proportion of Hydro Capacity

 

In the last 30 years, the proportion of hydroelectric capacity in the Indian power system has considerably reduced.

Dropped from46% in 1970 to 40% in 1980, 29% in 1990 and now 25% in 2003.

Reasons:- Indian power supply industry has always

experienced the situation of shortages both in energy and peaking requirements. To tide over the shortage in shortest possible time, more dependence was placed on sources of power generation with shorter gestation period.

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5)Thrust on Hydro Power

In the recent years, the Govt. of India decided to support in the financial allocation and helps that the Hydroelectric projects not only get right priorities but also contribute in an increased way to the future capacity addition programs of the country.

The thrust on hydroelectric development is based on the following considerations:

a) Hydroelectric involves a clean process of power generation.

b) Since it does not suffer from the limitation of inflation on account of fuel consumption, in the long run, it is the most cost-effective option for power supply.

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Indian power supply system has a peculiar limitation of huge variation between peak and off peak requirements. Management of peak load in an effective manner could be conveniently handled through availability of hydroelectric support. The system at present does suffer from large frequency variations. Better hydro support could address this problem better.

Locations of Hydroelectric projects in India are also in areas which need substantial support for their economic development.

In an integrated Hydroelectric project – there are many such projects – the schemes involve not only supply of electricity but also provision of drinking water and irrigation. Hydroelectric projects, in many cases, do have the ability to mitigate these problems.

Flood control is also an issue and quite often a challenge. Integrated hydroelectric projects could adequately address this concern.

 

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Govt. of India Initiative on Hydro Power Development

Additional budgetary financial support for ongoing and new hydro projects under Central Public Sector Undertakings.

Advance action for capacity addition – 10 year ahead of execution

Emphasis on quality of survey & investigations Resolution of inter-state issues on sharing of water and

power. Renovation, Modernization & Uprating of existing hydro

stations Promoting small and mini hydel projects – 25 MW and

below now fall into category of “non-conventional” qualifying for benefits.

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Realistic estimates of completion cost considering new development on geological front during execution.

Promoting hydel projects in joint venture

Govt. support for land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation, catchment area development, etc.

The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission has approved 5% hydro development surcharge on annual fixed charges for central hydro power generation.

Simplified procedures for clearances by Central Electricity Authority; Electricity Act 2003 further liberalizes this.

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National policy on Hydropower in India

Aim To accelerate the development of Hydropower

Introduced In 1998 Introduced by Ministry of Power (MoP) and

Government of India (GoI) With Central, State and Private hydropower

projects contributing 3455 MW, 5810 and 550 MW respectively, the GoI aims to reach the total capacity of 9815 MW during the ninth plan. (The XIth Plan aims capacity addition of 18781 MW in the hydropower sector)

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Aim of Government of India :-

Aims to realize 100% hydropower potential of the country by year 2025-26. These objectives have been developed in response to the following constraints:

Technical, including difficult investigation, inadequacies in tunneling methods)

Financial (deficiencies in providing long term finance) Tariff related issues Managerial weakness (poor contract management) Geological surprises (especially in the Himalayan region where

underground tunneling is required) Inaccessibility of the area Problems due to delay in land acquisition and resettlement of project

affected families Law and order problem in militant infested areas.

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Current issues with Hydropower in India

1)Technical issues:

To expedite early execution of hydro projects,

bankable Detailed Project Report (DPR) based on detailed

survey should be prepared to avoid geological uncertainties. Survey & investigation and analysis of geological, geo-

morphological, geo-electrical, hydrological data etc. should be done at the time of preparation of a DPR itself in order to minimize the impact of risks.

The quality of DPRs should be of high standard which should infuse confidence in the national/international developers to take up the execution of projects without loosing time in rechecks etc.

At the same time, contract monitoring as distinct from project monitoring should be emphasized and land acquisition and infrastructure development be settled and completed before the start of the project.

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2)Infrastructural issues There is a need to setup single window clearance for hydro

projects so that a project is cleared without many hassles. Various authorities such as the Central Electricity Authority

(CEA), the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Environment and Forests, etc. are involved in the appraisal of a hydro power project before it is certified for development. So it will be desirable to have a single window dispensation/authority .

The hydro projects which involve lesser risk element and entail lesser capital investment can be considered for development in the Private Sector.

Public Sector can take up (a) Multi purpose Projects (b) Projects Involving inter-State issues and in inter-State river systems, (c) Projects involving cooperation with neighboring countries and (d) Projects for complementary peaking with regional benefits (e) Projects in the North-Eastern Region etc.

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3)Financial issues

There is also a need to off-load indirect cost components on hydro project.

Many hydro projects are located in troubled areas and infested by militancy and terrorist activities. There is an urgent need to amend the present policy of the Government in regard to charging the entire security expenditure from concept and until commissioning - on the project cost.

The cost of access roads should not be included in

the project cost, as development of hydro projects triggers economic and commercial activities around the project site and results in economic benefit to the State.

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Major responses

Impact on Environment: Hydroelectric projects do

create environmental issues emanating from sub-emergence of large areas also involving forest.

Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R&R) of Project Affected People (PAP) is another major issue affecting the smooth execution of Hydroelectric projects particularly where in submergence areas, the number of project affected people are large.

Safety of dams

Construction time is another area of concern, which needs to be compressed. Large projects have taken inordinately long time.

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Complexity in development of Hydroelectric projects, particularly large ones, emanating from dam height, submergence, ramification of submergence, dam safety, drinking water schemes, irrigation, infrastructure etc., the process of clearances obviously gets linked with multiple agencies and authorities. Short cuts could create problems.

Communication with press, media and people at large to reduce the communication gaps on merits of hydro-projects and migration of people is another area of challenge which is being addressed.

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CONCLUSION

In order to achieve a growth rate of 7-8 % as envisaged in National policy of India ,it is also required to tap all the small Hydro Power potential of the country.

Hydro Power Project sector, especially in view of the fact that Large Hydro power projects involve huge capital investment and long gestation period which private partners do not afford to bear.

The utilization of small Hydro Power Potential is especially required in all states where the utilized potential is very low like in MP and therefore optimum utilization of the same may set up an stepping up stone for achieving self sufficiency in power sector in country.

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Recommendations

Energy Policy Framework: Governments setting national policy and guidelines for all generation options.

Decision-making Process: Agencies establishing equitable, credible and effective guidelines for environmental assessment rules and process.

Comparison of Hydropower Project Alternatives: Developers applying guidelines for project selection, design and operation.

Improving Environmental Management of Hydropower Plants: Operators ensuring proper social and environmental management practice.

Sharing Benefits with Local Communities: Owners providing equitable transfers across project life cycle.

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