Sheng-Hong Chen

Hydraulic Structures

^ Springer

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Hydraulic Projects and Hydraulic Structures 1

1.1.1 Types of Hydraulic Structures 1

1.1.2 Layout of Hydraulic Projects 3

1.1.3 Classification of Hydraulic Projects and Their

Design Safety Standards 6

1.2 History of Hydraulic Engineering 7

1.2.1 3000 BC-300 AD 11

1.2.2 300 AD-1800 AD 12

1.2.3 1800 AD-1940 AD 19

1.2.4 1940-End of Twentieth Century 23

1.3 Water Resources and Hydropower Resources in China 34

1.4 Hydraulic Engineering in China 37

References 38

2 Planning and Design of Hydraulic Projects 41

2.1 Purposes of Hydraulic Projects 41

2.1.1 Flood Control 41

2.1.2 Irrigation 42

2.1.3 Power Generation 42

2.1.4 Navigation 43

2.1.5 Domestic and Municipal Purposes 43

2.1.6 Environment Protection 44

2.1.7 Recreation and Other Purposes 44

2.2 Planning for Hydraulic Projects 45

2.2.1 Tasks and Requirements of Planning 45

2.2.2 Principles of Planning 46

2.2.3 State of the Art and Trends in the Planning 47

2.3 Ecology and Environment Protection 48

2.3.1 Ecological and Environmental Issues

in Hydraulic Projects 48

xiii

xiv Contents

2.3.2 Environmental Protection Designfor Hydraulic Projects 51

2.3.3 Environmental Impact Monitoringand Reviewing for Hydraulic Projects 55

2.4 Engineering Hydrology 56

2.4.1 Engineering Hydrologic Issues in Hydraulic

Projects 56

2.4.2 Collection of Hydrologic Messages and Data 56

2.4.3 Hydrologic Computation 57

2.5 Engineering Geology 61

2.5.1 Engineering Geologic Issues in Hydraulic

Projects 61

2.5.2 Geologic Mapping 62

2.5.3 Geologic Exploration and Investigation 64

2.5.4 Regional Tectonic Stability and Earthquake

Hazard 73

2.6 Location and Exploration for the Sources

of Construction Materials 78

2.6.1 Tasks of Construction Material Investigation 78

2.6.2 Requirements in Planning Phase 79

2.6.3 Requirements in Preliminary Phase 79

2.6.4 Requirements in Feasibility Phase 80

2.7 Economy Evaluation 80

2.7.1 Tasks of Economy Evaluation 80

2.7.2 National Economy Evaluation 81

2.7.3 Financial Evaluation 82

2.7.4 Integrated Economy Evaluation 82

2.8 Phases of Investigation and Design of Hydraulic Projects. ...83

2.8.1 Phases of Investigation and Designfor Water Resources Projects 84

2.8.2 Phases of Investigation and Designfor Hydropower Projects 86

2.9 Preparation and Compilation of Design Reports 86

2.9.1 General Requirements 86

2.9.2 Contents and Outlines—Specificallyfor Feasibility Report 87

References 90

3 Study on Material Properties 95

3.1 General 95

3.2 Rock 101

3.2.1 Basic Physical and Mechanical Propertiesof Intact Rock 102

Contents xv

3.2.2 Basic Physical and Mechanical Properties

of Discontinuity 103

3.2.3 Basic Physical and Mechanical Propertiesof Rock Mass 105

3.2.4 Parameter Back Analysis 107

3.3 Soil 113

3.3.1 Particle Size and Composition 114

3.3.2 Soil Classification and General Characteristics 118

3.3.3 Density of Soil 119

3.3.4 Permeability of Soil 119

3.3.5 Deformation and Strength of Soil 120

3.3.6 Compaction Characteristics of Soil 122

3.4 Concrete 123

3.4.1 Deformation and Strength of Concrete 125

3.4.2 Density of Concrete 126

3.4.3 Permeability of Concrete 126

3.4.4 Thermal and Its Related Characteristics

of Concrete 127

3.4.5 Durability of Concrete 131

References 135

4 Actions on Hydraulic Structures and Their

Effect Combinations 139

4.1 Definition and Classification of Actions 139

4.1.1 Definition of Actions 139

4.1.2 Classification of Actions 139

4.2 Self-weights 141

4.2.1 Self-weight of Concrete Dam 141

