hydraulic conductivity of steel pipe sheet pile cutoff walls at coastal waste landfill sites _...
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HydraulicConductivityofSteelPipeSheetPileCutoffWallsatCoastalWasteLandfillSites
ShinyaInazumi1
[1]KyotoUniversity,Japan
1.Introduction
Landfillsitesarefacilitieswherethefinalresidueisdisposedafterallpossiblerecyclingenergyhasbeen
recoveredfromit.Therefore,landfillsitesareanimportantpartofcivilinfrastructure,requiredfor
environmentalconservationwithoutdumpingwasteinresidentialareas.However,inmanycases,theconstruction
oflandfillsiteshasbeenopposedduetoconcernsofresidentslivingthevicinityregardingenvironmentsafety
withregardtosituationssuchastheleachatefromwastemayleakouthence,theconstructionofnewlandfill
siteshasbecomemoredifficult.Moreover,theconstructioncostoflandfillsiteshasalsosignificantlyincreased
simultaneouslyduetotighterenvironmentallegislation(Shimizu,2003Kamonetal.,2007).
InJapan,smallscaleinlandlandfillsiteswereoftenconstructedintheriverheadareasofmountainvalleys.With
regardtotheabovementionedsocialconcernsregardingthelandfillsites,thelocationsoflandfillshaverecently
beendiversifiedintocoastalareasonalargescale.Thesesitesaredevelopedaturbanharbourareasinorderto
reducetheriskofcontaminatingthegroundwater,whichcanbecausedbytheleakageofleachate,andconserve
thewaterresources(Kamon&Inui,2002).Inthenationalstatisticsof2003announcedatMinistryofthe
Environment,thecapacityofcoastallandfillsiteswas23.3%ofthatofalllandfillsites,andparticularlyin
metropolitanareas,itwasgreaterthan80%(seeFig.1).Thesestatisticsindicatethattheroleofcoastallandfill
siteshasbeenincreasingsteadily.However,theresidentslivinginthevicinityofthesesitescontinuetoexpress
thesameconcernsforenvironmentsafety.Therefore,ensuringstableandsystematicoperationofthecoastal
landfillsitesinthefutureandprolongingthelifeofcoastallandfillsitesconstructeduntilnowareimportant
mattersofconcern,particularlyinmetropolitanareas.
Arevetmentatacoastallandfillsiteensuresspaceforwastedisposalandharbourmaintenanceduringthedisposal
ofwaste,constructionsludge,dredgedsoiletc.Arevetmentatacoastallandfillsitemustfunctionasavertical
(side)cutoffbarrierthatpreventstheleakageofleachatecontainingtoxicsubstancesfromthelandfillwaste,into
theseafurthermorerevetmentsmustprotectthecoastallandfillsitefromvariousexternalforcessuchas
earthquakes,oceanwaves,hightidesandtsunamis(WaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironmentResearch
Center,2002).
Recently,steelpipesheetpiles(SPSPs),usingwhichthedeepwaterconstructionispossible(Japanese
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AssociationforSteelPipePiles,1999),havebeenwidelyemployedinverticalcutoffbarriersatcoastal
landfillsitesduetotheirworkabilityandeconomicalefficiency.A
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FIGURE1.Capacitycomparisonbetweeninlandandcoastallandfillsitesbasedonnationalstatisticsof2003announcedat
MinistryoftheEnvironment,Japanitleoffigure,leftjustified
verticalcutoffbarrieremployingSPSPsiscalledaSPSPcutoffwallinthisstudy.However,thedesignand
applicationofSPSPcutoffwalls,evaluationofenvironmentalfeasibility,constructiontechnologyandlongterm
maintenanceareverycomplicatedbothexperimentallyandanalytically(Kamonetal.,2001).Thisisbecause
oftheexistenceofjointsectionsintheSPSPs,asshowninFig.2.
