hybridization of orbitals sections 9.1 and 9.5 march 14, 2007
TRANSCRIPT
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Hybridization of OrbitalsSections 9.1 and 9.5
March 14, 2007
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Tetrahedral
• Experimentally we know the bond angles (109.5º).• But our current understanding of orbitals doesn’t
allow us to achieve these bond angles.
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sp3 Hybridization• Molecules that have tetrahedral geometry
like CH4, NH3, H2O, SO42-, and ClO3
- exhibit sp3 hybridization on the central atom.
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Methane with Hybridized Orbitals
• Overlap of the Hydrogen 1s orbitals with the hybridized sp3 orbitals from the central Carbon.
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Trigonal Planar – sp2 Hybridization
• Molecules with trigonal planar geometry like SO3, C2H4, SeS2, CO3
2-, exhibit sp2 hybridization on the central atom.
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Hybridized and Unhybridized Orbital View
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Rotate 90 degrees
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Bonding and hybridized orbitals
• Hybridized orbitals make sigma bonds
• Unhybridized orbitals make pi bonds• http://www.dlt.ncssm.edu/TIGER/chem7.htm
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Linear geometry - sp Hybridization
• Molecules that have a linear geometry like CO2, N2O, BeH2, HCN, C2H2 all exhibit sp hybrization on the central atom.
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CO2 Structure
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sp Hybridization
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Pi bonds and Sigma Bonds
• CO2 exhibits sp hybridization on the C and sp2 hybridization on the Oxygens.
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N2 Hybridization
• Diatomic Nitrogen has a Lewis structure showing a triple bond.
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Hybridized Orbitals When Exceeding the Octet Rule
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PCl5 dsp3 Hybridized
• Trigonal bipyramid geometry
• SeF4, PCl5, BrF3, XeCl2
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Octahedral Geometry
• d2sp3 hybridization
• XeF4, BrCl5, SeI6
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Delocalization of Electrons (9.5)• In molecules that show resonance
structures, we have a delocalization of electrons.
• The available unhybridized p orbitals all overlap and stabilize the structure through the π interactions.
• NO3-