4.2.2 Self-weight of Embankment Dam 143

4.2.3 Earth Pressure 143

4.2.4 Silt (Sediment) Pressure 144

4.3 Thermal Actions 145

4.3.1 Temporal Features of Thermal Action 145

4.3.2 Spatial Features of Thermal Action

and Thermal Stress 146

4.3.3 Computation of Thermal Action 150

4.4 Seepage Actions 154

4.4.1 General Concept 154

4.4.2 Theory and Computation of Seepage Field 157

4.4.3 Computation of Seepage Force 162

4.4.4 Remarks 163

4.5 Fluid Actions 164

4.5.1 Hydrostatic Pressure 164

4.5.2 Hydrodynamic Force 165

xvi Contents

4.6 Seismic Actions 183

4.6.1 Earthquake Inertia Force 184

4.6.2 Seismic Hydrodynamic Forces 188

4.6.3 Seismic Dynamic Earth Pressure 189

4.7 Load (Action Effect) Combinations 190

4.7.1 Partial Coefficient Method 191

4.7.2 Safety Factor Method 191

References 192

5 Analysis of Action Effects for Hydraulic Structures 195

5.1 General 195

5.2 Physical Modeling 196

5.2.1 Principles of Modeling Similitude 197

5.2.2 Materials 198

5.2.3 Loads on the Model and Loading System 199

5.2.4 Measuring System 200

5.2.5 Geomechanical Modeling 200

5.3 Mathematical Modeling 202

5.3.1 Typical Methods for Mathematical Modeling 202

5.3.2 Limit Equilibrium Method of Rigid Body 206

5.3.3 Finite Element Method for Elastic Problems 223

5.3.4 Finite Element Method for Seepage Problems 228

5.3.5 Finite Element Method for Thermal

and Thermal Stress Problems 230

5.3.6 Finite Element Method for Dynamic Problems 231

5.3.7 Block Element Method 236

5.4 Monitoring Modeling 239

5.4.1 Statistical Modeling 240

5.4.2 Deterministic Modeling 245

5.4.3 Mixed Modeling 247

References 249

6 Design Criteria and Methods for Hydraulic Structures 253

6.1 Safety and Reliability Calibration

for Hydraulic Structures 253

6.1.1 Basic Concepts 253

6.1.2 Principles of Structural Reliability 254

6.1.3 Partial Safety Factor Method

for Hydraulic Structures 261

6.2 Optimal Design for Hydraulic Structures 268

6.2.1 Basic Concepts 268

6.2.2 Mathematical Models for Structural

Optimal Design 269

6.2.3 Solution of Optimal Problems 271

Contents xvii

6.2.4 Optimal Design of Concrete Gravity Dams 272

6.2.5 Optimal Design of Concrete Arch Dams 274

6.3 Computer Aided Design for Hydraulic Structures 276

6.3.1 Basic Concepts 276

6.3.2 Structure of CAD System 276

6.3.3 Development and Application of CAD Technology

in the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering 278

References 281

7 Gravity Dams 283

7.1 General 283

7.1.1 Features and Working Conditions

of Gravity Dams 284

7.1.2 Design Theory and Profile of Gravity Dams 288

7.1.3 Layout of Gravity Dam Projects 288

7.1.4 Main Design Tasks for Gravity Dams 292

7.2 Loads and Load Combinations of Gravity Dams 293

7.2.1 Load Computation—With Particular Emphasizingon the Uplift 294

7.2.2 Load (Action Effect) Combinations 298

7.3 Stability Analysis for Gravity Dams 298

7.3.1 Stability Analysis Along Dam Base 299

7.3.2 Stability Analysis Along Deep-Seated Slip Planes.. .

302

7.3.3 Stability Analysis of Bank-Slope Monoliths 306

7.3.4 Engineering Countermeasures for the Improvement

of Stability 307

7.4 Stress Analysis for Gravity Dams 309

7.4.1 Purposes and Methods of Stress Analysis 309

7.4.2 Stress Analysis by Gravity Method 310

7.4.3 Influence of Non-load Factors on the Stress

Distribution in Gravity Dams 315

7.4.4 Stress Control Standard for Gravity Dams 318

7.5 Profile Design for Gravity Dams 319

7.5.1 Design Principles 319

7.5.2 Basic Profile 320

7.5.3 Practical Profile 320

7.6 Flood Release and Erosion Prevention of Gravity Dams....