TheappropriatelyestimationofthehydraulicperformanceofSPSPswithjointsections(showninFig.2)isan
importantissue,particularlyintheevaluationofenvironmentalfeasibility,thatis,thecontainmentofleachates
containingtoxicsubstances.Figure3showsthecharacterizationoftheenvironmentalfeasibilityofverticaland
bottomcutoffbarriersaswellastheoveralllandfillsite.WhenevaluatingthehydraulicperformanceofanSPSP
cutoffwall,anequivalenthydraulicconductivityisgenerallyobtained(WaterfrontVitalizationand
EnvironmentResearchCenter,2002).Thisequivalenthydraulicconductivityassumesthatthejointsection
andthesteelpipeareintegratedtherefore,thehydraulicconductivityissubstitutedwithauniformpermeable
layer(seeFig.4).ThePrimeMinistersOfficeandtheMinistryofHealthandWelfaresaysthattheintegrated
equivalenthydraulicconductivitywith50cmthicknessmustbe1.0106cm/sorless(WaterfrontVitalization
andEnvironmentResearchCenter,2002).However,inanevaluationthatemploystheequivalenthydraulic
conductivity,itisdifficulttoconsiderthelocalleakageofleachatecontainingtoxicsubstancesfromthejoint
sectionsintheSPSPcutoffwall.
Inthisstudy,anevaluationmethodthatcanexpressthelocalleakageofleachatefromthejointsectionsinthe
SPSPcutoffwallsisdiscussed.Inparticular,theevaluationoftheenvironmentalfeasibility(containmentof
leachatescontainingtoxicsubstances)consideringa
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FIGURE2.Schematicdiagramofsteelpipesheetpileswithjointsections
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FIGURE3.Characterizationofenvironmentalfeasibilityonverticalandbottomcutoffbarriersaswellasoveralllandfill
site
threedimensionalarrangementandhydraulicconductivitydistributionofthejointsectionsintheSPSPcutoff
walliscomparedwithanevaluationthatusestheequivalenthydraulicconductivity.
2.Analysisforenvironmentalfeasibility
Thedevelopmentofmethodsforthedetectionofthegenerationpointsofleachateleakagehasbeenconductedin
variousdifferentwaysatinlandandcoastallandfillsitesinordertodeterminewhentheleachatecontainingtoxic
substanceswillleakintothesurroundingareasafterthelandhasbeenreclaimedatthelandfillsite(Kamon&
Jang,2001TheLandfillSystem&TechnologiesResearchAssociationofJapan,2004).However,the
presentdetectionmethodsareinsufficientwithregardtotheirdurability,andtheuseofthesemethodsmaylead
toexcesscostandtimeforrepairingthegenerationpointsofleachate
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FIGURE4.Conceptofequivalenthydraulicconductivityassumingthatjointsectionandsteelpipeareintegrated
leakageintheverticalandbottomcutoffbarriersatthelandfillsites.Therefore,aneffectiveimplementationand
verificationoftheseepageandadvection/dispersionanalysis,consideredasatwodimensionalorathree
dimensionalproblem,oftheleachingbehaviorofleachatecontainingtoxicsubstancesarenecessaryalongwith
theupgradationofthetechniqueusedtorepairverticalandbottomcutoffbarriers.Thestructureofverticaland
bottomcutoffbarriersthatcanensurelongtermstabilityaswellastheevaluationmethodfortheenvironmental
feasibilityoflandfillsitesmustbealsodiscussed.
Theleachingbehaviorofleachatescontainingtoxicsubstancesneartheverticalandbottomcutoffbarriersat
landfillsitesmustbeconsideredwithregardtonotonlyinfiltrationbutalsotheadvectionanddispersion
phenomena(Kamonetal.,2007).Therefore,thesephenomenamustbeaccuratelyreproducedinthe
implementationoftheseepageandadvection/dispersionanalysis.Inthisstudy,theinfiltration,advectionand
dispersionphenomenamustbeexpressedthreedimensionallyinordertoaccountforthejointsectionsinthe
SPSPcutoffwalls.Also,theanalysisofcoastallandfillsites,unlikethatforinlandlandfillsites,mustconsider
theeffectoftides,etc.Furthermore,eachverticalandbottomcutoffbarrierisacompositestructureconsistingof
syntheticfiber,steel,rubbleandtheseabedthiscompositestructuremustbereproducedaccurately.
