NIZAM COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)

OSMANIA UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD-500001

B.Sc GENETICS(C.B.C.S)

( I, II, and III Year Syllabus )

2017-2018

GENETICS SYLLABUS (C.B.C.S)-PATTERNOFEXAMINATION

YEAR SEMESTER TITLE OF THE PAPER THEORY

INTERNAL THEORY ANNUAL

TOTAL MARKS

PRACTICALS MARKS

CREDITS

I

1

1. TRANSMISSION

GENETICS

10

40

50

25

4+1=5

I

2

2 GENETICS

ANALYSIS

10

40

50

25

4+1=5

II

3

3 GENE AND GENOME

STRUCTURE ,

ORGANISATION AND

EXPRESSION

10

40

50

25

4+1=5

II

4

4 MOLECULAR

GENETICS

10

40

50

25 4+1=5

III

5

CORE PAPER

5. BIOSTATISTICS AND POPULATION GENETICS

10

40

50

25

3+1=4

III

5

E-1

6. HUMAN GENETICS

10

40

50

25

3+1=4

III

5

E-2

6. BREEDING AND GENOME

EVOLUTION

10

40

50

25

3+1=4

III

6

CORE PAPER

7. GENOME ANALYSIS AND

GENETIC ENGINEERING

10

40

50

25

3+1=4

III

6

E-1

8. MEDICAL GENETICS

10

40

50

25

3+1=4

III

6

E-2

8. PLANT GENETICS AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10

40

50

25

3+1=4

Semester –I

Paper 1 - Theory

Title–TRANSMISSION GENETICS

Unit I: Mendelian Inheritance.

1. Mendel’s experiments- Choice of material, characters.

2. Terminology and definitions – Mendel’s factors, phenotypes, genotype, locus, allele, homozygotes,

heterozygotes, pure lines, filial generations, reciprocal cross, back cross, test cross.

3. Law of Segregation- Monohybrid crosses with examples.

4. Law of Independent Assortment – Di hybrid and Tri hybrid crosses with examples.

5. Mendelian Inheritance in Man - Construction of pedigrees.

6. Determination of Autosomal dominant (polydactyl), recessive (albinism), and X—linked (hemophilia)

conditions from pedigrees.

Unit II: Cell division and Chromosome segregation.

1. Eukaryotic Cell cycle - Phases of cell cycle G0, G1, S, G2.

2. Genes that determine the cell cycle – cyclins, CDK proteins, role of P53 in cell cycle.

3. Mitosis – Stages in mitotic cell division- significance of mitosis.

4. Meiosis - Formation of Synaptonemal complex, crossing over, chiasma formation,significance of meiosis.

5. Gametogenesis in Plants, Animals and Humans.

Unit III: Extension to Mendelian Segregation pattern

1. Variations to Dominance - Penetrance and Expressivity; Co-dominance& Incomplete dominanc

2. Pleiotropism.

3. Lethal and Sub-lethal Genes – Dominant and recessive Lethals. Modification of Mendel’s

4. Ratios - Different types of Epistasis with examples from different organisms.

5. Paramutation – mottling phenotypes in maize; Segregation distortion – Sd gene in Drosophila

6. Multiple alleles – theories of multiple allelic inheritance- Eye color in Drosophila, coat color in mice and

rabbits.

7. ABO blood groups in man-inheritance, blood group incompatibility in transfusion, maternal fetal tolerance.

8. Self incompatibility in plants,

Unit IV: Linkage, Recombination and mapping of genes in eukaryotes.

1. Discovery of linkage & Phases of linkage.

2. Chiasmata and crossing over.

3. Cytological proof for crossing over and recombination.

4. Recombination frequencies, Linkage analysis- 2-point, 3-point test crosses.

5. Gene mapping – interference – ordering of gene sequence

6. Gene mapping in Neurospora – Tetrad Analysis

7. Mitotic Recombination- Aspergillus

Semester –I

Paper 1 - Theory

Title–TRANSMISSION GENETICS

Unit I: Mendelian Inheritance.