322

7.6.1 Design of Dam Spillways 323

7.6.2 Crest Profile of Overflow Spillway Dams 327

7.6.3 High-Speed Flow Problems in the SpillwayDam Design 330

7.6.4 Energy Dissipation and Scouring Protection 330

xviii Contents

7.7 Appurtenant Features of Gravity Dams 343

7.7.1 Materials for Gravity Dams 343

7.7.2 Appurtenant Structures of Gravity Dams 344

7.8 Foundation Treatment and Preparation for Gravity Dams.... 353

7.8.1 Excavation and Clearance 354

7.8.2 Consolidation Grouting 355

7.8.3 Curtain Grouting 356

7.8.4 Contact Grouting 360

7.8.5 Drainage 360

7.8.6 Treatment of Weak Seams and Karst 362

7.9 Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Gravity Dams 367

7.9.1 Features of RCC Dams 367

7.9.2 History of RCC Dams 368

7.9.3 Design of RCC Dams 369

7.9.4 Construction of RCC Dams 376

7.10 Other Types of Gravity Dams 377

7.10.1 Slotted Gravity Dams 377

7.10.2 Hollow Gravity Dams 379

7.10.3 Stone Masonry Gravity Dams 382

7.11 Buttress Dams 384

7.11.1 Classification of Buttress Dams 386

7.11.2 Features of Buttress Dams 386

7.11.3 Massive-Head Buttress Dams 387

7.11.4 Flat-Slab and Multi-Arch Buttress Dams 390

7.11.5 Development of Buttress Dams in China 392

References 393

8 Arch Dams 397

8.1 General 397

8.1.1 Features of Arch Dams 399

8.1.2 Topographic and Geologic Requirements

for Arch Dams 401

8.1.3 Classification of Arch Dams 404

8.2 Loads and Load Combinations 410

8.2.1 Loads 410

8.2.2 Combinations of Action Effects

(Load Combinations) 411

8.3 Stress Analysis for Arch Dams 412

8.3.1 Methods for Stress Analysis 412

8.3.2 Analysis of Foundation Deformation 415

8.3.3 Independent Arch Method 419

8.3.4 Trial Load Method 421

8.3.5 Strength Calibration for Dam Body 426

Contents xix

8.4 Stability Analysis for Dam Abutments 427

8.4.1 Sliding Conditions of Abutment Rock Masses 429

8.4.2 Analysis Methods 430

8.4.3 Limit Equilibrium Method of Rigid Body 431

8.5 Design of Dam Body 436

8.5.1 Arch Dam Layout 436

8.5.2 Procedure and Key Issues in the Design 439

8.5.3 Optimal Design 446

8.5.4 Factors Affecting the Layout 446

8.6 Flood Release and Energy Dissipation of Arch Dams 451

8.6.1 Layout of Flood Release 451

8.6.2 Types of Dam Body Spillways 452

8.6.3 Energy Dissipation and Scouring Protection

of Arch Dams 458

8.7 Materials and Structural Elements of Arch Dams 462

8.7.1 Materials 462

8.7.2 Structural Elements 463

8.8 Foundation Treatment.

471

8.8.1 Foundation Excavation 471

8.8.2 Consolidation Grouting 472

8.8.3 Curtain Grouting 474

8.8.4 Foundation Drainage 476

8.8.5 Treatment of Large-Scale Discontinuities 477

8.8.6 Prestress Reinforcement 480

8.8.7 Karst Foundation Treatment 481

8.9 Layout of Arch Dam Projects 481

8.10 Stone Masonry Arch Dams 486

8.10.1 Working Features of Stone Masonry Arch Dams. . .

486

8.10.2 Structural Features of Stone Masonry Arch Dams.. .

487

8.11 RCC Arch Dams 488

8.11.1 Layout of RCC Arch Dam Projects 490

8.11.2 Design of RCC Arch Dams 491

8.11.3 Upstream Waterproof and Construction Joints 494

References 495

9 Embankment Dams 497

9.1 General 497

9.1.1 Design Requirements for Embankment Dams 499

9.1.2 Classification of Embankment Dams 500

9.1.3 Layout of Embankment Dam Projects 503

9.2 Loads and Load Combinations 505

9.2.1 Loads 505

9.2.2 Load Combinations 506

xx Contents

9.3 Seepage Analysis for Embankment Dams 506

9.3.1 Permeable Characteristics of Embankment

Materials 506

9.3.2 Hydraulic Method 507

9.3.3 Seepage Failures and Countermeasures 515

9.4 Stability Analysis for Embankment Dams 519