TheEulerianLagrangeanfiniteelementmethodisanumericalcalculationmethodthatisknowntobeusefulin
efficientlyreproducingsuchcomplicatedphenomena.Inthisstudy,theseepageandadvection/dispersionanalysis
isperformedusingDtransu3D/EL,whichisusedasarepresentativeanalysiscode(Nishigakietal.,1995).
2.1.OBJECTIVEANDASSESSMENTINDEXInanSPSPcutoffwall,jointsectionsarearrangedbetweensteelpipes,formingathreedimensionalstructure
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(seeFig.2).Therefore,itisnecessarytoaccuratelyreproducethelocalleakageofleachatesfromthejoint
sectionsfortheevaluationoftheenvironmentalfeasibilityoftheSPSPcutoffwall.Inthisstudy,theleachate
containmenteffectoftheSPSPcutoffwallisevaluatedbyusingathreedimensionalseepageand
advection/dispersionanalysis(Dtransu3D/EL).Thisanalysisreproducestheexistenceofjointsectionsmore
precisely.
Figure5showsthethreedimensionalcrosssectionofalandfillsiteassumedasabasiccaseinthisanalysis.The
SPSPcutoffwallaswellasapartofthecompositionlayerarounditin
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FIGURE5.Threedimensionalcrosssectionoflandfillsiteassumedasabasiccaseintheanalysis
thecoastallandfillsiteisconsideredforsettingthethreedimensionalcrosssection.Atthebottomofthewaste
layeraswellasintheseabed,aclaydepositlayerisassumedtoexist,andthislayerfulfilstheroleasabottom
cutoffbarrierinthecoastallandfillsite.TheSPSPcutoffwallispenetrateduptoadepthof3mintheclay
depositlayer,andthehydraulicconductivityoftheSPSPcutoffwallisvariedtoprovidedifferentexamination
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cases.
IntheconstructionoftheSPSPcutoffwallatcoastallandfillsites,doubleSPSPcutoffwallsmaybeuseddueto
ensuremechanicalstabilityandfailsafeconceptoflandfillsites,asshownintheoverviewinFig.6.
Furthermore,theclaydepositlayermaybeimprovedbysandcompactionpile(SCP)methodsinordertoenhance
themechanicalstabilityoftheSPSPcutoffwalls(WaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironmentResearch
Center,2002).However,themainobjectiveofthisstudyistheevaluationoftheenvironmentalfeasibility
(containmenteffectofleachatecontainingtoxicsubstances)oftheSPSPcutoffwall.Therefore,thecoastal
landfillsiteissimplified,asshowninFig.5,asathreedimensionalcrosssectionthatcomprisesasingleSPSP
cutoffwall,wastelayerandclaydepositlayer.Thethreedimensionalcrosssectionassumestheextreme
conditionsfortheverticalandbottomcutoffbarriersthatwouldposeenvironmentalpollutionriskstothe
surroundingsaffectedbycoastallandfillsites.
FIGURE6.Overviewofverticalandbottomcutoffbarriersgenerallyconstructingatcoastallandfillsites
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TABLE1.Seepage,advectionanddispersionpropertiesassignedtoeachcompositionlayerintheanalysis
Incoastallandfillsites,thedifferenceinthewaterlevelbetweentheinsideandoutsidelandfillsiteiscontrolled
onadailybasissothatitmaynotexceed2m(WaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironmentResearchCenter,2002).