1. Mendel’s experiments- Choice of material, characters.

2. Terminology and definitions – Mendel’s factors, phenotypes, genotype, locus, allele, homozygotes,

heterozygotes, pure lines, filial generations, reciprocal cross, back cross, test cross.

3. Law of Segregation- Monohybrid crosses with examples.

4. Law of Independent Assortment – Di hybrid and Tri hybrid crosses with examples.

5. Mendelian Inheritance in Man - Construction of pedigrees.

6. Determination of Autosomal dominant (polydactyl), recessive (albinism), and X—linked (hemophilia)

conditions from pedigrees.

Unit II: Cell division and Chromosome segregation.

1. Eukaryotic Cell cycle - Phases of cell cycle G0, G1, S, G2.

2. Genes that determine the cell cycle – cyclins, CDK proteins, role of P53 in cell cycle.

3. Mitosis – Stages in mitotic cell division- significance of mitosis.

4. Meiosis - Formation of Synaptonemal complex, crossing over, chiasma formation,significance of

meiosis.

5. Gametogenesis in Plants, Animals and Humans.

Unit III: Extension to Mendelian Segregation pattern

1. Variations to Dominance - Penetrance and Expressivity; Co-dominance& Incomplete dominanc

2. Pleiotropism.

3. Lethal and Sub-lethal Genes – Dominant and recessive Lethals. Modification of Mendel’s

4. Ratios - Different types of Epistasis with examples from different organisms.

5. Paramutation – mottling phenotypes in maize; Segregation distortion – Sd gene in Drosophila

6. Multiple alleles – theories of multiple allelic inheritance- Eye color in Drosophila, coat color in mice

and rabbits.

7. ABO blood groups in man-inheritance, blood group incompatibility in transfusion, maternal fetal

tolerance.

8. Self incompatibility in plants,

Unit IV: Linkage, Recombination and mapping of genes in eukaryotes.

1. Discovery of linkage & Phases of linkage.

2. Chiasmata and crossing over.

3. Cytological proof for crossing over and recombination.

4. Recombination frequencies, Linkage analysis- 2-point, 3-point test crosses.

5. Gene mapping – interference – ordering of gene sequence

6. Gene mapping in Neurospora – Tetrad Analysis

7. Mitotic Recombination- Aspergillus

Semester –I

Paper 1 – Practicals

Title–TRANSMISSION GENETICS

1. Culturing and identification of normal and mutant stocks of Drosophila.

Scoring of Drosophila for Monohybrid and Dihybrid segregations.

2. Study of Mitosis in Onion root tips.

3. Study of Meiosis in Maize/Grasshopper.

4. Problems on Mendelian Seggregations (Monohybrid, Dihybrid & Trihybrid Crosses), multiple

alleles and non-allelic interactions.

5. Problems on Linkage analysis and mapping of genes.

Recommended Books

1. Genetics by Strickberger 2. Theory and problems in Genetics by Stansfield 3. Cytology and cytogenetics by Swanson, Merz and Young 4. Genetics by Redei 5. Genetics by Ursula Goodenough 6. Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Suzuki, Griffith, Richard and Lewontin. 7. Principles of Genetics by Gardner, Simmons and Snustad. 8. Principles of Genetics by Simmons and Snustad. 9. Concepts of Genetics by Klug and Cummings.

Semester –II

Paper 2 - Theory

Title–GENETIC ANALYSIS

Unit I: PolyGenes and Multifactorial Inheritance

1. Complex loci – Rh blood group system in man, CDE alleles, maternal fetal incompatibility - Erythroblastosis Fetalis.

2. Histocompatibility Loci – HLA system, organ transplantation. 3. Genes and Environment.-Temperature effect - infra and ultra bar eye in Drosophila, coat color

in rabbits. 4. Phenocopies – Microcephaly, Phocomelia and Amelia, Cleft lip and palate. 5. Environment effects on Twins. Features of Quantitative Inheritance- Additive effect; Kernel

color and size in Maize, Skin color, height and IQ in man. 6. Multifactorial inheritance – hypertension, diabetes mellitus.