9.4.1 Strength Properties of Soil 519

9.4.2 Stability Analysis Methods and Allowable

Safety Factor 520

9.4.3 Test and Selection of Shear Strength Parameters.... 525

9.5 Stress and Deformation Analysis for Embankment Dams.... 528

9.5.1 Consolidation and Settlement Analysis 528

9.5.2 Stress and Strain Analysis 532

9.5.3 Cracking Provisions 533

9.6 Basic Profile of Embankment Dams 535

9.6.1 Crest of Dam 535

9.6.2 Width of Crest 536

9.6.3 Slope of Dam 536

9.7 Soil Available and Compaction Standard 538

9.7.1 General Principles in the Selection

of Embankment Materials 538

9.7.2 Requirements for Material Design 539

9.7.3 Materials for Anti-seepage Devices 541

9.7.4 Materials for Dam Shell 548

9.7.5 Materials for Filter, Transition, and Draining 551

9.8 Structural Elements of Embankment Dams 551

9.8.1 Anti-seepage Devices 551

9.8.2 Draining of Dam Body 555

9.8.3 Dam Crest and Slope Pitch 558

9.8.4 Filters 561

9.9 Treatment of Dam Foundation 564

9.9.1 Rock Foundation 565

9.9.2 Sand and Gravel Foundation 566

9.9.3 Earth Foundation 576

9.10 Connection of Embankment Dam

with the Other Structures 584

9.10.1 Connection of Embankment Dam with Foundation

and Abutments 584

9.10.2 Connection of Embankment Dam with AdjacentConcrete Structures 585

9.11 Selection of Embankment Types 588

References 590

Contents xxi

10 Rockfill Dams 593

10.1 General 593

10.1.1 Classification of Rockfill Dams 596

10.1.2 Requirements for Rockfill Dams 597

10.1.3 Design Theory of Rockfill Dams 599

10.2 Profile of Rockfill Dams 599

10.2.1 Elevation of Dam Crest 599

10.2.2 Crest Width and Structural Requirements 600

10.2.3 Slope 600

10.2.4 Zoning of CFRD 601

10.3 Selection of Rockfill Materials and Compaction Standard. . . 603

10.3.1 Quality Requirements for Rockfill Materials 603

10.3.2 Compaction Requirements for Rockfill Materials . . .

604

10.4 Structural Elements of Rockfill Dam 605

10.4.1 Anti-Seepage Devices 605

10.4.2 Slope Protections 608

10.4.3 Toe Slabs, Face Slabs, and Water Stopsof CFRD 609

10.5 Foundation Treatments 616

10.6 Type Selection of Rockfill Dams 618

10.6.1 Materials Available 618

10.6.2 Topographic and Geologic Conditions 619

10.6.3 Climatic Conditions 619

10.7 Further Developments and Other Key Issues of CFRD 619

10.7.1 Advantageous of CFRD 620

10.7.2 Layout of Flood Releasing Works and Balance

Between Excavation and Placement 621

10.7.3 Layout of DrawDown Tunnels 622

10.7.4 Materials for Dam Body 623

10.7.5 Cracking of Face Slab 627

10.7.6 Resistance Against Earthquake 629

10.7.7 Protection of Cushion Zone 632

10.7.8 Inverse Filtration 633

10.7.9 Quality Control of Rockfill Placement 634

10.8 HardfillDams 635

10.8.1 Anatomy and History 635

10.8.2 Major Features in the Design of Hardfill Dams 638

10.8.3 Mixing Proportion Designand Functional Parameters 639

References 640

xxii Contents

11 Sluices and Barrages 643

11.1 General 643

11.1.1 Definitions 643

11.1.2 Working Features of Barrages and Sluices 644

11.1.3 Types of Sluices (Fig. 11.1) 645

11.2 Composition of Sluice and Project Layout 648

11.2.1 Sluice Chamber 649

11.2.2 Upstream Transition 650

11.2.3 Downstream Transition 650

11.2.4 Layout of Barrage Project 651

11.3 Size of Intake 652

11.3.1 Regulating Sluices 653

11.3.2 Head Regulators 656

11.3.3 Drainage Sluices 656

11.4 Energy Dissipation and Scouring Protection 657

11.4.1 Features of Energy Dissipation and ScouringProtection 657

11.4.2 Layout of Energy Dissipation and ScouringProtection 657

11.4.3 Stilling Basins 658

11.4.4 Other Issues in the Energy Dissipationand Anti-scouring Design 667