Ontheotherhand,inthethreedimensionalcrosssectionshowninFig.5,acontrolledwaterlevelregulatedto2
misreproducedbytheboundaryconditions,thatis,afixedtotalheadof0and2mareassignedtotheupper
sidesoftheseaareaandwastelayer,respectively.Theboundaryedgesinthethreedimensionalcrosssectionof
thecoastallandfillsiteareassumedtobeundrained.Theseepage,advectionanddispersionpropertiesassignedto
eachcompositionlayerinthisanalysisareshownatTable1.ThesevaluesshowninTable1aretypicalonefor
heavymetalsandcompositionlayers(Kamonetal.,2001WaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironment
ResearchCenter,2002).Thisanalysisassumesthatmechanicalpropertiesofeachcompositionlayerarenot
considered.
Presently,inJapan,wastedischargewasteisburntonceatarefuseincineratorplant,andtheincineratedresidue
generatedfromtheincineratorplantismainlyusedtoreclaimlandatlandfillsites(Kamon&Inui,2002).
Therefore,thetypeofwastedumpedintherecentlyconstructedlandfillsiteshaschangedfromtheconventional
organicsubstancestoinorganicsubstancesthus,theheavymetalswhichmaybecontainedintheincinerated
residueareamongthemajorenvironmentalpollutants.Iftheleachateleakageoccursatalandfillsiteintothe
surroundingareas,theheavymetalsalsomayleakouttogetherwiththeleachateduetotheadvectiondispersion
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phenomenon,asheavymetalsaresolubleinwater.Therefore,thisstudyassumesheavymetalsastoxicsubstances
thatmayleakoutfromcoastallandfillsites.Thisanalysisassumesthewastelayertobeacontaminationsource,
andtheconcentrationoftoxicsubstances(heavymetals)atthewastelayerisassignedthevalueof1astheinitial
condition.Theinitialrelativeconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesisinitializedto0inregionsoutsidethewaste
layer.
Asanenvironmentalconservationstandardforcoastallandfillsites(TheLandfillSystem&Technologies
ResearchAssociationofJapan,2004),theenvironmentalstandardvalues(seeTable2(b)and(c))for
waterqualityandbottomsedimentoftheseaareasnearlandfillsitesequal0.1timesthatoftheacceptable
standardvalues(seeTable2(a))forwastedisposedatlandfillsites.Therefore,theconcentrationoftoxic
substancesattheSPSPcutoffwallontheseaside(thatisthecrosssectiondelimitedbythebrokenlineatFig.
5)istargetedinthisanalysisasanimportantindexoftheenvironmentalfeasibilityofSPSPcutoffwalls.Inthis
analysis,theelapsedtimeduringwhichtheconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesreaches0.1ontheseasideofthe
SPSPcutoffwallisestimatedwhenthisoccurs,theSPSPcutoffwallaswellasthecoastallandfillsiteisdefined
ashavinglostitsenvironmentalfeasibility.
2.2.SP/JSMODELCONSIDERINGLOCALWATERLEAKAGEINJOINTSECTIONSIntheevaluationoftheenvironmentalfeasibility(containmenteffectofleachatecontainingtoxicsubstances)of
SPSPcutoffwallsatcoastallandfillsites,theequivalenthydraulicconductivityisgenerallyused(Waterfront
VitalizationandEnvironmentResearchCenter,2002).Thismethodinvolvescalculatingthehydraulic
conductivityofanSPSPcutoffwallequivalenttoauniformpermeablelayerofthickness50cm(seeFig.4)by
consideringthesteelpipesandjointsectionsthatconstitutetheSPSPcutoffwallasasinglebody.Becausethe
equivalenthydraulicconductivitycanbedirectlyverifiedwiththetechnicalstandardsforverticalandbottom
cutoffbarriersatlandfillsites,itisfrequentlyusedinthetechnicaldevelopmentoftheSPSPcutoffwall.