Unit II: Chromosome structure, chromatin organization and variation.

1. Chromosome morphology- size and shape; Euchromatin and Heterochromatin- constitutive and

facultative heterochromatin.

2. Components of Chromatin, Histones & Non-histones.

3. Packing of DNA into Chromatin – Nucleosome and higher order organization.

4. Specialized Chromosomes – Lampbrush chromosomes, Polytene Chromosomes, Super

numerary chromosomes.

5. Chromosome Variation – Structural aberrations- Duplications, Deletions, Inversions &

Translocations with examples, Genetic consequences.

6. Numerical aberrations – aneuploidy, euploidy auto-polyploidy and allo-polyploidy with

examples,

7. Genetic consequences.

Unit III: Genetics of sex determination and sex linked inheritance

1. Primary and secondary sex determination

2. Mechanisms of sex determination in Insects, Birds, Melandrium, Human, Bonellia.

3. Sex-Linked inheritance – color blindness, Haemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Vitamin

D resistant rickets, body color in Drosophila.

4. Sex chromatin & X-inactivation – inactivation center – dosage compensation – position effect

variegation – gynandromorphs.

5. Y-linked inheritance – Holandric genes – hypertrichosis pinnae, SRY gene.

6. Partial sex linkage- Bobbed bristles in Drosophila, PAR region in man.

7. Sex limited and sex- influenced characters with examples.

Unit IV: Recombination and mapping of genes in Bacteria and Viruses, Non-Mendelian

Inheritance .

1. Recombination and Gene mapping in Bacteria.

a) Transformation. b) Conjugation. c) Transduction.

2. Bacteriophage mutants.

3. Recombination in Viruses.

4. Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Inheritance.

5. Maternal Inheritance – Laber’s Optic atrophy, shell coiling in snails.

6. Extrachromosomal inheritance in Paramecium, Yeast, Drosophila.

Semester –II

Paper 2– Practicals

Title–GENETIC ANALYSIS

1. Preparation of Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes.

2. Screening for Barr bodies.

3. Induction of Polyploidy.

4. Phenotyping of ABO blood groups.

5. Calculation of mean, median, mode, variance and standard deviation by data collection (N=50).

Recommended Books

1. Genetics by Strickberger

2. Theory and problems in Genetics by Stansfield

3. Cytology and cytogenetics by Swanson, Merz and Young

4. Genetics by Redei

5. Genetics by Ursula Goodenough

6. Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Suzuki, Griffith, Richard and

Lewontin.

7. Principles of Genetics by Gardner, Simmons and Snustad.

8. Principles of Genetics by Simmons and Snustad.

9. Concepts of Genetics by Klug and Cummings.

Semester –III

Paper 3 - Theory

Title–GENE AND GENOME SRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION AND

EXPRESSION

Unit I: Nucleic acids .

1. Structure of DNA – Primary, secondary and tertiary – Watson and Crick Model – Forms of DNA.

2. Structure of RNA – m-RNA, t-RNA & r-RNA & other types such as sn RNA, micro RNA, interference

RNA.

3. DNA as Genetic material, transforming principle, Hershey and Chase experiment.

4. RNA as Genetic Material.

5. Replication of DNA-Semi conservative & Conservative methods, Messelson and Stahl’s experiment.

6. Mechanism of DNA replication-circular & linear.

7. Enzymes involved in DNA replication.

Unit II: Genome Organisation

1. Nuclear genome organization, genes and gene numbers.

2. Denaturation and renaturation.

3. Dissociation and re-association of DNA, reassociation kinetics of DNA – melting temperature (Tm

values) and cot curves.

4. Kinetic classes of DNA, single copy sequences, repeated sequences – moderately repetitive, highly

repetitive – inverted, tandem and palindromic repeats.