11.5 Under Seepage Control for Barrages and Sluices 669

11.5.1 Creep Line Layout 670

11.5.2 Anti-seepage and Draining Devices 672

11.5.3 Seepage Analysis for Barrageand Sluice Foundation 675

11.5.4 Control of Seepage Failure 680

11.5.5 Bypass Seepage and Its Control 681

11.6 Layout and Structural Design for Sluice Chambers 682

11.6.1 Bottom Floors 682

11.6.2 Piers 689

11.6.3 Gates 693

11.6.4 Parapet Walls 693

11.6.5 Joints and Water Stops 694

11.6.6 Service and Access Bridges 696

11.7 Stability Analysis and Foundation Treatment 696

11.7.1 Loads and Load Combinations 696

11.7.2 Contact Stress and Bearing Capacity 698

11.7.3 Stability Analysis Against Sliding 700

11.7.4 Floatation Computation 701

11.7.5 Settlement Computation 702

11.7.6 Foundation Treatment 702

Contents xxiii

11.8 Abutment Transition Structures 707

11.8.1 Type of Abutment Transition Structures 707

11.8.2 Wing Walls 707

11.8.3 Structure of Retaining Walls 709

References 711

12 Shore Spillways 715

12.1 General 715

12.1.1 Types of Separate Spillways 715

12.1.2 Applicability of Separate Spillways 717

12.2 Chute (Proper Open Channel or Trough) Spillways 717

12.2.1 Entrance (Access or Approach) Channels 718

12.2.2 Control Structures 720

12.2.3 Chutes 724

12.2.4 Terminal Structures and Outlet Channels 735

12.3 Spillways of Other Types 736

12.3.1 Side-Channel Spillways 736

12.3.2 Drop Inlet (Shaft or Morning Glory) Spillways 742

12.3.3 Siphon Spillways 745

12.3.4 Baffled Apron Drop Spillways 747

12.3.5 Culvert Spillways 747

12.4 Emergency Spillways 748

12.4.1 Overtopping Emergency Spillways 749

12.4.2 Flushing Embankment Emergency Spillways 750

12.4.3 Blast Washout Emergency Spillways 750

12.5 Type Selection and Layout of Spillways 751

References 752

13 Hydraulic Tunnels 755

13.1 General 755

13.1.1 Types and Functions of Hydraulic Tunnels 756

13.1.2 Working Features of Hydraulic Tunnels 758

13.2 Layout of Hydraulic Tunnels 759

13.2.1 Procedure of Layout 759

13.2.2 Longitudinal Profile 760

13.2.3 Gates in the Tunnel 762

13.2.4 Route of Tunnels 764

13.3 Intakes 765

13.3.1 Types of Tunnel Intakes 766

13.3.2 Components of Tunnel Intakes 768

13.4 Body of Tunnels 771

13.4.1 Shape of Cross Section 771

13.4.2 Cross-sectional Dimension 772

13.4.3 Lining of Tunnel Body 774

xxiv Contents

13.5 Outlets and Energy Dissipation 781

13.6 Countermeasures Against Cavitation to Hydraulic Tunnels.. .

783

13.6.1 Profile Design 784

13.6.2 Aeration Slots 786

13.7 Stability of Surrounding Rock Mass During Tunneling 787

13.7.1 Stress Concentration in Surrounding Rock Mass. . . . 787

13.7.2 Deformation of Surrounding Rock Mass 788

13.7.3 Stability of Surrounding Rock Mass 788

13.8 Structural Analysis of Lining 790

13.8.1 Design Loads and Their Combinations 793

13.8.2 Elasticity Theory for Lining Calculation 800

13.8.3 Structural Mechanics Method

for Lining Calculation 804

13.9 Bolt and Shotcrete Supports 804

13.9.1 Principles of Bolt and Shotcrete Supporting 804

13.9.2 Design of Bolting and Shotcrete Support 806

13.9.3 Several Notes on the Bolt

and Shotcrete Supporting 809

References 810

14 Rock Slopes in Hydraulic Projects 813

14.1 General 813

14.1.1 Classification of Rock Slopes 817

14.1.2 Main Tasks in the Rock Slope Design 819

14.2 Factors Influencing the Stability of Rock Slope 822

14.2.1 Stratum and Rock Characteristics 823

14.2.2 Geologic Structure 823

14.2.3 Rock Mass Structure 824

14.2.4 Action of Water 826

14.2.5 Action of Vibration (Shaking) 828

14.2.6 Slope Shape 830

14.2.7 Geostress 830