However,thevalueequivalenthydraulicconductivityistheaveragehydraulicconductivityofthejointsections,
whichhavehighpermeability,andthatofthesteelpipesections,whichareimpermeable.Therefore,an
evaluationusingtheequivalenthydraulicconductivitycannoteasilydetectthepositionorthetimeofleachate
leakage,thusmakingitdifficulttoestimatetheenvironmentalimpactoflocalleakagefromthejointsectionsof
theSPSPcutoffwall.Where,developmentofthesedetectionswillcontributestronglyfortheoptimizationof
maintenanceandmanagementinSPSPcutoffwall.
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TABLE2.Environmentalconservationstandardsassociatedwithinlandandcoastallandfillsites
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FIGURE7.GeneraldescriptionofULmodelandSP/JSmodelintheanalysis
Inthisstudy,anevaluationmethodthatcanexpressthelocalleakageatthejointsectionsofSPSPcutoffwallsis
discussed.TheevaluationmethodusingtheequivalenthydraulicconductivityisdefinedastheULmodel,and
theevaluationmethodthatconsidersthesteelpipeandjointsections,thatis,thelocalleachateleakage,isdefined
astheSPJSmodel.Figure7showsageneraldescriptionoftheULmodelandSP/JSmodel.IntheUL
model(showninFig.7(a)),equivalenthydraulicconductivitiesof2.0106,1.0106,1.0107and1.010
8cm/swereassignedtotheentireSPSPcutoffwall.IntheSP/JSmodel(seeFig.7(b)),thejointsectionswere
placedat0.25mintervalsforsteelpipesofdiameter1m,whichrepresentsthestandardsizesoftheSPSPshown
inFig.2.Furthermore,hydraulicconductivitieswereassignedtoeachsteelpipeandjointsectionintheSP/JS
modelsuchthattheentirehydraulicconductivityoftheSPSPcutoffwallequalstheequivalenthydraulic
conductivityassignedintheULmodel,thatis,hydraulicconductivitiesof2.5106,1.3106,1.3107and
1.3108cm/swereassignedtothejointsections,assumingthatthehydraulicconductivityofsteelpipeis
infinitelysmall.Table1showstheseepage,advectionanddispersionpropertiesassignedtoeachcomposition
layerinboththemodels.
3.Resultsanddiscussion
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3.1.ENVIRONMENTALFEASIBILITYOFSPSPCUTOFFWALLCONSIDERINGLOCALWATERLEAKAGE
Figure8showstheconcentrationflux(thematerialquantitypassingthroughaunitareainunittime)oftoxic
substancesleakingfromtheSPSPcutoffwallontheseaside.ThefluxesintheuniformlayeroftheULmodel
andineachsteelpipeandjointsectionoftheSP/JSmodelareplottedinFig.8.Therelationshipbetweenthe
elapsedtimeandthehighestconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromtheSPSPcutoffwallontheseaside
forboththemodelsisshowninFig.9.Figure10illustratesthedistributionoftheconcentrationoftoxic
substancesleakingoutfromthewastelayer,whichisthecontaminatedsource,forboththemodels.Figure
10expressesthedistributionoftheconcentrationontheseasideoftheSPSPcutoffwallinordertofacilitatethe
comparisonofboththemodelswithregardtotheleakageofthetoxicsubstancetothesurroundingsofthecoastal
landfillsite.
FIGURE8.ConcentrationfluxoftoxicsubstancesleakingfromSPSPcutoffwallonseasidewithelapsedtimeforboth
models
IntheSP/JSmodel,theconcentrationfluxoftoxicsubstancesleakedontotheseasideoftheSPSPcutoffwall,
particularlyfromthejointsections,isincreasedascomparedtothatoftheULmodel(seeFig.8).TheSP/JS
modelcanquantitativelyexpresstheconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesatthejointsectionsoftheSPSPcutoff
wall,wherethehydraulicconductivityishigherthanthatinthesteelpipe.IntheULmodel,asshowninFig.