5. Satellite DNA.

6. Organisation of Eukaryotic gene- exons, introns, promoters and termination sequences.

Unit III: Gene Families, Organellar Genome and Fine Stucture Analysis.

1. Gene families and clusters egs., Histone genes and Globin genes.

2. Mitochondrial and Choloplast genome organization, evolutionary significance.

3. Compound eye locus in Drosophila – white eye and lozenge gene in Drosophila.

4. One gene – one enzyme hypothesis egs. from Human and Neurospora.

5. Analysis of rII locus.

6. Co-linearity between gene and polypeptide, tryptophan synthetase.

7. Intra codon recombination.

Unit IV: Gene expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

1. Transcription- template of transcription - sense and antisense strands.

2. Formation of RNA transcripts: m-RNA, m-RNA splicing in eukaryotes.

3. Reverse transcription.

4. Translation- initiation, elongation and termination.

5. Genetic code.

6. Polypeptide synthesis – distinguishing features between prokaryotes and eukaryotes during peptide

synthesis.

Genetics

Semester –III

Paper 3 – Practicals

Title– GENE AND GENOME STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION

&EXPRESSION.

1. Techniques of bacterial staining-Simple & Gram staining.

2. Extraction of Genomic DNA- plant source.

3. Extraction of Genomic DNA- cheek cells.

4. Estimation of DNA by DPA method.

5. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method.

Recommended Books

1. Principles of Genetics by Irwin Herscowitz

2. Molecular Biology of the gene by Watson, Hopkins, Roberts, Steitz and Weiner

3. Genes by Benjamin Levin

4. General virology by Luria, Darnell, Baltimore and Campbell

5. The biochemistry of nucleic acids. by Adams, Burdon, Campbell and Smellie

6. Molecular genetics by David Frefielder

7. The gene by Lawrence Dilton

8. Practical Microbiology by Aneja.

9. Principles and Techniques of

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Keith Wilson, John Walker

Semester –IV

Paper 4 - Theory

Title–MOLECULAR GENETICS

Unit I: Regulation of gene Expression .

1. Gene regulation in Bacteria- positive and negative regulation, inducible and repressible regulation.

2. Lac operon & Tryptophan operon.

3. Tryptophan regulation-attenuation

4. Lytic cascade in phage.

5. Gene regulation in Eukaryotes – transcriptional regulation, enhancers, transcriptional motifs.

6. Gal locus regulation in Yeast.

7. Regulation of mating types in yeast.

Unit II: Gene Regulation in Higher Eukaryotes , rDNA Technology .

1. Differential expression of hemoglobin genes.

2. Gene expression in development, pattern formation in Drosophila.

3. Host Restriction & modification, Restriction enzymes- Type I, II & III.

4. Vectors used for gene transfer- plasmids, cosmids and lambda phage, & other vectors.

5. Cloning strategies-steps in Gene Cloning.

6. Genomic & cDNA libraries.

Unit III: Gene Mutations .

1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.

2. Chemical and physical mutagens – alkylating agents, base analogs, UV and gamma rays.

3. Mutations at molecular level -Transitions and transversions , Deletions and additions-Frame shift

mutations.

4. Detecting mutations in prokaryotes- Auxotrophic mutations, Ames test.

5. Detection of mutations in Eukaryotes- Russel’s test and DLTS in mice.

6. SLRL tests in Drosophila-CLB test & Attached X test.

Unit IV: DNA damage and repair mechanisms; Transposable Elements.