14.2.8 Action Due to Other Engineering Structures 832

14.3 Design Criteria for Slopes 832

14.3.1 Absolute Design Standard-Design Code

Specifications 834

14.3.2 Relative Design Standard 835

14.4 Limit Equilibrium Method for Slope Stability Analysis 838

14.4.1 Specifications for Hydraulic Slopes 838

14.4.2 Engineering Application—The Right Reservoir

Bank Landslide (the Pubugou Project) 839

Contents xxv

14.5 Numerical Method for Slope Stability Analysis 840

14.5.1 Finite Element Method 841

14.5.2 Block Element Method 846

14.6 Slope Stabilization 850

14.6.1 Principles in the Slope Stabilization 850

14.6.2 Stabilization Countermeasures 851

References 865

15 Hydraulic Steel Gates 869

15.1 General 869

15.1.1 Functions and Components 869

15.1.2 Classification of Gates 870

15.1.3 Brief History of Hydraulic Gates 873

15.2 Basic Requirements for the Layout of Gates 874

15.3 Plate Steel Gates 875

15.3.1 Types of Plate Gates 876

15.3.2 Layout and Structure of the Leaf of Plate Gate 878

15.3.3 Raising and Lowering Efforts and Hoists 886

15.4 Radial Gates 888

15.4.1 Leaf Structure and Layout of Radial Gate 888

15.4.2 Raising and Lowering Efforts and Hoists 891

15.5 Deep Gates 892

15.5.1 General 892

15.5.2 Deep Plate Gates 893

15.5.3 Deep Radial Gates 894

References 895

16 Irrigation and Drainage Works 897

16.1 General 897

16.2 Water Intake Works 898

16.2.1 Types and Features of Water Intake Works

and Their Positions 898

16.2.2 Layout of Undammed Intakes 901

16.2.3 Layout of Lateral Intakes with Water Damming

by Barrage 904

16.3 Aqueducts 911

16.4 Inverted Siphons and Culverts 915

16.4.1 Inverted Siphons 915

16.4.2 Culverts 920

16.5 Water Measuring 923

16.5.1 Particular Measuring Devices 923

16.5.2 Measuring by Existing Hydraulic Structures 927

References 927

xxvi Contents

17 Appurtenant Works 929

17.1 General 929

17.2 Navigation Structures 929

17.2.1 Classification of Navigation Structures 929

17.2.2 Ship Locks 930

17.2.3 Ship Lifts 940

17.2.4 Selection of Navigation Structures 945

17.2.5 Location of Navigation Structures 945

17.3 Timber Passing Structures 947

17.3.1 Log Ways 947

17.3.2 Timber Slides 950

17.3.3 Log and Raft Conveyers 951

17.3.4 Selection of Timber Passing Structures 951

17.4 Fish-Passing Structures 952

17.4.1 Classification of Fish-Passing Structures 953

17.4.2 Fish Ladders 954

17.4.3 Fish Locks 958

17.4.4 Fish Elevators 960

17.4.5 Downstream Fish-Passing Facilities 960

17.4.6 Layout of Fish-Passing Facilities 961

17.5 Floating Debris Discharging Structures 963

References 964

18 Operation and Maintenance of Hydraulic Structures 967

18.1 General 967

18.2 Hydrologic Observation and Forecasting 967

18.2.1 Water Regime Observation 968

18.2.2 Hydrologic Forecasting 968

18.2.3 Reservoir Operation 970

18.3 Safety Surveillance for Hydraulic Structures 970

18.3.1 Safety Inspection for Dams 971

18.3.2 Monitoring for Dams 973

18.3.3 Safety Review for Dams 974

18.4 Instrumentation for Hydraulic Structures 975

18.4.1 Deformation Monitoring 975

18.4.2 Seepage Monitoring 992

18.4.3 Strain/Stress and Temperature Monitoring 996

18.4.4 Automated Measurement Techniquesand Data Acquisition for Dams 1003

18.5 Remedial Action 1005

18.5.1 The Need for Remedial Action 1005

18.5.2 Requirements for Remedial Action 1005

18.5.3 Emergency Action Plans (EAP) for Dams 1006

Contents xxvii

18.6 Aging of Hydraulic Structures 1008

18.6.1 Nondestructive Examination 1009

18.6.2 Aging Diseases of Hydraulic Structures 1014

18.6.3 Mitigation of Aging 1022

References 1026