10,theleachateleaksuniformlyfromtheSPSPcutoffwallontotheseaside,andthisleakagetendstouniformly
increasewithtime.IntheSP/JSmodel,itbeingdifferentfromtheULmodel,theleachateleakslocallyfromthe
jointsectionsontotheseasideoftheSPSPcutoffwall,andthisleakageincreaseslocallywithtimeatthejoint
sections(seeFig.10).Consequently,theincreaseintheconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromtheSPSP
cutoffwallontotheseasideisfoundtooccurearlierintheSP/JSmodelthanintheULmodel,asshowninFig.
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9.
FIGURE9.RelationshipbetweenelapsedtimeandthehighestconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromSPSPcutoff
wallonseasideforbothmodels
Forexample,70and110years,respectively,arerequiredintheSP/JSmodel(thehydraulicconductivityofthe
entireSPSPcutoffwallis1.0108cm/s)andtheULmodelfortheconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesinthe
SPSPcutoffwallontheseasidetoreachC=0.1,whichisassumedastheassessmentindex.Intheotheranalyzed
conditionsunderwhichthehydraulicconductivityoftheentireSPSPcutoffwallisequivalentinbothmodels,the
leakageofleachateisconfirmedtooccurearlierintheSP/JSmodelthanintheULmodelduetoeffectofthe
localleakageofleachate(seeFig.11).Thistendencybecomesmoreremarkablewithincreaseinthehydraulic
conductivityoftheentireSPSPcutoffwall(seeFig.12).
Thus,asmentionedabove,thereproductionofthelocalleakageofleachategeneratedatthejointsectionsof
SPSPcutoffwallsispossiblebyusingtheSP/JSmodelfortheevaluationoftheenvironmentalfeasibilityof
SPSPcutoffwallsatcoastallandfillsites.Furthermore,theSP/JSmodelindicatesthattoxicsubstancesin
concentrationsexceedingtheenvironmentalstandardvaluesareleakedoutofcoastallandfillsitesearlierthanthat
estimatedusingtheULmodel(seeFig.9).UsingtheULmodel,thelocalleakageofleachatecontainingtoxic
substancesfromtheSPSPcutoffwallcannotbereproduced,althoughthetotalquantityofthetoxicsubstances
leakedfromtheSPSPcutoffwallcanbeestimated.Thisprovidesasafersideestimateoftheenvironmental
feasibilityfromtheviewpointofthetimetakenfortheleakageoftoxicsubstances.Inaddition,byusingtheUL
model,itisdifficulttoquantitativelydetectthegenerationpositionintheSPSPcutoffwallwheretheleachate
containingtoxicsubstancesareleaked.Anappropriateestimationintermsofbothpositionandtimeatwhichthe
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lossofenvironmentalfeasibilityoccursisimportantinordertocontrolandmaintainalongtermSPSPcutoff
wallatcoastallandfillsites.Basedontheabovementionedpoints,theenvironmentalfeasibilityofSPSPcutoff
wallsmustbeverifiedbyusingtheSP/JSmodel.
FIGURE10.Distributionofconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakingoutfromwastelayerforbothmodels
3.2.ENVIRONMENTALFEASIBILITYOFSPSPCUTOFFWALLCONSIDERINGJOINTSECTIONS
VarioustypesofjointsareadoptedforthejointsectionsoftheSPSPcutoffwalls,asshowninFig.2.Thetypes
ofjointsforwhichthehydraulicperformancehasbeenreportedexperimentallyarethePTjointsinwhichthe
packingmortarisfilledinthejointspace,theimprovedPTjointinwhicharubberboardisinstalledwiththe
mortarfillinginthejointspaceandtheHHjointforHjointedSPSPinwhichawaterswellingsheetisapplied
inthejointspaces(Okietal.,2003Inazumietal.,2005,2006Kimuraetal.,2007).Basedonpast
reports,theSPSPswiththePTjoint,improvedPTjointandHHjointexhibitequivalenthydraulic
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conductivitylevelsof1106,1108and1109cm/s,respectively,underspecificexperimentalconditionsunder
whichthedifferencebetweenthewaterlevelsinsideandoutsidethelandfillsiteislessthan5m(Okietal.,
2003Inazumietal.,2005,2006).However,thereportedhydraulicperformancesoftheSPSPcutoffwalls
withthejointsectionshasbeenbasedontheequivalenthydraulicconductivitiesobtainedfromexperimental
studies.