1. DNA damage and repair mechanisms:

2. Photo-reactivation, excision repair, SOS repair, recombinational repair and error prone repair.

3. Transposable elements–structure and function.

4. Bacteria- IS elements, Transposons and plasmids.

5. Maize- Ac, Ds and Spm system.

6. Drosophila – P-element and hybrid dysgenesis.

7. Yeast- Ty element.

Semester –IV

Paper 4– Practicals

Title–MOLECULAR GENETICS

1. Estimation of proteins by Biuret method

2. Screening for SLRL mutations.

3. Micronucles test

4. Effect of UV on Bacterial growth.

5. Sensitivity test for antibiotics in Bacteria.

Recommended Books

1. Principles of Genetics by Irwin Herscowitz

2. Molecular Biology of the gene by Watson, Hopkins, Roberts, Steitz and Weiner

3. Genes by Benjamin Levin

4. General virology by Luria, Darnell, Baltimore and Campbell

5. The biochemistry of nucleic acids by Adams, Burdon, Campbell and Smellie

6. Molecular genetics by David Frefielder

7. The gene by Lawrence Dilton

8. Practical Microbiology by Aneja.

9. Principles and Techniques of

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Keith Wilson, John Walker

Semester –V

CORE -Paper 5 – Theory

Title– BIOSTATISTICS AND POPULATION GENETICS

Unit I: Statistical Analysis in Genetics.

1. Theory of probability – use of probability in testing segregation of genes. 2. Concept of random variables . 3. Probability distributions – Binomial & Poisson’s for discrete Genetic variables Normal

distribution– for continuous Genetic variables. 4. Simple random sampling, test of hypothesis – Normal deviate test, t-test and Chi-square test in

Genetic analysis. 5. Correlation and regression of genetic variables

Unit II: Structure of population and Genetic Equilibrium.

1. The concept of populations, Demes and Mendelian population.

2. Calculation of Gene & genotype frequencies in a population.

3. Genetic equilibrium- Hardy Weinberg Law- Establishment of equilibrium for diallelic locus. And

multiple allies

4. Application of HWL in case of multiple allelic loci, X-linked loci, multiple loci.

5. Factors effecting equilibrium- migratations and genetic drift .

Unit III: Mutations and selections

1. Evolutionary processes – Mutation- Mutation pressure, Irreversible mutation.

2. Reversible mutation- Attainment of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium under mutatio

3. Introduction to selection- Concept of Fitness, selection co-efficient, calculation of fitness based

on survival and fertility.

4. Complete elimination of recessive genes,Selection against dominants, Selection favoring

heterozygotes – stable equilibrium, balanced polymorphisms-sicklecell hemoglobin trait,

Selection against heterozygotes – unstable equilibrium – Rh incompatibility.

5. Joint effects of mutation and selection.

6. Selection at the phenotypic level – directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection.

Semester –V

CORE -Paper 5 – Practicals

Title– BIOSTATISTICS AND POPULATION GENETICS

1. Biostatics – problems based on chi- square test .

2. Problems based on large and small sample test.

3. Testing of gene frequencies for Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium – monogenic,

multiple allelic and X-linked loci

4. Estimation of Mutation rates.

5. Calculation of gene frequencies under different types of Selection.

Recommended Books

1. Introduction to Biostatistics by Sokal Rolhf

2. Organismic evolution by Verne Grant

3. Molecular evolution by Ayala

4. Processes of Organic evolution by Stebbins

5. Ecological Genetics by Ford

6. Population Genetics by C.C.Li, University of Chicago Press

7. Quantitative Genetics by Falconer

Semester –V

E1 – Paper 6 – Theory

Title– HUMAN GENETICS

Unit I: Inherited Human disorders

1. Molecular pathology of chromosome anomalies- numerical , structural and chromosomal

instability syndromes .

2. Autosomal anomalies - Down’s syndrome, Edward & Patau syndromes.

3. Abberant sexual development-true and pseudo hermaphrodites

4. Sex-chromosomal anomalies -Turners syndrome. Kline felter syndrome

5. Single gene disorders –Cystic fibrosis, Huntington disease, DMD, Colour-blindness,

Haemophilia.

