hybrid aspen in finland - nordic forest research...
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© Natural Resources Institute Finland © Natural Resources Institute Finland
HYBRID ASPEN
IN FINLAND
Egbert Beuker
Anneli Viherä-Aarnio
Jari Hynynen
Jyrki Hytönen
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Hybrid aspen in Finland
• Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) was crossed in Finland
in 1950.
• It is considered to be the fastest growing tree species in Finland on
fertile soils yielding about 300 m3 in 25 years.
• The area of hybrid aspen was most extensive at end of 70’s.
• Match industry closed down, vole and moose damages > interest
declined.
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• In mid 1990’s new plantations
for pulpwood using short
rotation principles. Area of
plantations reached 1 500 ha,
but demand for aspen for
pulpwood decreased.
• Could aspen be grown for
biomass energy?
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Hybrid aspen cultivation in Finland
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1997-2003 planted area:
- about 1500 ha.
2005 planned
- 500 ha.
Planned: up to 1000 ha per
year
Both on abandoned fields and
on forest sites
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Hybrid aspen breeding in Finland: plus tree
selection
Superior tree selection and
wood quality (fibre) analysis
Over 1000 trees selected
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• Vegetative propagation of individuals
(micropropagation, strong selection)
• Establishment of clonal trials
• Establishment of growth and yield trials
Hybrid aspen breeding in Finland: clone testing
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Hybrid aspen breeding in Finland: clone testing
- 27 clones (2 native)
- 13 trials
- 3x3m spacing
- established 1998
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Hybrid aspen breeding in Finland: controled
crossings
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Growth and yield trials: different sites
Three sites:
• Trial 1, Lohjansaari (1997)
• Trial 2, Lapinjärvi (1999)
• Trial 3, Lohja (1998)
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Growth and yield trials: different clones
Three hybrid aspen clones:
• A = E10476 (in trial 1)
• B = E10467 (in trial 1)
• C = E10490 (in trials 2 and 3)
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Growth and yield trials: different spacing
Four spacing distances
• 2,5 x 2,5 m (~1600 trees/ha)
• 3,0 x 3,0 m (~1200 trees/ha)
• 3,5 x 3,5 m (~800 trees/ha)
• 5,0 x 5,0 m (~400 trees/ha)
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Annual height growth, m. (dominant height)
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Trees/ha
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Annual diameter growth, cm
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Annual volume growth (m3/ha)
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Clone trials: volume per tree after 12 growing
seasons, dm3
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Short-rotation coppice for energy: mother stand
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• Hybrid aspen seedlings planted in spring 1988 on a 17 ha agricultural soil at
Vilppula, southern Finland. Vole protection with tubes, vegetation control by
trampling, stand cleaning in 2003 (other tree species removed). The stand (900
trees/ha) was measured in 2012 and was clear-cut in winter 2013 at age of 26.
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Experiment: Treatments
BIOMASS PRODUCTION
1. Unfertilized.
2. Nitrogen fertilization (N 100
kg/ha)
PULP WOOD PRODUCTION
3. Thinning of sprouts at age 5-8
4. Thinning of sprouts at age 5-8 +
Nitrogen fertilization (100 kg
N/ha)
N 100kg/ha 2014 (May) and 2015
(May)
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12 sample plots (25 m x 25 m),
randomized blocks, four
treatments.
First fertilization when sprouts
were 1-year-old
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Stand density
• 99% of aspen sprouts were root suckers
• Fertilization did not affect stand density
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Mean and dominant height
Fertilization increased mean height
by 23 cm
Mean height, m Dominant height, m
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Biomass production (leafless above-ground)
• N fertilization increased
significantly biomass (3
t/ha at age 2; 5 t/ha at
age 3)
• 1-year old stand 5 t/ha,
fertilized 2-year old
stand 20 t/ha, 3-years
old stand 29 t/ha
• Share of wood out of
biomass increased from
60% at age 1 to 73% at
age 3
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Energy production in three years
Effective heating value
1a 18.841 MJ/kg
2a 18.713 MJ/kg
Wood = 18.637 MJ/kg
Bark = 18.864 MJ/kg
Moisture content 40%
Heating of a domestic house
in Finland 20 MWh/a.
With 3-year old aspen
• 0-fertilization = 4.6 houses
• N-fertilization = 5.6
houses
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Conclusions
• Sprouting excellent, lots of
root suckers
• High biomass production,
MAI after 3 years: 8 – 10
t/ha/a
• Nitrogen fertilization
increased biomass by 5 t/ha
in 3 years.
• Hybrid aspen demanding
species
• Mammal damages (moose)
small
• Hybrid aspen promising
species for SRF
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Propagation and plant production
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Pathogens
Venturia tremulae
Neofabreae populi
Hypoxylon mammatum
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Herbivores
• Moose
• Hare
• Vole
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Frost damage
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Management young plantations, weed control
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Thank you!
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