FIGURE11.RequiredtimeforconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesinSPSPcutoffwallonseasidetoreachC=0.1with
equivalenthydraulicconductivityofSPSPcutoffwall
FIGURE12.Requiredtimeratioofbothmodels,forconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesinSPSPcutoffwallonseasideto
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reachC=0.1,withequivalenthydraulicconductivityofSPSPcutoffwall
Inthisstudy,thereportedequivalenthydraulicconductivitiesofSPSPcutoffwallsareconvertedtoindividual
hydraulicconductivitiesinthesteelpipeandjointsections.
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FIGURE13.DimensionandhydraulicconductivityofSPSPcutoffwallwitheachjointtypeandoutlineofSP/JSmodelfor
CaseItoCaseIV
Furthermore,theenvironmentalfeasibilitiesofSPSPcutoffwallswithvariousjointstypesareevaluatedby
applyingeachconvertedhydraulicconductivityintheSP/JSmodel.Figure13showstheequivalenthydraulic
conductivitiesofSPSPcutoffwallswithvariousjointstypes,thedimensionofeachjointtypeaswellassteel
pipeandthehydraulicconductivityofeachjointtype.Intheevaluationoftheenvironmentalfeasibilitieson
SPSPcutoffwallsconsideringvariousjointgeometriesandperformancelevels,theSPSPcutoffwallswiththe
followingfourjointtypesareappliedtotheSP/JSmodel.
CaseI:SPSPcutoffwallwiththePTjoint
CaseII:SPSPcutoffwallwiththeimprovedPTjoint
CaseIII:HjointedSPSPcutoffwallwiththeimprovedPTjoint
CaseIV:HjointedSPSPcutoffwallwiththeHHjoint
Figure13showsalsotheoutlineoftheSP/JSmodelforCaseItoCaseIV.Jointsectionsofwidth0.25mand
steelpipesofdiameter1mwereusedinCaseIandCaseII,whereasjointsectionsofwidths0.25mand0.5m
wereusedinCaseIIIandCaseIV,respectively,alongwithHjointedsteelpipesofdiameter2.25m(Okietal.,
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2003Inazumietal.,2005,2006).Table1showstheseepage,advectionanddispersionpropertiesassigned
toeachcompositionlayer
Theassumedhydraulicconductivitiesofthejointsectionswere1.3106cm/sinCaseI,1.3108cm/sinCaseII
andCaseIIIand1.8109cm/sinCaseIV.
Figure14showsthetotalquantitiesoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromtheSPSPcutoffwallontotheseasidewith
respecttotheelapsedtimeforCaseItoCaseIV.Therelationshipsbetweentheelapsedtimeandthehighest
concentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromtheSPSPcutoffwallontotheseasideforCaseItoCaseIVare
showninFig.15.Figure16showsthedistributionoftheconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakingoutfromthe
wastelayer,thatis,thecontaminationsource,inCaseItoCaseIV.ThisdistributioninFig.16isexpressed
fromtheseasideoftheSPSPcutoffwallinordertofacilitateacomparisonamongCaseItoCaseIVwithregard
totheleakageofthetoxicsubstancetooutsidethecoastallandfill.