6. Metabolic disorder – P K U ,Albinism, Alkaptonuria

Unit II :Management of inherited human diseases ,

1. Prevention of Genetic diseases - Identification of carriers.

2. Risk prediction – for single gene disorders and Multifactorial disorders.

3. Genetic counselling.

4. Prenatal diagnosis – indications for prenatal diagnosis – Methods used in prenatal diagnosis.

5. Invasive techniques- Amniocentesis, Chorionic Villi sampling (CVS), Non-invasive techniques-

Ultrasonography,TIFA.

6. Management of inherited human diseases - Treatment of Genetic diseases- conventional

methods for treatment – diet replacement , dietary avoidance , protein/ enzyme substitution ,

diversion , replacement , transplantation and recombinant gene products for therapy .

Unit :III : Gene therapy and genome projects.

1. Gene therapy and its need -Strategies of gene therapy – somatic and germinal gene therapy.

2. Ex-vivo and in-vivo gene therapy, advantages and disadvantages.

3. Gene therapy trials – ADA deficiency, Cystic fibrosis, Hypercholesterolemia and cancers; vectors

used in gene therapy- advantages and disadvantages.

4. Gene therapy and ethical issues.

5. Over view of Genome projects.

Semester –V

E1- Paper - 6 – Practicals

Title– HUMAN GENETICS

1. Screening of simple genetic traits in human population by pedigree analysis

2. Karyotyping and G –banding of human chromosome

3. Problems based on genetic counselling and paternity testing .

4. Estimation of Snyders ratio.

5. Leucocyte culture

Recommended Books

1. Human Genetics by Victor Mc Kusick

2. Human Genetics Problems and Approaches by F.Vogel and AG Motulsky

3. Clinical Genetics by Fitzsimmons

4. Introduction to recombinant DNA in Medicine by AEH Emery

5. Human Genetics Molecular Revolution by EH Mc Conkey

6. lecular Biotechnology Principles and

plications of recombinant DNA by BR Glick and JJ Pasternak

7. Basic Human Genetics by Mange and Mange.

8. Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics by Mueller and Young.

Semester –V

E-2 - Paper 6 – Theory

Title– BREEDING AND GENOME EVOLUTION

Unit I: Inbreeding and its effect

1. Assortative mating.

2. Construction of pedigrees – raw and forked pedigrees.

3. Estimation of inbreeding coefficient using pedigrees.

4. Effect of inbreeding - Effect of inbreeding on genotypic frequencies and inbreeding depression.

5. Genetic load – mutational and segregational load.

6. Inbreeding in small populations / isolates.

Unit II: Selection and breeding methods in plants& animals

1. Self pollinated crops- mass selection, pure line, back cross, line breeding(pedigree method)

2. Cross pollinated crops-mass selection, progeny selection.

3. Hybrids-steps in the production of hybrid varieties.

4. Heterosis – genetic basis of heterosis, inbreeding depression & physiological basis of heterosis.

5. Animal breeding -Cross breeding –objectives and types of hybridisation.

6. Full sib mating , Parent - offspring and repeated back crosses, Line Breeding,

7. Cross breeding and out crossing.

Unit III: Genome evolution and population variation.

1. The origins of genomes.

2. Acquisition of new genes by gene duplication and from other species.

3. Non-coding DNA, transposable elements and genome evolution – origin of introns.

4. Molecular Phylogenetics – UPGMA & NEIS index.

5. Origin of Molecular Phylogenetics – Molecular clocks.

6. Applications of Molecular Phylogenetics and establishment of evolutionary relationships.

Semester –VI

E 2- Paper - 6 – Practicals

Title– BREEDING AND GENOME EVOLUTION

1. Estimation of inbreeding coefficient from pedigrees – Nuclear and extended pedigrees.

2. Calculation of genotypic frequencies under inbreeding.

3. Estimation of Genetic Load- Mutational & Seggregational.

4. Phenotyping of Haptoglobins by gel electrophoresis.

5. Problems based on quantitative traits and heritability

Recommended Books

1. Principles of plant breeding by Allard

2. Principles of plant breeding by Chaudhury

3. Genetics of Livestock improvement by John F Lasley

4. Genetic and breeding of farm animals by Mukherjee and Banerjee

5. Introduction to Biostatistics by Sokal Rolhf

6. Organismic evolution by Verne Grant

7. Molecular evolution by Ayala

8. Processes of Organic evolution by Stebbins

9. Ecological Genetics by Ford

10. Population Genetics- C.C.Li, University of Chicago Press

11. Quantitative Genetics by Falconer

Semester-VI

CORE - Paper 7 – Theory

Title– GENOME ANALYSIS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Unit I: Advanced techniques in Genome analysis

1. Gel electrophoresis – Principles and applications.

2. Hybridization techniques – Southern, Northern, Western blotting techniques ;FISH -Principles

and Applications, DNA - Microarray technology.

3. DNA Sequencing – Maxam Gilbert’s method, Sanger’s method and Automated Sequencing, Next

Generation Sequencing.

4. DNA Fingerprinting – RAPD technique, VNTRs, STRs .

5. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its applications.

UnitII: Gene transfer techniques

1. Physical methods – Electroporation – Microprojectile bombardment.

2. Chemical methods – Liposome fusion, Calcium precipitation of DNA.

3. Gene transfer mediated by vectors – Ri vectors, Ti vectors.

4. Viral vectors- Caulimovirus, Gemini virus , SV-40 , Adenoviruses ,Pappiloma viruses

Pox viral vectors.

5. Nuclear transfer and cloning.

Unit III: Genetic engineering of plants and animals.

1. Transgenic plants – Need for developing transgenic plants.

2. Development of insect and herbicide resistant plants.

3. Development of stress tolerant plants.

4. Transgenic animals – Need for developing transgenic animals.

5. Developing transgenic animals – Cattle, Birds, Fish and Mice (animal models for genetic

diseases).

Semester –VI

CORE- Paper 7 – Practicals

Title– GENOME ANALYSIS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

1. Separation of proteins by electrophoresis.

2. Separation of nucleic acids by electrophoresis.

3. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

4. Identification of amino acids by chromatography

5. Problems on restriction mapping.

Recommended Books

1. Molecular Biotechnology Principles and

2. Applications of recombinant DNA by BR Glick and JJ Pasternak

3. Plant Biotechnology by H.C.Chawla

4. Principles of plant breeding by Allard

5. Principles of plant breeding by Chaudhury

6. Genetics of Livestock improvement by John F Lasley

7. Genetic and breeding of farm animals by Mukherjee and Banerjee

8. Ecological Genetics by Ford

9. Next-Generation DNA Sequencing Informatics by Stuart M. Brown

Semester –VI

E-1- Paper - 8 – Theory

Title: MEDICAL GENETICS

Unit I: Cancer Genetics.

1. Cell cycle regulating proteins and genes.

2. Hereditary cancers-Tumor Suppressor genes- p53 and pRB group of proteins, Retinoblastoma,

Hereditary polyposis coli

3. Properties of cancer cells.

4. Stages of cancer development.

5. Proto oncogenes - mechanisms that convert them to oncogenes.

6. Emerging trends in cancer therapy.

Unit II: Immuno Genetics .

1. Introduction to Immunity –active and passive, Humoral and cell-mediated, components of the

human immune system.

2. Antigens and antibodies-Types and structure of Immunoglobulins-functions.

3. Assembly of Immunoglobulin genes- Somatic Recombination- Antibody diversity

4. Hybridoma technology and production of Monoclonal Antibodies.

5. Major histocompatibility complex –Organ transplantation

6. Auto immune disorders , Immuno therapy –approaches in Immuno therapy (use of monoclonal

antibodies , vaccines)