ThetimesrequiredfortheconcentrationlevelsontheseasidetoexceedC=0.1werelessthan1yearand70years
forCaseIandtheCaseII,respectively(seeFig.15).InCaseIIIandCaseIV,theleakageoftoxicsubstancesin
excessofenvironmentalstandardvalue(C=0.1)wasnotconfirmed,evenfordurationsupto140years.InCaseI
andCaseII,thehydraulicconductivitiesofthejointsectionsaredifferent,althoughthearrangementintervalsof
thejointsectionsarethesamethusithasbeenproventhatlowhydraulicconductivityjointsectionsinSPSP
cutoffwallssignificantlycontributetowardincreasingtheleachatecontainmenteffect.Inaddition,thesparser
arrangementofjointsectionsrepresentedinCaseIIIreducesthetotalquantityoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromthe
SPSPcutoffwallontotheseasidetohalfthatinCaseII(seeFig.14).Consequently,theleachateleakedtothe
outsideofthecoastallandfillsitesisreducedbythelowhydraulicconductivityaswellasthesparserarrangement
ofjointsectionsintheSPSPcutoffwall,thus,significantlyimprovingtheleachatecontainmenteffect.
TheHjointedSPSPcutoffwallwithHHjoints(CaseIV)mostefficientlyachieveslowhydraulicconductivity
withasparserarrangementofjointsections.TheleakageofleachatesinCaseIVcanbetracedtothelower
reachesofthecutoffwall,occurringviatheclaydepositlayer,whichisoneofthebottomcutoffbarriersandis
furtherawaythanotherpathwayssuchasleakagedirectlythroughthecutoffwall(seeFig.16).Thus,theH
jointedSPSPcutoffwallwiththeHHjointsufficientlycontributestotheleachatecontainmenteffectofvertical
cutoffbarrieratcoastallandfillsites.
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FIGURE14.TotalquantitiesoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromSPSPcutoffwallontoseasidewithrespecttotheelapsedtime
forCaseItoCaseIV
FIGURE15.RelationshipsbetweenelapsedtimeandthehighestconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakedfromSPSPcutoff
wallontoseasideforCaseItoCaseIV
Inthissection,itwasclarifiedthattechnologiesthatlowerthehydraulicconductivitiesofjointsectionsinSPSP
cutoffwallsandalsofacilitatetheuseofsparserarrangementscontributesignificantlytoincreasingthe
environmentalfeasibilitiesofSPSPcutoffwallsatlandfillsites.Further,theextentoftheenvironmental
feasibilityofHjointedSPSPcutoffwallswiththeHHjointsamongthepresenttechnicaldevelopmentsinSPSP
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cutoffwallswasshown.
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FIGURE16.DistributionofconcentrationoftoxicsubstancesleakingoutfromwastelayerinCaseItoCaseIV
4.Conclusions
Anevaluationmethodthatcanexpressthelocalleakageofleachatefromjointsectionsinsteelpipesheetpile
(SPSP)cutoffwallsisdiscussed,inthisstudy.Inparticular,theevaluationofenvironmentalfeasibility
(containmentofleachatescontainingtoxicsubstances)consideringathreedimensionalarrangementandhydraulic
conductivitydistributionofthejointsectionsintheSPSPcutoffwalliscomparedwithanevaluationthat
generallyusestheequivalenthydraulicconductivity.
EvaluationsoftheenvironmentalfeasibilitiesoftheSPSPcutoffwallswithjointsectionsthathaveahigher
hydraulicconductivitythanthatofthesteelpipemusttakeintoaccountthelocalleakageofleachatescontaining
toxicsubstancesfromthejointsectionthiswaspossibleusingtheSP/JSmodel.Duetothelocalleakageintothe
surroundingsofcoastallandfillsfromjointsections,contaminationinexcessoftheenvironmentalstandardvalues
wasconfirmedtooccurearlierthanthatpredictedbytheULmodel,whichisthecurrentstandardevaluation
method.
ItwasclarifiedthattechnologiesthatlowerthehydraulicconductivitiesofjointsectionsinSPSPcutoffwallsand
alsofacilitatetheuseofsparserarrangementscontributesignificantlytoincreasingtheenvironmentalfeasibilities
ofSPSPcutoffwallsatlandfillsites.Further,theextentoftheenvironmentalfeasibilityofHjointedSPSP
cutoffwallswiththeHHjointsamongthepresenttechnicaldevelopmentsinSPSPcutoffwallswasshown.
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