UNIT:III :Hemoglobinopathies and pharmacogenomics

1. Blood groups in human A B O ,MN, Rh, S/S and secretor antigens .

2. Disorders of blood Qualitative– (sickle-cell anemia ) and quantitative (Thalassemias) .

3. Molecular basic of hemoglobinopathies

4. Gene products in medicine–Humulin, Erythropotetine,Growth Hormone(Somatostatin), tPA,

Interferon

5. Stemcells therapy – totipotent, plueri potent and multipotent

6. Pharmacogenetics- G6PD deficiency , benefits and ethical issues

Semester –VI

E-1 , Paper 8 – Practical

Title– MEDICAL GENETICS

1. Single Radial Immuno Diffussion

2. Ouchterlony Double Diffusion

3. Estimation of Hemoglobin

4. Problems based on blood grouping and paternity testing

5. Estimation of total and differential count

Recommended Books

1. Human Genetics by Victor Mc Kusick

2. Human Genetics Problems and Approaches by F.Vogel and AG Motulsky

3. Clinical Genetics by Fitzsimmons

4. Introduction to recombinant DNA in Medicine by AEH Emery

5. Human Genetics Molecular Revolution by EH Mc Conkey

6. Immunology by Janis Kuby

Semester –VI

E-2- Paper - 8 – Theory

Title-PLANT GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I: Plant Genetics

1. Overview of genetics of biosynthetic pathways in plants.

2. Anthocycanin biosynthesis in maize.

3. Chlorophyll biosynthesis in maize.

4. Starch biosynthesis in cereals.

5. Genetics of Nitrogen fixation in plants- nif genes in Rhizobium .

6. Genetic regulation of Nitrogen fixation.

Unit II: Introduction to plant tissue culture.

1. Applications and importance of plant tissue culture

2. Media for tissue – MS medium- organic and inorganic constituents.

3. Sterilization of media- steam, dry and filter sterilization, explants sterilization.

4. Callus culture .

5. Organogenesis and regeneration.

6. Meristem culture and virus free plants.

Unit III : Methods in Plant Tissue Culture.

1. Anther and pollen cultures- principle and protocol and its significance.

2. Somaclonal variation- selection of clones and applications.

3. Somatic embryogenesis- principle and applications.

4. Artificial seeds- production and applications.

5. Production of secondary metabolites of commercial value.

6. Cryopreservation of plant cultures.

Semester –VI

E-2– Paper- 8 – Practicals

Title– PLANT GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.

1. Preparation of media.

2. Sterilization methods in plant tissue culture.

3. Establishment of Callus culture from carrot.

4. Preparation of synthetic seeds

5. Preparation of competent cells.

Recommended Books

1. Molecular Biotechnology Principles and

applications of recombinant DNA by BR Glick and JJ Pasternak

2. Plant Biotechnology by H.C.Chawla

3. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture by Kalyanakumar De

4. Plant Biotechnology by Ramawat K.G

5. Plants, Genes and Agriculture by Chrispcel M.J and Sdava D.E

6. Genetics of Higher Plants by Vern Grant.

7. Photosynthesis Molecular Biology & Bioenergetics by Singhal G S

NIZAM COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS) Osmania University, Hyderabad-500001

Department of Genetics semester-IV

Interdisciplinary paper

TITLE: CLINICAL GENETICS

UNIT I: - Introduction.

1. Physical basis of heredity.

2. Human chromosomes complement and karyotype.

3. Pattern of inheritance

4. Variation of chromosome number and structure

e.g.:-Downs syndrome, Kline filter’s syndrome,Turner’s syndrome, cri-du-chat syndrome.

UNIT II: - Environmental effects on heredity.

1. Congenital abnormalities and dysmorphic syndromes.

2. Classification of birth defects.

3. Environmental agents (Teratogens).

4. Malformations of unknown cause , Neural tube defects.

UNIT III: - Screening of disorders.

1. Prenatal diagnosis.

2. Genetic counseling.

3. Consanguineous marriages and genetics.

4. Ethical issues.

UNIT IV:-Genetics and populations improvement.

1. Eugenics.

2. Euthenics.

3. Euphenics.

Recommended books:-

1. Elements of medical genetics, Emery’s et .al.

2. Genetics, Verma and Agarwal.

3. Human genetics, Mandal.